Tabaco National High School

SY:2019-2020

SCRAP BOOK IN
SCIENCE 10

Jayven Peter Dy
10-Compassion

Mrs. Segundina Gonzales

Subject Teacher
 TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDRIES

Plate boundaries can be categorized in three fundamental types:

 Divergent boundaries, where plates separate and move in opposite

directions, allowing new lithosphere to form from upwelling magma.
This either occurs at mid-ocean ridges (the so-called seafloor
spreading) or at rifted continental margins.

 Convergent boundaries, where plates move towards each other. One

plate either sinks beneath the other along a subduction zone or
plates collide because neither can be subducted.
 Transform fault boundaries , where plates move horizontally past
each other.

TRENCHES

- Ocean Trenches are steep depressions in the deepest parts of the

ocean where old ocean crust from one tectonic plate is pushed
beneath another plate, raising mountains, causing earthquakes, and
forming volcanoes on the seafloor and on land.

- Trenches are formed by subduction, a geophysical process in which

two or more of Earth's tectonic plates converge and the older,
denser plate is pushed beneath the lighter plate and deep into the
mantle, causing the seafloor and outermost crust (the lithosphere) to
bend and form a steep, V-shaped depression.

Examples:
1. Mariana Trench

2. Tonga Trench

3. Japan Trench

VOLCANOES

- Volcanoes are mountains. But unlike most mountains in the world,

formed from folding continental plates, uplift and erosion, volcanoes
are created when material from inside the Earth escapes to the
surface.
 Cinder Cone Volcanoes occur when particles and blobs of lava are
ejected from a volcanic vent. The lava is blown violently into the air,
and the pieces rain down around the vent.

 Composite Volcanoes have a conduit system inside them that

channels magma from deep within the Earth to the surface. They can
have clusters of vents, with lava breaking through walls, or issuing
from fissures on the sides of the mountain.

 Shield Volcanoes are large, broad volcanoes that look like shields
from above – hence the name. These volcanos build up slowly over
time, with hundreds of eruptions, creating many layers.
 MOUNTAIN RANGES

- A Mountain Range is a group or chain of mountains located close

together. Since neighboring mountains often share the same
geological origins, mountain ranges have similar form, size and age.
Think of them like a neighborhood of houses all built around the same
time; while they are not identical, they share similar features and are
similar in their overall square footage.

Examples:

1. Alps Mountain Range

2. Andes Mountain Range

 RIFT VALLEY

- A Valley is a lowland area or depression found between mountains

and hills often with streams and rivers running through it. It usually
features rounded sides that mimic a V or a U shape.

 River Valley are created by the erosive activity of water running over
the land.River valleys are usually characterized by V shape cross-
sections and steep slopes.

 Glacial Valleys are formed by moving glacier. Glacial ice forms over
many years as a result of the accumulation of snow. A time comes
when the glacier becomes heavy, and with the aid of gravitational
force, it starts to move.
 Flat-floored Valley are created by the action of flowing streams just
like river valleys. They are normally older or more pronounced. As
the channel stream heading downhill becomes smooth, and starts to
streamline the V and U shaped valley, the floor of the valley becomes
wider.

MID-OCEAN RIDGES

- A Mid-Ocean Ridge is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate

tectonics. It typically has a depth of ~ 2,600 meters (8,500 ft) and
rises about two kilometers above the deepest portion of an ocean
basin. This feature is where seafloor spreading takes place along a
divergent plate boundary.

EARTHQUAKE

- Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from

the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates
seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so
weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people
around and destroy whole cities.
 OTHER LANDFORMS

 Plateau - A plateau is a high, flat area of land. The word has also been
stretched to include a leveling off of progress. At first the children at
the sleepover were running wild, but then their energy level reached
a plateau.

 Plains - A plain is a broad area of relatively flat land. Plains are one of
the major landforms, or types of land, on Earth. They cover more than
one-third of the world’s land area. Plains exist on every continent.

 Buttes - Buttes are tall, flat-topped, steep-sided towers of rock.

Buttes were created through the process of erosion, the gradual
wearing away of earth by water, wind, and ice.
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