Perceptions of Using Baybayin as the Philippines' National Writing System

Far Eastern College – Silang, Inc.
Metrogate Silang Estates – Silang Cavite

Senior High School
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The chapter includes the necessary background about the research conducted. This
chapter helps the researchers understand the topic they have chosen.
1.1 Background of the Study
“This language of ours is like any other, it once had its own alphabet and its own letter
that vanished as though a tempest had set upon a boat on a lake in a time now long gone”
- Dr. Jose Rizal
The Philippines is known to be a country mixed of different cultures inherited from the
different races who arrived in their land and taught Filipinos their ways. It was believed
that before the Spaniards came, Malay people were the very first ones who inhabited the
pearl of the orient. They taught the Filipinos advances culture and ways on how they can
improve their everyday living. Some of these were production of iron tools, pottery
techniques, and the system of rice fields (Hays, 2013. It is also believed that the system of
writing in the Philippines during the pre-Hispanic era came from the Malays specifically
Indonesians.
Baybayin is the form of writing used by the Filipinos before the Spanish occupation. It
came from a very old Tagalog term refers to all the letters used in writing language, that is
so say an “alphabet”. It is from the root word baybay meaning “spell” (Morrow, 2010).
Baybayin became the specific name for the ancient writing of the Philippines at some time
before the early 20th century. However, it is not the only form of writing that was used by
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the Filipinos during that time. When Spaniards came, their aime was to educate the
Filipinos about Catholicism and in order for them to communicate and teach Filipinos, they
truly searched and learned about the language and their form of writing. Since the
Baybayin was widely used among all of the existing scripts at that time, the Spaniards
thought this was the main form of writing used in the Philippines. Slowly, the Spaniards
change their form of writing and taught the citizens the Western way of writing, in which it
was the form that most of them could understand. As year pass by, the indigenous script is
being forgotten and I not practical anymore except in specific tribes.
In recent years, Filipinos seek to preserve their culture and are finding ways to do so.
One example of these is Pangasinan Representative Leopoldo Bataoil who proposed an act
named the “National Writing System Act” to bring back the Baybayin and use this as a
National form of writing in the the modern days. According to Bataoil, reviewing the
Baybayin can help people be aware that such a script exists and it can also be a tool to raise
the pride and heritage of the country to achieve an authentic identity. This act requires the
manufacturers of locally produced processed food products to use Baybatin scripts in their
translation on the labels of containers.
It also includes the need for the LGU’s to provide the appropriate Baybayin scripts in
their street names, public facilities and buildings, and other public service establishments
like hospitals, fire and police station, community centers, and government halls. It also
requires newspaper and magazine publishers to use Baybayin. Lastly, the government shall
take charge in disseminating information and knowledge to the people and community on
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how to use it.
This act becomes a center of argument for and is being debated if this will really help
the country or will in just create confusion in the minds of most Filipinos. With this being
said, the researches decided to conduct a study to determine the stand of the students and
teachers in this particular issue. This study aims to determine the perception of the students
as well as the teachers as the citizen of the country. Thus, the researchers seek to answer
the advantages and disadvantages of introducing Baybayin as the National writing system.
1.2 Theoretical Framework
1.2.1 Acculturation Model by John Schumann
Fig 1: Acculturation Model
This study uses the Acculturation Model made by John Schumann as its Theoretical
framework. The accumulation mode’s main suggestion, is that learning another language,
or a second language, is connected to the acculturation process, and its success is
determined by how much they can adapt to the target language. It is also stated that his
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model was based in two major factors; psychological, and social. These factors will affect
the “Social distance” and “Psychological distance”.
Social distance means the extent of which a person is able to communicate with
another person who knows the target language, while psychological distance is the extent
of which a person can be at ease with learning the target language.
With this in mind, the connection this has to the current topic, is that it will be the
basic used in analyzing how people will perceive Baybayin in this research, through the
use of social and psychological factors in the accumulated model.
1.3 Conceptual Framework
Fig 2: IPO Model
In this study, the researchers used the IPO model, the input, process, and output,
to show the concept of the study. The aim of the researchers is to determine the
perception of introducing the Baybayin as a national writing to grade 11student and to
teachers of FEC- Silang. The researchers also want to be aware whether the respondents
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are in favor if ever Baybayin would be introduced. Because of this, they will conduct a
survey to know the advantages and disadvantages of the said topic.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “The Perception of SHS Teachers and Grade 11 Students on
Baybayin as a National Form of Writing” aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a) Age
b) Sex
2. What are the advantages of Baybayin as a national form of writing as perceived by:
a) SHS Teachers
b) Grade 11 Students
3. What are the disadvantages of Baybayin as a national form of writing as perceived
by:
a) SHS Teachers
b) Grade 11 Students
1.5 Objectives of Research
The objective of this study is to present the Perception of FEC-Silang SHS
teachers and Grade 11 students on the use of Baybayin as a National Writing System,
specifically, it aims to:
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 determine the perceived advantages and disadvantages of using Baybayin as a
National Writing System;
 assess whether or not the students and teachers are in favor of Baybayin as a
National Writing System”; and
 identify the difference between the perceptions of the SHS teachers and the Grade
11 students regarding Baybayin as a National Writing System.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study entitled “A Study on the Perception of FEC-Silang SHS Teachers and
Grade 11 Students S.Y. 2018-2019 on the Use of Baybayin as a National Writing System”
of the researchers will be beneficial for the following:
Students. The students will benefit this study for they will be able to know the
advantages and disadvantages of using Baybayin as a national form of writing. They will
also learn what it is all about, where and when it came from, and how it is used. Due to
this, it will be easier for them to learn and understand the significance and usage of
Baybayin. Also, through this study, if ever that Baybayin will be introduced, students will
be the bridge in bringing back the country’s own heritage, as they will be the people to
pioneer the “new” style of writing.
Teachers. This research will affect the way teachers will approach their subjects,
especially Filipino teachers. Baybayin will mostly be used during Filipino class, and such,
if it will be implemented, students and teachers alike would not be using the English
alphabet for spelling out Filipino words, but Baybayin instead.
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Society. This research is significant to the society for the reason of preserving the
culture. If ever Baybayin will be considered as a national form of writing, Filipino culture
will be more evident in the society. This will be a good way to promote the nationalism
and to prove that Filipinos can stand up for their own culture. This study will also benefit
the tribes and groups that uses Baybayin as a form of national writing, including Tagbanua
in Palawan, Hanuoo- Mangyan in Mindoro, and the Buhid tribe.
Future Researchers. In the future, research that will conduct a similar study can use
this research as a reliable and relevant source of information about Baybayin and writing
form in the Philippines.
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study focuses entitled “A Study on the Perception of FEC-Silang SHS
Teachers and Grade 11 Students S.Y. 2018-2019 on the Use of Baybayin as a National
Writing System”, was conducted among among eight sections, ABM, HUMSS, and STEM
strand, as well as the teachers of FEC-Silang. Specifically, this study is limited to Grade 11
and teachers of Far Eastern College- Silang. S.Y. 2018-2019.
The aspects fall only unto the:
General purpose: To determine the perception of SHS Teachers and Grade 11 Students on
Baybayin as a national form of writing.
Subject matter: Advantages and disadvantages of Baybayin.
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1.8 Definition of Terms
Baybayin- a script used by the Filipinos that could be possibly brought back and used
again by the Filipinos, replacing the current writing system that leads to the researchers to
conduct this study.
House Bill 1022 - a bill that aims to bring back Baybayin as the national writing sytstem in
the Philippines that caused an issue and became a reason to conduct this study.
Acculturation Model - the theoretical model used in this research to which provided
details on how an individual may adapt to a second language through two different factors;
social and psychological.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literatures and studies that the researchers have collected
to inform their study. This chapter helps the researchers better understand the topic they
have chosen.
2.1 Foreign Literature
2.1.1 Preserving Baybayin from being Forgotten
There is a tribe called the Buhid tribe who resides in Mindoro who still knows how
to use Baybayin. They have managed to preserve this ancient script but some of them, the
older ones, are slowly forgetting it. Nowadays, Baybayin is becoming extinct. It is slowly
being forgotten by everyone knowing that only a few people in a community know the
letters and even fewer in tribal communities. (Lowe, 2014)
Forgetting Baybayin is also like forgetting Philippines’ own heritage. The Buhid
tribe's act of preserving Baybayin would be a great way for the Filipinos to know that even
an old script of this country that were introduced by the ancestors is still alive until today.
Filipinos just have to realize its significance and through this research, it will open their
minds more about Baybayin and its significance by identifying its advantage and
disadvantages.
2.1.2 The Effects of Changing the Alphabet in Kazakhstan
According to E. Madumarov (2018), a professor in the Kazakhstan Institute of
Management, Economics, and Strategic Research University, the cost of changing the
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nation’s alphabet, which was divided into three different stages, will amount to roughly
$664 M, for literature classes, and implementing textbooks in the latin script. The
government of Kazakhstan has allocated almost $922,000 for the years 2018 and 2019,
which will be used in primary and secondary schools.
This particular passage in this article will help this research fulfill the question:
what are the disadvantages of Baybayin? The country of Kazakhstan wants to implement a
new style of symbolic writing for the country to use, however the cost will be huge. The
same will go for the Philippines, changing the way of writing into Baybayin will be
extremely expensive, as they will rewrite textbooks, programs, etc. to educate the mass on
this ‘new’ style of writing, which could be a problem for the country’s tight budget.
2.1.3 Baybayin Lost
In the start of 1500s, Baybayin had spread swiftly in the Philippines but began to
decline around 1600s. Although, Filipinos still used it for signing during 17th and 18th
century. Many Filipinos are not aware of their ancient script and many are surprised when
they learned about it. It was mere practicality and social expediency that caused Baybayin
to be forgotten. Since the Baybayin can't distinguish between the vowels i, e, o, and u or
the consonants d and r during the Spanish colonization, the meanings of many Spanish
words were difficult to understand. It could not meet the sounds and language of Spanish
that made them find other way and this is where social expediency occurs. It made the
extinction of Baybayin worst because Baybayin was replaced by the new discovered
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alphabets during the Spanish regime and as time goes by. Baybayin was completely
replaced and abandoned.
Colonization has made Filipinos forgotten where they started. Today, they are
blinded by what they see as easier and what other countries use and do. Filipinos are easy
to be influenced by other countries to the point that their ancient script lead to extinction.
Baybayin deserves to be reintroduced to everyone for them to realize that many of them
have wasted their own treasure.
2.1.4 Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet
The Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I shut down all pagan temples throughout the
empire during the 391 AD. Because of this, a 4000 year old tradition and message of the
ancient Egyptian language was lost for 1500 years. Between 1790 and 1832, Jean-François
Champollion works to deeply know the engraved symbols on the Rosetta stone. On the
current era, Egyptian society has the well-known culture because of the quantity of their
literature.
The Rosetta stone was discovered in 1799 AD by French Captain Pierre Bouchard
during the Napoleonic wars. The captain was governing the fixing of an old fort near the
Rosetta town which he found a block of basalt rock with the height of 3 feet and width of 9
inches. It is not the inscribed scripts that makes the stone important but the three writing
system on it, the hieroglyphic, demotic, and the Greek alphabet (Millmore, n.d.).
Egypt was once under different colonizers such as Greek, and French. Before the
occupation, Egypt has their own culture and system. They have pharaohs and their own
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alphabet known as hieroglyphic. Just like the Philippines, even before the colonizer, they
have their own system and routine. The similarities that the research focuses is the
Egyptian and Philippines’ ancient writing system that once happen and now, being
forgotten.
The Rosetta stone is just like the copper plate of the Philippines with engraved
ancient script. Without the artifacts, both countries would not have proof of their old
writing system. Egypt has living proof of the hieroglyphic they have in their historical
places while Philippines has living tribes that still uses the baybayin even up to now.
2.1.5 Ancient Scripts of the Indonesian
In the island of Java in Indonesia, Sundanese script is used to write during
ancient times by most of the Indonesians. But nowadays, the said language uses the
Latin script. The script is said to be developed in the 1990s but also used in the
fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1997, Sundanese was considered as the official
script for the given language. It contains 23 consonants that bear digits, inherent and
independent vowels. Diacritics are placed above the script and used to represent
dependent vowels, below are the consonants altering the inherent vowels. There are
also characters that can also be found in the Arabic loan words. Sundanese also uses
Latin punctuation and based on the Brahmic order by place of articulation.
On the other hand, the Buginese script is a syllabic alphabet that is used to
write the Buginese language by the people living in the island of Sulawesi (or
Celebes) that is located in central Indonesia. The script is likely to be derived from the
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ancient Kawi of Java, and eventually from the ancient Brahmi script of India. It is also
named lontara’, which means “palm leaves”, designating the most common medium
of Buginese writing. Furthermore, it is also a form of literature recording Buginese
histories and genealogies. (Lawrence, n.d.)
These literatures are related to the research that is being conducted because
just like the Baybayin script, Sundanese and Buginese scripts are also ancient scripts
of the Indonesian people that is almost being forgotten. Because of having so many
scripts and languages, difficulty can be observed in understanding each other. These
said scripts are all endangered and only few people uses it nowadays.That is why, it is
so important that there is one language or script used in order to have a peaceful
nation.
2.1.6 Proto-Sinaitic Scripts
Proto-Sinaitic script is the first consonantal alphabet having an apparent
resemblance of the Egyptians script origin. Sinai is a peninsula in Egypt that is part of
Asia that was conquered by Egypt. Semitic locals were influenced by the Egyptian
culture and adopted small parts of the hieroglyphic signs in writing their own
language. In 1900 BCE, inscriptions in the Upper Egypt are written in Proto-Sinaitic
and nearby Egyptians texts show the Semitic-speaking people living in Egypt.
Egyptian hieroglyphs already have phonetic signs but the Sinaitic people chose the
pictorial Egyptians glyphs where each symbol represents consonants. Wherein the
sign is a picture of an object, and the sound of the first consonant word of the object
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will be the sign it represents called acrophonic principle. Right after the Proto-Sinaitic
descendent the Phoenician. Characters became linear than a curve shape. South
Arabian was also an early branch of Proto-Sinaitic script, having different shape and
order of letters. (Lawrence, n.d.)
The origin was the hieroglyphic scriptures of the Egyptians then came the
Proto-Sinaitic script where it is the first consonantal alphabet in which it is the parent
script of Baybayin wherein Baybayin is based on the abugida system using consonant
and vowel comparisons in which the Proto-Sinaitic script uses sounds of the first
consonant word.
2.1.7 Cuneiform Writing
Cuneiform writing is considered as the oldest form of writing. Wherein, the
word cuneiform came from the Latin word “cuneus” that means wedge. Using a sharp
edged stylus to write in a clay, or even on the stones. It is first developed in the
ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia. Besides that, this type of writing was considered
as one of the most significant contributions of the Sumerians. The Mesopotamian
people used the cuneiform until it was abandoned in favor of the alphabetic script.
This type of writing is related to the research being conducted because both of
the said writings are most likely to be forgotten. These scripts have a lot of hold in the
history. That is why it should not be abandoned in any way. Considering that it is the
oldest form of writing, the changes in the writing systems are already visible even
before. And even if Baybayin did not became an official form of writing system, the
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fact that it originated in the Philippines, it is important to know something about it in
order to strengthen the culture.
2.1.8 Ancient Chinese Writing: History of how it Began
The earliest proof of Ancient Chinese writing was in the early 20th century
when cattle bones and turtle shells have been uncovered. Priest and holy men used this
to tell future events like weather, battles and health. Although no form of other writing
exists from this time.
Chinese writing changed through times from the ancient to the modern period,
having seven different styles of writing. First the Oracle Bone used characters in
simple in form. Early forms of characters resembles actual object. Second, the Great
Seal it is where characters have different brush stroke thickness. Third is the Small
Seal the first emperor Qin Shihuangdi required that there should be uniform of writing
characters across the Chinese empire. Writers begin to represent the word instead of
making it look like the object.
After there is the fourth style which is the Cursive style of writing, in which
lines and characters are connected. Fifth is the Clerical Style of writing, sixth, is the
Regular or standard style of writing began after the Han dynasty. This style of writing
still continues to be used in modern China. And the last is the Running style, is
another type of cursive writing where characters are more rounded. This style of
writing continues to be used in modern China as a quick way of writing (Well Read
Gnome, LLC, 2013-2018).
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Chinese style of writing is still use up until today, the modern period and it is
much recognize with its form of writing. This literature is related to the research being
conducted because both have the same attributes of style of writing. In addition, the
through periods of times the form of writings that they have, they have managed to
continue its legacy up until today the modern period.
2.1.9 History of Writing Systems
Signed language is a more or less universal human competence that has been
commonly obtained by human beings without methodical instruction. The historical
accounts of the evolution of writing systems have until recently intensive on a single
aspect, increases its efficiency, with the Greek invention of the alphabet being
considered as the culmination of a long historical evolution. This efficiency is the
product of a limited and controlled set of graphs that can express the full range of
meanings in a language.
The writing systems are related to the research being conducted because
Baybayin is proposed to become a national writing system. Therefore, it explains what
writing system is and what is it for. This literature gives background to study that is
being conducted.
2.2 Local Literature
2.2.1 Learning Baybayin: Reconnecting with our Filipino Roots
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One of the country’s writing system is the Baybayin. The Spanish friars use
the baybayin to teach Catholicism to Filipinos. The first book that is printed in
baybayin is the Doctrina Christiana that is believed to be one of the first books
published in the country. It is believed that Baybayin came from ancient Indian scripts
like the other writing systems in the country, such as the Tagbanua in Palawan and the
Hanunoo-Mangyan in Mindoro. When the Filipinos learned the Latin alphabet, the use
of Baybayin slowly began to fade. (Madarang, 2018)
Learning and understanding the history of Baybayin, is an important part of
learning Baybayin itself. Knowing that there are still existing forms of baybayin today
is proof that the style of writing can still be used in modern times. However, the
Philippines is very regionalistic, and so there are different forms of Baybayin, such as
the Tagbanua and the Hanunoo-Mangyan. Because of this, it will be one disadvantage
of using Baybayin as a national form of writing, as uniting the regional forms of
baybayin will be a daunting task for the country.
2.2.2 History of Baybayin
The Indic-derived syllabic script came from the Philippines twice from the
southern Indonesian Islands. The first time coming of Indic-derived syllabic script was
before 900 A.D. from the Island of Java. At the second time, the Indic-derived syllabic
script arrived form the Philippines was dated centuries later after the first arrival of the
script. The second script most likely came from another Island of Indonesia which
probably at the Sulawesi or Sumatra. The first coming of Indic-derived syllabic has
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important vowel-killer while on the second time around, it was without vowel-killer and
not so accurate with Filipinos because it was hard to read. Indic-derived syllabic script
also developed according to different regions of the Philippines. At the 900 A.D., back on
the first time of the script in the Philippines, an Early Kawi Script was found in Lumbang
river of Laguna province with toponyms from the Philippine place names. The writing
disappeared after the 10th century. Even before the colonization of Spaniards at the 16th
Century, the Filipinos even women can read and especially write using the syllabic script
which is the Baybayin Script Originated from Southeast Asia (Casal et. al., 1998)
The Baybayin was the original writing of the ancient Filipinos at the pre-colonial
era or the pre-spanish colonization. It was the form of writing which consisted of
syllables. People at the pre-colonial period knew how to read and write making the
colonizers astonished about the system they had before. The writing came from the
different places in Indonesia, calling it Indic-derived syllabic script before it was given
the name Baybayin.
2.2.3 Writing History: The Fiction and the Truth of Baybayin
Philippines is one of the countries that uses alphabet as a form of writing. Because
of being colonized by numerous countries, the country was not able to come up with a
script of their own. Those ancient scripts, was not only about the history and culture, but
rather reflects the nation’s image. Back in the history, ancient Filipinos uses enigmatic
scripts to record and communicate. They also used those scripts to give information and
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awareness to the people. This ancient form of writing may be a way to know the richness
of their race, nation and people.
What if these scripts have an underlying meaning? What if it leads some through
the truths and fabrication about something in our pasts? The Baybayin script bears an
interesting tale that juggles both fact and fiction in its origin and might lead us closer to
its importance. According to Paul Morrow of The Filipino Express who studied some of
the claims of Baybayin. Through his study, he have known that our ancient script,
Baybayin, known to be developed from the Brahmic script of India that has possessed a
meaning about its actual function. The characters of Baybayin were said to act like
pictographs that signifies various meanings from its shape. Take for example the first
script Ba (b) was said to represent the female’s genital organ and it is also the first letter
of the Tagalog word babae. It is also the same with the syllable La (l) is the first letter of
the Tagalog word lalaki and the character in the Baybayin script represents its genitals.
This characteristic also goes with the syllable Ha (h) that the way it is written in
Baybayin script looks like a wave of the wind, just like its Tagalog word which is
Hangin, it is also considered as the divine breath that connects dual forces unifying them
into one single being and therefore making a man and woman a deity.
2.2.4 Baybayin Pre-Spanish Philippine Writing System
As studied by the Mandirigma Research Organization, During the Spanish
Colonization in the Philippines Spanish friars uses Baybayin as the writing system and
the way on communicating and teaching Catholicism. Before Baybayin was introduced to
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us, it is used among the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia.
Baybayin is part of the Brahmic scripts continued to be used during the part of Spanish
colonization here in the Philippines from the 16th until the 19th century.
There were different origins-theories about Baybayin, First is the Kawi originated
from Java, which is the first authentication of writing in the Philippines. Second is the
Old Sumatran scripts or Malay scripts is used to write Malay languages was adopted and
became Baybayin. Third is the Sulawesi, the Makassarese scripts it could be adapted into
Baybayin. Fourth is the Old Assamese stated the version of the script was introduced to
the Philippines through Bengal, and evolved into Baybayin. Last is the Cham is a script
from Champa isn what is now the southern Vietnam and southeastern Cambodia, the
script is introduced and adapted into Baybayin.
There were theories and beliefs regarding the origin of Baybayin. Noted by Pedro
Chirino was a Spanish priest and historian in the Philippines and Antonio de Morga in
1609 to be known most generally used for personal writings, poetry, etc. With the
characteristics, the writing system is abugida writing system which is between syllabic
and alphabetic scripts.
Spanish colonizers used Baybayin as a writing system and a way to communicate
with the locals here in the Philippines. When Baybayin was introduced different forms
and different styles of writing appeared. Since the Philippines is regional, regions has
their own style of writing. But even before the Spanish introduced to us Baybayin it is
already been known throughout Indian subcontinents, as part of the brahmic scripts.
2.2.5 The Death of Baybayin
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According to the book Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people, until the
beginning of the 18th century, baybayin were still used by the Filipinos among the
Spanish-controlled regions but when the Spaniards introduced the Western way of
writing, it gradually replaced the Philippine indigenous writing system. In the beginning
of 19th Century, the syllabic writing mode in the Philippines was assumed to be dead.
However, some realized that the indigenous script was still practiced on several places
where Spanish influence was not felt specifically in the marginal tribe communities.
Towards at the end of 19th century, a French explorer among the Tagbanuas of
Palawan Island named Alfred Marche and German Researchers among the Mangyans of
Mindoro namely Meyer, Schadenberg and Foy's subsequent publications indicated that
these two islands' tribal population still knows how to read and write centuries-old
Syllabic script that they used in recording their own literature and for communication.
In 1971, a second distinct syllabic script was discovered in Mindoro, different
from the ones that German researchers have found. These three writing modes are still
practiced but now considered as extinct because they are only practiced by the older
people. The young people in the tribes ate more interested in learning the expressions of
modern times. Individual efforts in the South of Mindoro island has been done to have
the Mangyan script to be taught in elementary public schools but since it is not a required
subject and is not mandated by the Department of Education, Culture and sports, it's
success depends on the teacher and the students' interest.
People may have not notice but there are still surviving Philippine indigenous
script and are being used in different tribes. In order to preserve this culture, several
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actions must be taken to keep it alive and make it prosper. One example of an action to
preserve this culture is the proposed ‘National Writing System Act’ which aims to
conserve Baybayin and use it as a tool for cultural and economic development to create
consciousness for the legacies of Filipino cultural history and authentic identity.
2.2.6 Ancient script finds new hope in the young
Baybayin, Filipinos’ pre-colonial script but mistakenly known as “Alibata” has an
unlikely support from today’s generation. Two Filipino millennials have converted this
precolonial script into contemporary use. They’re reviving it through online courses and
workshops to different schools. These two millenials are; Self-taught Fil-Am artist
Kristian Kabuay and third year anthropology student Ileana Cabochan who considers the
pre-colonial writing system as a part of Filipino culture that should be cherished and put
to use today. Kabuay goal is to use the script for economic promotions that would lead to
its own preservation.
Another reason that it is very popular among the people is see ancient script as
“another way of expression and writing”. It appeals the young ones by showcasing them
the beauty of baybayin and how easy it is to learn. According to Augusto De
Viena (2018), head of the University of Santo Tomas’ Department of History, “baybayin
is a symbol of our identity that was even used by the katipunero as a symbol of their
nationalism.
Kabuay is determined to promote the ancient script through the use of social
media, he also launched his own company specializing in custom art, translation and
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books that focuses on baybayin”. De Viana’s belief was that the Filipinos’ general lack of
interest was one of the greatest challenges of teaching baybayin, for Kabuay it is the lack
of practical application. Cabochan still hopes that someday all Filipinos can understand,
pride in, and love our own culture, despite the challenges in applying baybayin as a part
of the Filipinos’ writing system.
Kabuay is also a “Filipino Script Artist” and represented the Philippines in the
international workshop of endangered scripts of South Asia in Tokyo Japan on February
28, 2014. He lectured about baybayin and its similarities with Indonesian scripts.This
shows that there is still a huge relevance for Baybayin and also tells us that Baybayin is
more than just a writing system. It is also a form of art, and is an advantage for people
who know how to use it.
2.2.7 House panel OKs bill making Baybayin the National Writing System
Patricia Ann Roxas, a writer for the Philippine Inquirer stated in her article
“House panel oks bill making Baybayin the national writing system”, stated that the
National writing system act (House Bill no. 1022) was approved by the House Committee
on Basic Education and Culture last April 23, 2018. After this, she said that the measure
seeks to “declare Baybayin as the national writing system, in a bid to generate greater
awareness on the plight of Baybayin and to foster wider appreciation on its importance
and beauty.” The bill is already being supported by DepED, NCCA and Buhayin, a
baybayin Advocacy group.
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However, even though the House Bill 1022 or the "National Writing System Act"
has good intentions for the country by making Baybayin as a national writing system,
some Filipinos are not in favor of this act. Like Riza Pingke, an editor of academic
magazines, is one of the Filipinos that are not in favor of making Baybayin as the
national writing system. She said that Filipinos should just focus on promoting Filipino
by teaching it on schools and that if the country wants to be nationalistic, the history and
language of Filipino itself is the one to be prioritized. Filipinos are also ranting on social
media about it saying that we should just prioritize Filipinos’ education and that
Baybayin won't solve the communication problems around them. (Madarang, 2018)
For some reasons, even Baybayin is from where Filipinos started the writing and
communication, some Filipinos today do not mind what Baybayin can bring the society.
They are now focused on what they have today. All of this means that Baybayin may
soon truly be the Philippines’ national writing system, and is scheduled soon for debate
whether or not the this will come true, however not everyone will be in favor of this
change. This makes the research more relevant, as the opinion of the public, especially
students and teachers as they will be the first to be affected, will matter more in this
situation.
2.2.8 The Remains of Baybayin
Hundreds of years before, there were either paper or pens that were used to write
unlike today. In the Philippines, they used sipol, a sharp pointed iron, in writing scripts
also known as baybayin. The natives engraved words in materials such as bamboo shafts,
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wooden boards, leaves of plants, pottery and metal. But the evidences for these are rare to
find today that only three had been found, namely, the 14th-15th Century Butuan Silver
strip, the 10th century Butuan Ivory seal and the 15th Century Calatagan jar.
The first artifact which had a trace of writing on it was in a copper material called
the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) that were suspected to exist during the 900
A.D, though the script written do not look similar to baybayin but instead an old javanese
writing system in Indonesia. It was retrieved near the mouth of Lumbang River of
Laguna in 1990 thus explaining its name. It measures 20 x 30 in size (Halili, 2010)
Just like any other countries, Filipinos used material such as wood and metal to
write what they want to say or convey however in Philippines' case, evidences of these
are very rare to find. These evidences plays an important role in reviving the baybayin
culture, these could be the basis for learning the script. It will serve as a teaching guide
on how to properly write the baybayin and to see if the baybayin that some people know
is the same way on how ancient people write the said script.
2.2.9 Mangyan's Preservation of Baybayin
Mangyans of Mindoro are still using Baybayin, mainly Buhid and Hanunoo
scripts. They are using it on their traditional literature called Ambahan, a poetry that
consists of seven syllables per line with rhyming-end syllables that is carved on bamboo
slats. According to Catapang, E. (2014), the Mangyans have preserved the ancient script
for they live on mountains, away from influence and colonization.
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Colonization made Filipinos change their traditional ways. Starting from the
Spanish colonization, Baybayin was slowly replaced by the alphabet. As years pass by,
many colonization had passed, Baybayin has been completely forgotten by modern
Filipinos. The tribes, like Mangyan, are one of the few Filipinos that still preserve and
uses Baybayin.
2.3 Foreign Study
2.3.1 A Survey of Indigenous Scripts of Indonesia and Philippines
The earliest evidence of writing from the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate
Inscriptions, written in Javanese-influenced Old Malay in the standard Kawi at that time
can be found in the West Java. Although there are two later inscription objects found
from Butuan in Mindoro, one was a seal of Kawi and the other one is a silver strip
inscribed with undeciphered words, the script the European found in Luzon and Visayas
was very different in both appearance and structure. This was the script that was later
known as Baybayin. This was most likely a synecdoche for the sense of order, here of
letters, in sequence.
Until the past century, the script was known for the the second-hand production of
“alphabets” from different regions in Luzon and Visayas: these were collected and
reproduced in Marcilla y Martin. These older proofs had lead for two misconceptions.
The emphasis on the regions, the script was believed that a variety though related
regional scripts in the Philippines. One case was the unusual-shapes from Visayas and
was assumed that there was an internally-consistent “Visayan” script that was a variant
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from what the Tagalogs from Luzon used. On the other hand, some of the strange shapes
were due to the subsequent generations of distortions from hand copies to hand copies,
some reprints has the same letters but a quite different overall styles. Nonetheless, careful
comparison with authentic handwriting helps confirming the status of letter shapes that
was specified in other regions.
Secondly, it was widely believed that there was only a single “Tagalog” style
because of the samples that was gathered from different sources. These, however, were a
several generations continuous distorted reproductions, all going back to a single print
typeface used in Blancas de San Joseph’s (1610) grammar of Tagalog, San
Buenaventura’s (1613) vocabulary, and the Lopez (1621) catechism in the Ilocano
language. This typeface was reinterpretation of letter shapes in 1593 Doctrina Christiana
that was adapted to an italic contemporary European topographic style, more or less.
These misconceptions were starting to be challenged by the 20th century
discovery of the original document that contains the short baybayin text which was
handwritten by the everyday users of the script. Nonetheless, there were handful regions
that were able to develop distinct features that eventually evolved into the script’s
varieties. The 16th century Kapampangan variety was able to distinguish itself by the
development of spelling conventions for representing syllable-final consonant.
More recently, Kapampangan script has resurfaced as “Kulitan” that incorporates
Chinese- and Korean-like syllable clusters in descending vertical lines which proceeds to
right to left on the page. During the 19th century, the existence of a distinct regional
script from Tagbanua of Palawan came to the attention of the observers. This variety was
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written in bamboo or wood, is distinguished in the Luzon varieties by the shape of some
letters, specifically “k” and “w” were marked differently from what was used elsewhere.
In Mindoro, the existence of a distinct bamboo script was still used by the
Mangyan tribespeople of the inland; this was brought to attention by the detailed study by
Meyer et al (1895). Another script that has an entirely different form and structure from
other Philippines script was the Eskayan script, a elaborated 20th century non-Indic script
that incorporates elements of a syllabary among other more unusual features.
This means that Baybayin was not the only one to spread all over the country in
many ways and different circumstances. Baybayin is the only one that got most of the
attention on the modern times.
2.4 Local Study
2.4.1 The acceptance of teachers in PUP Baybayin
The researchers discovered that the teachers are highly in favor of Panulat ng
Unang Pilipino (PUP) Baybayin as a tool for incremental changes in the identity of
Filipinos; which preserves the ancestral system of writings, displays the importance of
reviewing the history of the Filipinos, and the contribution in arts. The whole are highly
in favor of the cultural aspect of PUP Baybayin.
The teachers are in favor of starting baybayin in kindergarten to ease the
education system in implementing baybayin in the system of writing. The respondents are
also in favor of cultivating the knowledge about Filipinos and the epistemology of them
using Baybayin as the writing system of Filipino. The teachers are favorable in the
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manifestation of using the writing system at the public parks, infrastructures and
establishments.
Teachers accepted the suggested symbols for every letters, the rule in writing,
principles used in identifying the distinction between letters and the simplicity of writing,
based on the Baybayin Rizaleo. The respondent teachers also accepted the correlations
between the source of symbols that became the origins of the extra letters in baybayin,
uniqueness of the form that was contrast in the source of symbols, and the simplicity of
writing.
This meant that Baybayin is viewed by the teachers to be a big contribution to the
country’s culture and literature. It could also help international trade by the identity of the
nation, and to attract tourist in putting the script at the products’ design.
2.4.2 Ancient Baybayin: Early Mother Tongue-Based Education Model
The Philippine Baybayin belongs to the Austronesian languages that are widely
spreadout through the Southeast Asia and Pacific, only a few languages were able to
reach the Asia mainland. Baybayin was one of the best-established ancient language.
Austronesian comes from the Latin auster “south wind” and Greek nesos “island”.
Austronesian is likely termed for the majority of the syllabic languages. Philippine
Baybayin is known to be one of the dozen syllabary consisting of Sumatra, Java, and
Sulawesi which was from ancient India that shares some of its characteristics to Sanskrit.
The study shows that syllabaries are endemic to Philippines. The Filipino Baybayin was
noticed to be the probable root source of the different Philippine dialect like Tagalog,
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Visayan, and etc. A paper presented by Jaime F. Tiongson describes the discovery of an
evidence for the old writing. Another probable evidence of the ancient writing can be
found in the Calatagan Pot. Existing Baybayin scripts may have been the predecessor of
the local dialects which was predated to the birth of Christ.
Baybayin might have been lost due to Filipinos favoring Spanish Orthography,
the spoken Baybayin flourished enough before the Spanish Colonization. As of today,
Baybayin is known as anaesthetic designs. In the ancient times, “Pantas” are the
responsible ones to train the future generation of teachers that will pass on their own
traditions through oral methods such as folkstories. The mothers are the responsible for
teaching their children in writing Baybayin.
The Baybayin might have not found its purpose into the writing system of the
country, but the study shows that Baybayin is the best-established language that thrived
through the Spanish colonization. There are more syllabaries not well-known throughout
the Philippines that have yet to be exposed and has a chance to be put to the spotlight for
being used as a part of the writing system.
2.4.3 Surat Sug: Jawi Tradition in Southern Philippines
Scholars reported that there is a presence of a native Philippine script known as
“Baybayin”, the in came a Tagalog term “baybay” meaning “spell”. According to the
Spaniards, thescript was already being used for at least a century. Baybayin was called
“Tagalog Letter” or “Tagalog Writing”, while the Visayans called it as “Moro Writing”.
The misleading name for Baybayin which was “Alibata” was based to the Arabic Letters,
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the presence of the Arabic Language was prior to the coming of Islam to the Southern
Mindanao. The Surat Sug was another adaptation of the Arabic language, this script was
known in Indonesia as “Jawi”, for the Tausugs as “Java”, and the term “Surat Sug” that
was used by Dr. Samuel Tan. An american official, Cameron, observed the modification
of Tausug in the adaptation of the script led to having two reasons. Firstly, some letters of
the letters in Sulu was not found in the adapted script which led to them forming new
vowels and consonants to be relevant. Lastly, 14 consonants which were not found in the
pure Sulu writings cannot be pronounced correctly.
Cameron therefore concluded that the changes that were made in the script is
necessary due to the Sulu language and them incorrectly pronouncing the Arabic sounds.
He further observed that Sulu language is mixed with many more languages with English,
Tagalo Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Malay, Bisayan, Persian, Hindustani.
Cameron then claimed that Sulu has much more alike in Arabic Orthography rather than
the Malays for two reasons: First, the adoption of the script was more recent and requires
lesser amount of internal development. Second, the writing has not been acquired a
popular accomplishments. The beginning of the decline of the Jawi script was the
introduction of the American school systems that forced to use English as the medium of
communication and instructions. Addition to this, Leonard Wood, Governor-General of
the Moro Province felt that English should be the lingua franca of the Moros and pushed
the language into the school system.
Baybayin and Surat Sug are similar due to the fact that these two are both adapted
from the Islamic languages. Both the writing are being favored with an another language,
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but has flourished enough to survive. It shows that the Southern Mindanao in which the
artifacts of Baybayin and the territorial invasion of the Islam had a huge impact in both
creating the Baybayin and Surat Sug.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will describe the methods used in the study and description of the
measures being applied in the “A Study on the Perception of FEC-Silang SHS Teachers
and Grade 11 Students on the Use of Baybayin as a National Writing System”. This study
followed the qualitative design which aims to determine the advantaged and
disadvantages of Baybayin as a national form of writing. This study is done by
determining the perception of SHS teachers and students from FEC- Silang, Cavite by
conducting a survey.
3.1 Research Design
The researchers used qualitative design for this study. The qualitative design is a
research method that is used to gain understanding of opinions, behaviors, and
characteristics towards a specific choice of topic. It provides insights and new ideas to
generate a hypothesis. The qualitative design uses biography, case study, discourse
analysis, narrative analysis, ethnography, and phenomenology. The purpose of qualitative
design is to understand retrieved data instead of numeric. The qualitative method is
phenomenology, since the researchers considered the experiences, attitudes, and
behaviors of each individual because the study is integrated in the effect of the
individual’s attitude and behavior.
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3.2 Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the Grade 11 students of Accountancy,
Business and Management (ABM), Humanities of Social Sciences (HUMSS), and
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strands in Far Eastern
College – Silang, Inc. S.Y. 2018-2019. The sample respondents were chosen through
Slovin’s Formula and Stratified Random Sampling. Stratified Random Sampling
Technique is method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller
groups known as strata which are the Grade 11 students and from these, samples were
randomly selected using the Lottery method, thus, each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
Slovin’s Formula:
𝑁
𝓃=
(1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 )
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
N= population
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
255
n
1  (255)(0.05)²
n = 156
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Stratified Random Sampling:
𝑃
𝐾= 𝑥𝑛
𝑁
𝐾 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝑁 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
Table A: Stratified Random Sampling
Strata No. of Students Sample
ABM 11 32 20
ABM 12 34 21
HUMSS 11 23 14
HUMSS 12 27 17
STEM 11 36 22
STEM 12 30 18
STEM 13 36 22
STEM 14 36 22
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Total N = 254 n = 156
3.3 Research Instrument
The instrument used in this study is a survey questionnaire. It was used as the
main data-gathering instrument. The questionnaire was made by the researchers approved
by Mr. Elieser D. Nicolas. It was divided into two main sections: the profile of the
respondents and the question proper.
3.4 Validation of Instrument
The instrument used by the researchers was in a form of survey questionnaire
which was consisted of several questions related to their topic. After formulating survey
questions based on the studies and literature gathered, the researchers consulted their
Practical Research I adviser, Mr. Elieser D. Nicolas, and Statistics and Probability
teacher, Ms. Johannah G. Loyola, who reviewed and validated the survey in order to see
if the questions were aligned in the research questions.
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3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
Create a letter
Formulate of approval Reproduce
survey addressed to survey
questions. Mr. Matthew to questionnaires.
conduct a study.
Interpretation of Analyze the Conduct the

data. data gathered survey
Fig 3: Data gathering flow chart
3.6 Statistical Treatment of Data
To interpret the data effectively, the researchers will enjoy the following
statistical treatment. The percentage and weighted mean are the tools used to interpret
data.
1. Percentage. This will employ to determine the frequency and percentage distribution
of personal related variables of the respondents.
𝐹
Formula: % = 𝑁 𝑥 100
Where:
% = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
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𝐹 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
100 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2. Average Weighted Mean. This will be used to determine the assessment of the
respondents with regards to their personal profiles.
𝐹𝑥
Formula: 𝑋 =
𝑁
Where:
𝑋 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter describes the analysis of data followed by a discussion of the
research findings. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study.
Problem 4.1: Profile of the Respondents
Problem 4.1.1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Age of SHS Teachers
Age 𝒇 %
44-49 1 4.76%
38-43 0 0%
32-37 2 9.52%
26-31 5 23.81%
20-25 13 61.90%
Total 21 100%
Legend: 𝒇 - Frequency; % - Percentage
The table presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of SHS
Teachers in FEU Cavite. Out of 21 teachers there are 13 respondents whose age are 20-25
years old with a percentage of 61.90%. On the other hand, there are 5 respondents whose
age ranges from 26-31 years old with a percentage of 23.81% while there are 2
respondents ages from 32-37 years old with a percentage of 9.52%. There are 1
respondent whose age were from 44-49 years old with a percentage of 4.76% while there
is no respondent whose age ranges from 38-43 year old.
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Based from the data given above, majority of the respondents ages from 20-25
years old which has a frequency of 13 and an equal percentage of 61.90%.
Problem 4.1.1.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Age Grade 11 Students
HUMSS Strand
Age 𝒇 %
16 9 29.03%
17 19 61.29%
18 2 6.45%
19 1 3.23%
Total 31 100%
Legend: 𝒇 - Frequency; %- Percentage
The table above presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of
Grade 11 HUMSS students. With the total of 31 HUMSS respondents, there are 19
respondents of the 17 years old with the percentage of 61.29%. On the other hand, there
are 9 students with the age of 16 years old and a percentage of 29.03%. There are 2
respondents that ages 18 year old and a percentage of 6.45%. Lastly, there is only one 19
year old respondent and has a percentage of 3.23%.
Based on the data gathered, majority of the HUMSS respondents were 17 years
old with a total frequency of 19 and a percentage of 61.29%.
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ABM Strand
Age 𝒇 %
16 14 34.15%
17 23 56.1%
18 2 4.88%
20 2 4.88%
Total 41 100%
Legend: 𝒇 - Frequency; % - Percemtage
The table showed the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of Grade
11 ABM Students. In a total of 41 respondents, 14 or 34.15% of them were 16 years old,
23 or 56.1% were 17 years old and both of 18 and 20 year old respondents has a
frequency of 2 and a percentage of 4.88%.
Overall, majority of the responedents in ABM are 17 having the highest
frequency of 23 and a percentage of 56.1%.
STEM Strand
Age 𝒇 %
16 21 25%
17 55 65.48%
18 5 5.95%
19 3 3.57%
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Total 84 100%
The table showed the frequency and percentage distribution of the ages of the
grade 11 STEM respondents. Over the 84 STEM students, the age of 17 is most of the
ages of the respondents with the frequency of 55 and a percentage of 65.48%. Students
with the age of 16 have a frequency of 21 with a percentage of 25% and the students with
the age of 18 have a frequency of 5 with a percentage of 5.95%. The age of 19 has the
least frequency and percentage which is 3 and 3.57%. Overall, majority of the STEM
respondents are in the age of 17.
Problem 1.2.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Sex of SHS Teachers
Sex 𝒇 %
Male 8 38.1%%
Female 13 61.90%
Total 21 100%
The table above presented the frequency distribution of the sex of the teachers.
There are total of 21 teachers and 8 or 38.1% are male teachers. On the other hand, there
are 13 or 61.9% of female teachers.
As can be seen, majority of the teachers surveyed are female which have much
higher percentage than the population of male.
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Problem 4.1.2.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Sex Grade 11 Students
HUMSS Strand
Sex 𝒇 %
Male 6 19.35%
Female 25 80.65%
Total 31 100%
The table above presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the sex of
Grade 11 HUMSS students. A total of 31 respondents were surveyed, 19.35% or 6 of
which are male while 25 or 80.65% were female.
Based on the result, a majority of the respondents in the HUMSS strand were
female with a frequency of 25 and a total percentage of 80.65%.
ABM Strand
Sex 𝑓 %
Male 8 19.51%
Female 33 80.49%
Total 41 100%
The table above presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the sex of
Grade 11 ABM students. A total of 41 respondents were surveyed and 19.51% or 8
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students were male and the remaining 80.49% or the 33 students remaining are composed
of female.
Based on the result, majority of the respondents in the ABM strand were female
with a frequency of 33 and a total percentage of 80.49%.
STEM Strand
Sex 𝒇 %
Male 47 55.95%
Female 37 44.05%
Total 84 100%
Legend: 𝒇 - Frequency; %- Percentage
The table above presented the frequency and distribution of the sex of grade 11
STEM students. There are total of 84 respondents from the STEM strand and 55.95% are
male. Comparatively, female respondents of the research are 44.05%.
As can be seen, majority of the respondents of the research are male with higher
percentage than the female.
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4.1.3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the who agree and disagree
4.1.3.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of those who agree and disagree
(SHS Teachers)
f %
YES 11 52.38%
NO 10 47.62%
Total 21 100%
Legend: f - Frequency; % - Percentage
The table above shows the frequency and distribution of SHS Teachers who agreed
and disagreed on the House Bill 1022. Out of 21 SHS Teachers, 11 or 52.38% agreed on
the Use of Baybayin as National Form of writing while 10 or 47.62% disagreed.
It can be seen that majority of the teachers agree that the Baybayin should be used as
form of writing.
Problem 4.1.3.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of those who agree and
disagree (Grade 11 Students)
HUMSS Strand
f %
YES 24 77.42%
NO 7 22.58%
Total 31 100%
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The table above presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the grade
11 HUMSS students who agreed and disagreed on the House Bill 1022. Out of 31 grade
11 HUMSS students, 24 of of them agreed on the House Bill 1022 with a percentage of
77.42%. On the other hand, 7 of them disagreed with a percentage of 22.58 %.
Overall, majority of the Grade 11 HUMSS agree that Baybayin should be used as
National form of writing.
ABM Strand
f %
YES 15 36.59%
NO 26 63.41%
Total 41 100%
11 ABM students who agreed and disagreed on the House Bill 1022. Out of 41 grade 11
HUMSS students, 26 of of them disagreed on the House Bill 1022 with a percentage of
63.41%. On the other hand, 15 of them agreed with a percentage of 36.59 %.
Overall, majority of the Grade 11 ABM Students disagree that Baybayin should
be used as National form of writing.
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STEM Strand
f %
YES 38 45.24%
NO 46 54.76%
Total 84 100%
11 STEM students that agreed and disagreed on the House Bill 1022. Over the 84 grade
11 STEM students, 46 of them disagreed on the House Bill 1022 with a percentage of
54.76%. On the other hand, 38 of them agreed with a percentage of 45.24%. Overall,
majority of the Grade 11 STEM respondents disagree on the House Bill 1022 which is
bringing back Baybayin as National form of writing.
Problem 4.2: Perceptions of the Respondents on the Advantages of Baybayin as a
National Form of Writing
Problem 4.2.1 The Perception of SHS Teachers on the Advantages of Baybayin as a
Statements Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. Changing our script will 3 Agree
bring more advantages
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than disadvantages
2. Changing our current 3 Agree
script will help improve
the country.
3. Baybayin will be easy to 2.27 Disagree
learn.
4. Baybayin will help 3.27 Agree
preserve our culture.
5. Baybayin will make 2.27 Disagree
communication easier.
AVERAGE WEIGHTED 2.76 Agree
MEAN
Legend: Verbal Interpretation; 3.50 to 4.00 – Strongly Agree; 2.50 to 3.45 –
Agree; 1.50 to 2.45 – Disagree; and 1.00 to 1.45 – Strongly Disagree
Table 4.2.1.1 shows the perception of all SHS teachers from FEU-C on the
possible advantages of using Baybayin as a national form of writing. The data shows that
the respondents agree that; statement 1: “Changing our script will bring more advantages
than disadvantages” has an average weighted mean of 3 with “agree” as the chosen
descriptor. Statement 2; “Changing our current script will help improve the country” has
an average weighted mean of 3 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 3:
“Baybayin will be easy to learn” has an average weighted mean of 2.27 with “disagree”
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as the chosen descriptor. Statement 4: “Baybayin will help preserve our culture” has an
average weighted mean of 3.27 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 5:
“Baybayin will make communication easier” has an average weighted mean of 2.27 with
disagree as the chosen descriptor. Overall, most of the respondents agreed with the
statements with 2.76 as the average weighted mean.
Based on the data gathered, it would seem that the respondents do not believe that
Baybayin will make communication easier, as well as that it will be easy to learn.
However they do agree that Baybayin will still bring more advantages than
disadvantages and will even help advance the country as well as preserve our culture.
With an average weighted mean of 2.76, it shows that most respondents believe that
Baybayin will be advantageous to the country.
2.2.6 tells about how Baybayin appeals to the young as it is both beautiful and
easy to learn. However the data gathered contradicts this notion, as most of the SHS
teachers of FEU-C believe that Baybayin would not be easy to learn. (p.23)
2.4.1 talks about how teachers were surveyed about Baybayin. The data they
gathered showed that the teachers were in favor of using Baybayin to replace our current
scripts in parks, infrastructures, and establishments which show that the teachers think
communication would not be affected. However the respondents of this research
disagree, and say that the communication will not improve. Most of the respondents from
2.4.1 would agree that Baybayin will help the Philippines prosper, while most of
the respondents on this research have chosen to disagree. (p.29)
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Problem 4.2.2 The Perception of Grade 11 students on the Advantages of Baybayin as
a National Form of Writing
Statements Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. Changing our script will 3.16 Agree
bring more advantages
than disadvantages
2. Changing our current 3.23 Agree
script will help improve
the country.
3. Baybayin will be easy to 2.86 Agree

learn.
4. Baybayin will help 3.69 Strongly Agree

preserve our culture.
5. Baybayin will make 2.79 Agree

communication easier.
AVERAGE WEIGHTED 3.15 Agree

MEAN
Table 4.2.2.2 shows the perception of all grade 11 students from FEU-C on the
possible advantages of using Baybayin as a national form of writing. The data shows that
the respondents agree that; Statement 1: “Changing our current script will bring more
advantages than disadvantages” has an average weighted mean of 3.16 with “agree” as
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the chosen descriptor, Statement 2: “Changing our current script will help improve our
country” has an average weighted mean of 3.23 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor.
Statement 3: “Baybayin will be easy to learn” has an average weighted mean of 2.86 with
“agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 4: “Baybayin will help preserve our culture”
has an average weighted mean of 3.69 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 5:
“Baybayin will make communication easier” has an average weighted mean of 2.79 with
“agree” as the descriptor. Overall, most of the respondents agreed with all of the
Based on the data gathered, with an average weighted mean of 3.15, most of the
respondents would agree that Baybayin would be advantageous and would help the
country progress, and will be less disadvantageous. The data also shows that most
respondents, with an awm of 3.69, firmly agree that Baybayin will help preserve the
country.
2.2.7 shows that there are Filipinos arguing that the country should focus instead on
the current script and education, and that Baybayin would not improve our
communication in this day and age. However the data gathered contradicts that statement,
as more of the respondents used in the study would agree that Baybayin will make
communication easier, and will help preserve the culture of this country. The data also
show that most of the people would agree with the House Bill 1022, which would mean
that most of them would prefer that Baybayin would be our national writing system.
(p.24)
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Problem 4.3: Perceptions of the Respondents on the Disadvantages of Baybayin as a
Problem 4.3.1 The Perception of SHS Teachers on the Disadvantages of Baybayin as a
Statements Weighted Mean Descriptors
6. The Philippines will 3.3 Agree

have a hard time adapting
to this change.
7. We should focus on 3 Agree
improving our current
script rather than bringing
back another.
8. The Philippines is too 3 Agree
regionalistic to make this
work.
9. The Philippines won’t 3.2 Agree
have the budget to make
this work.
10. Bringing back 3.5 Strongly Agree
Baybayin won’t yield any
significant
change/improvement to
our country.
AWM 3.2 Agree
The table 4.3.1.1 shows the perception of the SHS teachers on the disadvantages of
Baybayin as a national form of writing. The data shows that the respondents agree that;
Statement 6: “The Philippines will have a hard time adapting to this change” has an
average weighted mean of 3.3 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 7: “We
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should focus on improving our current script rather than bringing back another” has an
avereage weighted mean of 3 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 8: “The
Philippines is too regionalistic to make this work” has an average weighted mean of 3
with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 9: “The Phlippines won’t have the
budge to make this work” has an average weighted mean of 3.2 with “agree” as the
chosen descriptor. Statement 10: “Bringing back Baybayin won’t yield any significant
change/improvement to our country” has an average weighted mean of 3.5 with “strongly
agree” as the chosen descriptor. Overall, most of the respondents agree with all of the
Based on the data gathered with an average weight mean of 3.2, more respondents
agreed on the disadvantages of bringing back Baybayin as national form of writing
compared to the average weighted mean of those who agreed on its advantages. Most
respondents, with a 3.5 average weighted mean, agreed that bringing back Baybayin
won't yield any significant improvement in the country.
Refer to 2.2.7 in the Chapter II with the title “House panel Oks bill making Baybayin the
national writing system” which shows the statements of the Filipinos that are against the
House Bill 1022. What Riza Pingke said shows that the Philippines won’t gain any good
in bringing back Baybayin and just instead focus on promoting and prioritizing Filipino
language today. This statement connects to the perception of the respondents on the
disadvantages of bringing back Baybayin that it wouldn’t yield any improvement in the
country
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Problem 4.3.2 The Perception of Grade 11 students on the Disadvantages of Baybayin

as a National Form of Writing
Statements Weighted Mean Descriptors
6. The Philippines will 3.59 Strongly Agree

have a hard time adapting
to this change.
7. We should focus on 3.3 Agree
improving our current
script rather than bringing
back another.
8. The Philippines is too 2.96 Agree
regionalistic to make this
work.
9. The Philippines won’t 2.76 Agree
have the budget to make
this work.
10. Bringing back 2.7 Agree
Baybayin won’t yield any
significant
change/improvement to
our country.
AWM 3.06 Agree
Table 4.3.2.2 shows the perception of all grade 11 students from FEU-C on the
possible disadvantages of using Baybayin as a national writing system. The data shows
that the respondents agree that; Statement 6: “The Philippines will have a hard time
adapting to this change” has an average weighted mean of 3.59 with “stronly agree” as
the chosen descriptor. Statement 7: “We should focus on improving our current script
rather than bringing back another” has an avereage weighted mean of 3.3 with “agree” as
the chosen descriptor. Statement 8: “The Philippines is too regionalistic to make this
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work” has an average weighted mean of 2.96 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor.
Statement 9: “The Phlippines won’t have the budge to make this work” has an average
weighted mean of 2.76 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Statement 10: “Bringing
back Baybayin won’t yield any significant change/improvement to our country” has an
average weighted mean of 2.7 with “agree” as the chosen descriptor. Overall, most of the
respondents agreed with the statements with an average weighted mean of 3.06.
Based on the data gathered, with an average weighted mean of 3.06, less
respondents agreed that introducing Baybayin as a national writing system would be a
disadvantage compared to the average weighted mean of the advantages statement which
is 3.15. The data also shows that respondents, with an awm of 3.59, firmly agree that
introducing Baybayin as a national writing system will give Filipinos a hard time in
adapting to this change.
2.1.2 shows the amount of money that cost Kazakhstan to change their script into
Latin. This shows the disadvantage of introducing Baybayin as a national writing system.
It shows that the Philippines will not have enough budget to change its current scripts.
The data gathered agrees with that statement. Most of the respondents agrees that the cost
is too much for the country to spend just to change the existing script. (p.10)
The data above shows that the average weighted mean are 2.76, 3.15, 3.2, and
3.06 which clearly shows the agreement of the respondents on the advantages and
disadvantages in introducing Baybayin as a national writing. Since the teachers got an
average weighted mean of 2.76 in advantages and 3.2 in disadvantage, most of them
disagreed in bringing back the lost script. While the grade 11 students have an average
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weighted mean of 3.15 in advantage and 3.06 in disadvantage. The data for grade 11
students conveys that majority agrees in bringing back Baybayin. According to Riza
Pingke in the local literature, bringing back Baybayin will do no good but instead, focus
on today’s Filipino language. The statement contrasts The House Representative
Leopoldo Bataoil’s house bill proposing in bringing back the lost writing system.
The teachers and grade 11 students have different perception in bringing back
Baybayin, thus, Baybayin has advantages and disadvantages in the country. The teachers
strongly agree that bringing back Baybayin won’t yield any significant
change/improvement to the country while students strongly agree that if Baybayin will be
retrieved, the culture will be preserved.
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions draw from the
findings and its recommendations.
Summary of Findings
The statistical treatment and analysis of data brought about the following vital findings of
this study:
5.1. Profile of the Respondents
5.1.1.1 Age of SHS Teachers
Based from the data, majority of the teachers’ age ranges from 20-25 years
old with a frequency of 13 and a percentage of 61.90%.
5.1.2.1 Sex of SHS Teachers
It can be gleaned from the data that out of 21 teachers who were surveyed
are female with a frequency of 13 and a percentage of 61.90%. Meanwhile, 8
respondents are male with a frequency of 8 and a percentage of 38.1%.
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5.1.1.2 Age of Grade 11 students
HUMSS Strand
It is shown that majority of the respondents from the HUMSS strand were
aged 17 with a frequency of 19 and a percentage of 61.29%.
ABM Strand
Based on the findings, majority of the respondents from the ABM strand
were aged 17 with a frequency of 23 and a percentage of 56.1%
STEM Strand
It can be gleaned that majority of the respondents from the STEM strand
were aged 17 with a frequency of 55 and a percentage of 65.48%
5.1.2.2 Sex of Grade 11 Students
HUMSS Strand
It shows that majority of the respondents from the HUMSS strand were
female with a frequency of 25 and a percentage of 80.65%. Meanwhile, the
remaining 6 respondents, with a percentage of 19.35%, were male.
ABM Strand
According to the gathered data, majority of the respondents from the ABM
strand were female with a frequency of 33 percentage of 80.49%. On the other
hand, 8 were male with a frequency of 19.51%.
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STEM Strand
Based on the data, majority of the respondents from the STEM strand
were male with a frequency of 47 and a percentage of 55.95%. Meanwhile 37 are
composed of female with a frequency of 44.05%.
5.1.3.1 Agree or Disagree (SHS Teachers)
Based on the findings, 11 out of 21 (53.28%) respondents agree that the
Baybayin should be used as a form of writing in the Philippines. The remaining
47.62% disagree to the House bil 1022.
5.1.3.1 Agree or Disagree (Grade 11 Students)
HUMSS Strands
Based on the findings, 24 out of 31 or 77.42% agree that the Baybayin
should be used as a form of writing in the Philippines. The remaining respondents
disagree to the House bil 1022.
ABM Strand
Based on the findings, 26 out of 41 respondents disagree that the Baybayin

should be used as a form of writing in the Philippines. The remaining 36.9%
agrees to the House bil 1022.
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STEM Strand
Based on the findings, out of 84 respondents, 4.76 disagree that the

Baybayin should be used as a form of writing in the Philippines. The remaining
respondents agrees with it.
5.2. Advantages of the use of Baybayin as a National Form of Writing
5.2.1.1 Advantages of the use of Baybayin as a National Form of Writing as
perceived by SHS Teachers
Based on the data provided by the teachers, it can be derived that the
teachers' perceptions on the use of Baybayin as a national form of writing is
mostly agreed as an advantage. They agreed that changing the Philippines’ current
script will bring more advantages than disadvantages and that it will help the
country improve by preserving its culture. SHS teachers perceived that Baybayin
will not be easy to learn and it will complicate communication. To sum it all up,
Majority of SHS teachers agreed that introducing Baybayin as a national writing
system would be an advantage.
5.2.1.2 Advantages of the use of Baybayin as a National Form of Writing as
perceived by Grade 11 Students
Based on the data gathered, most of the Grade 11 students agreed that it is
an advantage to introduce Baybayin as a national writing system. They agreed
that changing the Philippines’ current script will bring more advantages than
disadvantages by helping the country improve and that it will be easy to learn.
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They have also agreed that Baybayin will help preserve our culture and it will
make the communication easier. Overall, some of the grade 11 students that the
use of Baybayin as a National Writing System will yield a significant change that
can strengthen the culture of the country.
5.3. Disadvantages of the use of Baybayin as a National Form of Writing
5.3.1.1 Disadvantages of the use of Baybayin as a National Form of Writing as
perceived by SHS Teachers
Based on the data gathered, it can be derived that making Baybayin as
national form of writing would have disadvantages as perceived by the SHS
Teachers. They agreed that the Philippines do not have enough budget for it and
that its people will have a hard time adapting it. Most of the SHS Teachers agreed
that it won’t yield any significant change or improvement to the Philippines.
Overall, making Baybayin as national form of writing would bring disadvantages.
5.3.1.2 Disadvantages of the use of Baybayin as a National Form of Writing as
perceived by Grade 11 Students
Based on the data gathered, the average weighted mean in introducing
Baybayin as a national form of writing would be disadvantage is lower than the
average weighted mean of the advantages statement. The data also shows that the
respondents strongly agree that the Filipinos will have a hard time adapting to the
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changes. The respondents also agreed that the budget of the Philippines for
changing the script is insufficient.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. A majority of the respondents from the STEM strand were male taking up 55.95% of
the population while the females were less taking up 44.05% of the population. Most
were also 17 years old with a percentage of 65.48% while 19 years of age was the least
prominent with 3.57% as the percentage.
2. A majority of the respondents from the HUMSS strand were female taking up 80.65%
of the population while the males were less taking up 19.35% of the population. Most
were also 17 years old with a percentage of 61.29% while 19 years of age was the least
prominent with 3.23% as the percentage.
3. A majority of the respondents fromt the ABM strand were female taking up 80.49% of
the population while the males were less taking up 19.51% of the population. Most were
also 17 years old with a percentage of 56.1% while the ages 20, and 18 were the least
prominent only taking up 4.88% each.
4. A majority of the respondents that were teachers were female taking up 61.90% of the
population while the males were les taking up 38.1% of the population. Most were also
ages 20-25 with a percentage of 61.90% while there was only one respondent aged 44-49
with a percentage of 4.76%
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5. From the data and information given by the respondents that were Grade 11 students in
FEU-C, it is said that they mostly believe that the advantages of using Baybayin as a
national form of writing, would be that; there would be more benefits than damages, it
would help improve our country and preserve our culture, it would be easy to learn, and
that it will make communication easier. This is similar to the respondents that were
teachers of the SHS department in FEU-C, as they believed that the advantages did not
include making communication easier, and that it was easy to learn.
6. From the data and information given by the all the respondents, it can be gathered that
the disadvantages of using Baybayin as a National form of writing would be that; The
Philippines would have a hard time adapting to the change, focusing on the current script
should be prioritized over bringing back Baybayin, the Philippines is too regionalistic and
does not have enough budget to make this work, as well as that bring back Baybayin will
not bring any significant improvement to the country.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions of the study, the following recommendations were drawn:
1. Students needs to learn more about the baybayin and fully understand its
advantages and disadvantages.
2. Teachers need to be ecudated enough about Baybayin so that they can share
their knowledge to the youth about the truth about baybayin
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3. The society needs to be aware about this current issue and let them make
their own stand about it
4. The future researchers can survey respondents with a different profession to
compare their perceptions to the teachers'.
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Bibliography
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https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6251094.pdf
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https://www.learnchinesehistory.com/chinese-writing-history/
Ballaran J. (2016, March). Katanggapan ng Baybaying PUP (Panulat ng Unang Pilipino)

sa mga Guro sa Mataas na Pampublikong Paaralan sa Lungsod ng Naga, Camarines Sur,
Taong Panuruan 2015-2016 March 2016. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/23403734/Katanggapan_ng_Baybaying_PUP_Panulat
_ng_Unang_Pilipino_sa_mga_Guro_Mataas_na_Pampublikong_Paaralan_sa_Lungsod
ng_Naga_Camarines_Sur_Taong_Panuruan_2015-2016_March_2016
Baybayin: Pre-Spanish Philippine Writing System. (1999). Mandirigma Organization.

Retrived from http://mandirigma.org/?p=423
Besserat, D.S. (2014). The evolution of writing. Retrieved from

https://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/the-evolution-of-writing/
Casal, G., Dizon, E., Ronquillo, W., Salcedo, C., (19980). KASAYSAYAN: The
Earliest Filipinos. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited
Chuchiak, J. (n.d.). Cuneiform writing. Retrieved from

https://pages.mtu.edu/~scmarkve/2910Su11/WrSys/evolofcuneiform3100-
600BC.htm
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Comandante B. (2010). Ancient baybayin early: Mother tongue-based education model.

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early- mother-tongue-based-education-model.doc.
De Guzman, D. (2017). Writing history: the fiction and the truth of baybayin.
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baybayin/
Lo, L. (n. d.). Buginese. Retrieved from http://www.ancientscripts.com/bugis.html
Lo, L. (2012) Proto-Sinatic. Mandirigma Organization. Retrived from

http://www.ancientscripts.com/protosinaitic.html
Millmore, M. (n.d). Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet. Retrieved from

https://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic-writing/egyptian-
hieroglyphic- alphabet/
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esia_an d_the_Philippines.
Madarang, C.R. (2018, April 25). Interaksyon. The case against Baybayin as national
writing system. Retrieved from: http://www.interaksyon.com/breaking-
news/2018/04/25/125470/the-case-against-baybayin-as-national-writing-system/
Madarang, R. C. (2018, August 30). Learning baybayin: reconnecting with our filipino
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Far Eastern College – Silang, Inc.

Metrogate Silang Estates – Silang Cavite

1.1 Background of the Study

- Dr. Jose Rizal

being forgotten and I not practical anymore except in specific tribes.

translation on the labels of containers.

how to use it.

1.2 Theoretical Framework

1.2.1 Acculturation Model by John Schumann

Fig 1: Acculturation Model

or a second language, is connected to the acculturation process, and its success is

the “Social distance” and “Psychological distance”.

of which a person can be at ease with learning the target language.

use of social and psychological factors in the accumulated model.

1.3 Conceptual Framework

Fig 2: IPO Model

perception of introducing the Baybayin as a national writing to grade 11student and to

survey to know the advantages and disadvantages of the said topic.

1.4 Statement of the Problem

Baybayin as a National Form of Writing” aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

3. What are the disadvantages of Baybayin as a national form of writing as perceived

1.5 Objectives of Research

The objective of this study is to present the Perception of FEC-Silang SHS

specifically, it aims to:

 determine the perceived advantages and disadvantages of using Baybayin as a

National Writing System;

National Writing System”; and

11 students regarding Baybayin as a National Writing System.

1.6 Significance of the Study

of the researchers will be beneficial for the following:

pioneer the “new” style of writing.

alphabet for spelling out Filipino words, but Baybayin instead.

in Palawan, Hanuoo- Mangyan in Mindoro, and the Buhid tribe.

form in the Philippines.

1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focuses entitled “A Study on the Perception of FEC-Silang SHS

and teachers of Far Eastern College- Silang. S.Y. 2018-2019.

The aspects fall only unto the:

Baybayin as a national form of writing.

Subject matter: Advantages and disadvantages of Baybayin.

1.8 Definition of Terms

conduct this study.

social and psychological.

2.1 Foreign Literature

2.1.1 Preserving Baybayin from being Forgotten

letters and even fewer in tribal communities. (Lowe, 2014)

2.1.2 The Effects of Changing the Alphabet in Kazakhstan

According to E. Madumarov (2018), a professor in the Kazakhstan Institute of

which will be used in primary and secondary schools.

2.1.3 Baybayin Lost

replaced and abandoned.

have wasted their own treasure.

2.1.4 Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet

2.1.5 Ancient Scripts of the Indonesian

In the island of Java in Indonesia, Sundanese script is used to write during

Latin punctuation and based on the Brahmic order by place of articulation.

of Buginese writing. Furthermore, it is also a form of literature recording Buginese

histories and genealogies. (Lawrence, n.d.)

2.1.6 Proto-Sinaitic Scripts

Proto-Sinaitic script is the first consonantal alphabet having an apparent

order of letters. (Lawrence, n.d.)

2.1.7 Cuneiform Writing