SOVLED MCQS

MULTIPLE CHOICE
(1) The micro approach is significant because it allows sociologists to:
(a) Focus on the flaws of human beings
(b) Identify the meaning behind certain actions
(c) Consider the effects people have on society
(d) Identify the conflict between groups

2. All of the following men are structural functionalists EXCEPT

(A) Emile Durkheim
(B) Robert Merton
(C) George Meads
(D) Herbert Spencer

(3). Functionalism and Marxism are similar in that they are structural theories. This
means that
(a) They believe that social structures are irrelevant in society
(b) They believe that society is made up of interrelated parts
(c) They believe that social institutions have power over people
(d) They believe that people shape the social structures of society

Answers:
1. The correct answer is C. The micro approach is of the view that people are the ones
who shape society. While society can indeed shape people, we are not puppets.
2. The correct answer is C. George Meads is a strong proponent of symbolic interaction.
He is an interactionists at heart and believes that society can only be studied by
considering the meaning behind certain actions. All the other men are considered
forefathers of functionalism.
3. The correct answer is B. Both the functionalists and the Marxists are of the view that
society is structural or is made of different parts. The functionalists see these parts as
social institutions - the Marxists see these parts as the economy and other social
institutions.

Unit 1 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Counter cultures are important in society because

(A) It reflects the ability of culture to change in society

(B) It reveals the level of inequality in society
(C) It reflects the ability of social institutions to adapt to new things
(D) It illustrates the value of culture in society
2. It is often difficult for sociologists to ignore their personal values in sociological
research because

(A) They are humans and humans are imperfect

(B) They often have to come in contact with the subject of their research
(C) Objectivity is frown upon
(D) It is the best way to truly study society

3. The Marxists are of the view that the school employs WHAT to ensure conformity?

(A) Punitive measures

(B) The hidden curriculum
(C) Labelling
(D) none of the above

4. The lorded family can be used as an example of

A vertical mobility
B horizontal mobility
C intra_ generational mobility
Intergenerational mobility
5. Which of the following can be considered a similarity between the family based on a
common-law union and family based on a visiting unions?
A) In both units there are stable father figures
B) the mother is more likely to be the head of the household
C) both types of units are relatively stable
D) both family types are recognized as legal entities
6. For Weber, all of the following have Characterized the Interactionists perspective
EXCEPT

(A) Conflict
(B) Technology
(C) Values and beliefs
(D) Religion
7. Ethnocentrism means
(a) Superiority of one’s own culture
(b) Inferiority of one’s own culture
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these
8. Primogeniture refers to
a) kinship networks
b) a primitive society
c) inheritance given to a first born son
d) the passing on of tradition from parent to child
9. Which family type is least affected by poverty?
A) Extended family
b) matrilocal
c) nuclear
d) single parent
10. People make sense of their world through an understanding of everyday rules. This
view is expressed by
a) Marxists
b) Interactionists
c) Functionalists
d) Feminists
11. Which concept is associated with a variety of religious belief systems in a society?
A, pluralism
extremism
syncretism
d. fundamentalism
12. Social researchers are often criticized for not adhering to ethical principles in
research. Which of the following is not and ethical principle?
A) the right to privacy
B) the consent of the participant
C) the right to research
D) the publication of research findings
13. The prohibition of incest is an example of:
a) values
b) taboo
c) mores
d) folkways
14. a subculture can be best defined as a group
A) whose cultural traits have been assimilated into modern society
B) that has certain cultural traits which are inferior to those of the wider society
C) located within the wider society which has norms and values that differs from those
of the mainstream society
D) located within the substructure of society and are therefore exploited and oppressed
15. Which of the following sociologist saw Fundamentalism as a reaction to
modernization?
(A) Emile Durkheim
(B) Max weber
(C) Steve Bruce
(D) Talcott Parson
16. When conducting social research, what is the next step in the scientific method after
a review of the literature?
A) Collecting data
B) choosing a research design
C) selecting a researchable problem
D) formulating a hypothesis
17. Which of the following piratical issues should a sociologist consider before doing
research?
I. cost of research
airtime required to do research
iii.the availability of the information
iv.access to information

a) i and ii only
b) ii and iii only
c) i,ii and iv only
d) i,iii,iiii and iv
18. Which of the following reasons best explains academic underachievement among
students from working class families?
A) lower IQ level
B)poor work ethic
C)home environment
D) uneducated parents
19. Meritocracy is a system in which rewards and social positions are based on
A) class and gender
B) ability and ethnicity
C) achievement and class
D) ability and achievement
20. the marxist view of education stresses that
A) society rewards individuals for hard work
B) education allows the elite to dominate
C) individuals require skills which allow them to meet societal goals
D) education facilitates the teaching of norms and values to young people
21. rastafarianism is charaterized as a syncretic religion because it is
A) monotheistic
B) practiced by all classes
C) a religion that was formed exclusively in the Caribbean
D) derived from africaneuropean and east indian religious practices
22. the education system reinforces gender stereotyping. this perspective is best
illustrated in which of the following statement/
A)females outnumber males at tertiary institutions
B) females are expected to purse non technical subjects
C) males underachievement in schools because teachers are predominantly females
D) male non academic routes to success more than females
23. doctors are of greater importance to society than janitors therefore should be placed
higher on the stratification scale. this statement closely reflects the views of
A) best and levitt
B)davis and moore
C)marx and engels
D)young and Walcott
24. karlmarx argues that religion
A) promotes positive change
B) justifies poverty and oppression
C) unites the different social classes
D) promotes alienation from production
25. Carl, born to a poor family in trinidad, has become an education politician at the age
of 40yrs. which of the following best described his mobility
a) vertical
B)relative
C)absolute
D) horizontal
26. which of the following theorists is associated with a historical perspective of social
stratification in the caribbean?
A) marx
B) m.g. smith
C) g beckford
D)s craig
27. Secularization may best be described as
A)and enrichment in religious of religious beliefs
B) an increase in religious practices
C) the reduction of religious influences
D)the growth in the number of religious sect
28. johns brother james is a cleaner at a local car company. john recently attained his
degree at uwi and was employed as a biz manager in a prestigious org.which of the
following type of social mobilty was describe?
A) veritcal
B)horizontal
C)intragenerational
D)intergenerational
29. which of the following best describes intergenerational
A) the son of a labourer becomes a labourer
B)after ten yrs of of formal edu, a skilled mechanic became a lawyer
C) Rary was demoted to clerical worker after working as an admin assistance for 10 yrs
D) jane became a hospital receptionist and subsequently her daughter became a med
doctor
30. Education policy in the post colonial Caribbean society aimed at giving equal access
to all social groups. Which of the following terms is described
A) closed
B) stratified
C) ascribed
D) meritocracy
31. which of the following features is characteristic of a sect?
A) its membership rejects the belief of others
B) it does not seek to change equality
C) it limits its membership to a specific class
D) membership can belong to other religious group
32. Which of the following is not a historical determinant of Caribbean family?
a) Slavery
b) Indentureship
c) Industial Revolution
d) Polygamy
33. which of the following theorists supports the views that religion is not a barrier to
social change
A) karlmarx
B) Max weber
C) parsons
D)Durkheim
34. which of the following theoretical perspectives suggests that labeling is used to
explain how teacher expectations are linked to education?
A)Marxist
B) subculture
C)interactionist
D)functionalist
35. matrifocality among black family in the carib is a result of
i) male marginality
ii) male dominance
iii) african retentions
iv)polygamous unions
A) i and ii
B) i and iii
C) ii and iv
D) iii and iv
36. maria, who has a son from a previous relationship, has married Marcel who has two
daughters. they all live in the same house hold. this family can be classified as?
A) nuclear
B)extended
C)matrifocal
D)reconstituted
37. familes meet the needs of society to socialize children and reproduce new members.
this statement most closely reflects
A) marxism
B) feminism
C)functionalism
D)interactionalism
38. A detailed plan for Obtaining data scientifically is called a (an)
A. Sample
B. Experiment
C. Scientific method
D. Research design
39. a meritocracy is a system which
a.status is based on ethnicity
b.social mobility is influenced by nepotism
c.social ranking /opportunities is based upon achievement
d.stratification is equal at all levels
40. which of the following are characteristics of empirical research?
(I)the hypothesis is testable
(II) data are interpreted and analysed
(III) data are collected in a systematic way
(IV)the hypothesis is confirmed or refused
A) I and II
B) I,II and III
C) II,III and IV
D) I II III and IV
41. a sociologist who decides to research the prevalence of teenage pregnancy across
various generations in society is pursing?
A) a case study
B) and in dept study
C) a longitudinal study
D) a cross sectional study
42. which of the following theorists subscribes to the views that a shared culture is
necessary if a society is to run smoothly?
A) marx
B) mead
C) weber
D)durkheim
43. which of the following is the MAIN reason for using multi-stage sample in research?
A) it will allow for quick and easy analysis of data
B) a large geographical area can be covered in less time
C) important characteristics within the sample can be tested
D) all sample units have an unequal chance of being selected
44. professor X has demanded that his class take part in his research. non-participants
will result in failure in the course.what ethical issue was breached by prof X?
A) risk of harm
B) confidentiality
C) informed consent
D)voluntary participation
45. which of the following best describes sociology as a discipline?
(A) the systematic study of human social behaviour
(b)experimental designs of human interaction
(C)the systematic study of individual behaviour
(D) an understanding of the way things are in society
46. which of the following best describe beckford's theory of culture?
a) society as a multiplicity of cultures
b)c'bbean societies have a unique amalgamated culture
c)the culture of the c'bbean is the same as the culture we had in slavery
d)c'bbean culture is determine by the infrastructure
47. agustecomte was a
a)structural functionalist
b)conflict theorist
c)positivist
d)symbolic interactionist
48. Those aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social
organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure are called:
A) social statics.
B) social dynamics.
C) social absolutes.
D) constructed reality.
49. the consequence of the culture of poverty, has been advance as one of the reason
for the diversity in family forms in the caribbean. the main proponent of this theory is:
a)M.G smith
b)L.Braithwaite
c)O.lewis
d)M.herskovits
50. Sociology is a science because it
A. Uses systematic methods
B. Is a social science
c. Considers findings tentative until verified
D. All of the above
51. weber's idea of social change was linked to:
A) mechanical society and modern society
B)traditional society and rational society
C) capitalist society
D) organic solidarity and mechanic solidarity
52. On which of the following issues relating to social stratification did weber and marx
differ?
A Group conflict is the essence of conflict in society
B Class, status and power are related but not the same
C Economic institutions are critical in the shaping of society
D The powerful in society use their ideas and values to maintain control
53. A social condition in which values are conflicting, weak or absent is:
(a) Assimilation
(b) Hawthorne effect
(c) Invasion
(d) Anomie
54. When the researcher asks the respondent face to face question, this method is
called:
(a) Interview Schedule
(b) Questionnaire
(c) Observation
(d) Interview guide
(e) None of these
55. A close connection between religion and economic forces was presented by:
(a) Max Weber
(b) Karl Max
(c) Emile Durkheim
(d) C. Wright Mill
(e) None of these
56. George Murdock's concept of family may be irrelevant to a study of Caribbean
society because:
(a) He ignored the extended familystructure
(b) He ignored the social changes in society
(c) The social and cultural experiences of the region have led to the diversification of
Caribbean family structures
(d) The Caribbean is more so characterized by matrifocaility
57. All of the following are TRUE about the “status” of an individual EXCEPT

(A) Statues are defined by an individual’s culture

(B) Statutes are always based on biological attributes
(C) One’s status may differ from one society to another
(D) A status can be involuntary

58. In a Secondary group, the duration of relations among the members is normally
(A) Long lasting
(B) Time-consuming
(C) Short lived
(D) Permanent

59. For Sociologists, the most important social change in human history was moving
from a
(A) Democratic stage to a Communist stage
(B) Traditional to Industrial society
(C) Medieval to modern society
(D) Primitive to populated

60. For Weber, all of the following have Characterized the Interactionists perspective
EXCEPT
(A) Conflict
(B) Technology
(C) Values and beliefs
(D) Religion

61. For Functionalists, culture is MOSTLY important as it

(A) Keeps conflict in society
(B) It serves as a conservative forces
(C) It is shaped by the people of a society
(D) It revolves around the material objects in an economic system
62. In contemporary society, education is both a direct and indirect tool for
I. Social mobility
II. Economic reforms within a society
III. Political changes
IV. Globalization of trades and people

(A) I, II and III only

(B) II, III and IV only
(C) II, III and IV only
(D) I, II, III and IV

63. Social Mobility involves

(A) Moving from one class to another due to new reforms and achievements
(B) Moving from one economic standing to another due to economic changes
(C) Moving upwards to a better social standing within the same class
(D) Moving an individual from a class of luxury to a class of indecency due to political
changes

64. In the Caribbean society, it is evident that

(A) More whites are in the Middle Class and less prone to social mobility
(B) More blacks are in the lower class and less prone to social mobility
(C) More Indians are poor and less prone to social mobility
(D) More blacks are in the Middle class and are prone to social mobility

65. All of the following can be an aid in stratifying Caribbean people EXCEPT
(A) Education
(B) Religion
(C) Globalization
(D) Wealth
66. Cultural plurality is sometimes harmful as it can lead
I. To tension within a society
II. To confusion due to numerous clashing cultures
III. To the lost of existing cultural values
(A) I and II only
(B) II only
(C) I and III only
(D) I, II and III
67. Functionalism may be ideal for an effective study of the Caribbean because
I. The region is highly dependent on its social institutions to maintain order and
solidarity
II. Gradual social changes within the region were brought about by external factors
III. Caribbean people are shaped by the cultures of the region
IV. There is often times a high level of disunity among ethnic groups in the region

(A) I and III only

(B) I, II and III only
(C) III and IV only
(D) II, III and IV only
68. Mill’s Sociological Imagination is important to studies of society as it
(A) Gives an insight on the behaviour of human beings
(B) Gives an historical and anthropological study of social reactions
(C) It gives a better understanding of the individual and their surroundings
(D) It provides a framework on which other researchers are created
69. Carl Stone’s study of Caribbean society has revealed similar findings that of
(A) Errol Miller
(B) Dereck Gordon
(C) Edith Clarke
(D) Rex Nettleford
70. Examples of qualitative methods of social investigation includes:
A) structured interviews
B) overt and covert participation
C) focused group case studies
D) all the above
71. Which of the following sociologist/feminist concluded that Poverty led to the rise of
the matrifocal family?
A Parson
B Herskovits
C Nancy Gonzalez
D Durkheim
72. Which feminist put forward the view a baby strike is the way for woman to gain
equality
A Sue Sharp
B Margret Benston
C Laura Purdy
D Nancy Gonzalez
73. race and colour are examples of
A ascribed status
B achieved status
C classless society
D open stratification
74. Which of the following BEST describes sociology as a discipline?
A The systematic study of human social behaviour
B Experimental designs of human interaction
C the systematic study of individual behaviour
D An understanding of the way things are in society

75. Which of the following are the characteristics of empirical research?

I. The hypothesis is testable
II.Data are interpreted and analysed
III. Data are collected in a systematic way
IV. The hypothesis is confirmed or refuted
A I and II only
B I,II and II only
C II,III and IV only
D I,II,III and IV

76. Which of the following theorists subscribes to the view that a shared culture is
necessary if a society is to run smoothly?
A Marx
B Mead
C Weber
D Durkheim

77. A sociologist who decides to research the prevalence of teenage pregnancy across
various generations in a society is pursuing
A Case Study
B An In-depth study
A longitudinal study
D A cross-sectional study

78. Which of the following terms describes the process where the dominant culture is
imposed on the subordinate culture?
A Assimilation
B Acculturation
C Enculturation
D Counter culture

79. A MAJOR difference between the positivists and interpretivists is that positivists
A use case studies while interpretivists use experiments
B are micro-theorists while interpretivists are macro-theorists
C use quantitative research methods while interpretivists use qualitative research
method
D study human behaviour using qualitative methods while interpretivists use
quantitative methods

80. Which of the following thinkers are associated with the development of sociology in
the Caribbean?
I M G Smith
II Susan craig
III AnthongGiddens
IV Rhoda Reddock

A I and II only
B II and II only
C I,II and Iv only
D I,II,III and IV only

81. A group of students is researching the prevalence of drug abuse in a community.

Which sampling method may be BEST for this study?
A Quota
B Random
C Snowball
D Stratified

82. According to Durkheim, a 'social fact' is

A external to the individual
B obvious in all institutions in society
C functional for social order and role allocation
D necessary to maintain societal integration

83. Which of the following practical issues should a sociologist consider before doing
research?
I Cost of research
II Access to information
III Time required to do research
IV The availability of the information

A I and III only

B III and IV only
C I.II.III
D I,II,III and IV

84. When a research method is repeatedly applied and consistently produces the same
results in a study, it is said to be
A valid
B reliable
C relevant
D standardized
85. Which of the following terms describes the process where the dominant culture is
imposed on the subordinate culture?
A Assimilation
B Acculturation
C Enculturation
D Counter culture
86. A sociologist who decides to research the prevalence of teenage pregnancy across
various generations in a society is pursuing
A Case Study
B An In-depth study
A longitudinal study
D A cross-sectional study
87. Which of the following theorists subscribes to the view that a shared culture is
necessary if a society is to run smoothly?
A Marx
B Mead
C Weber
D Durkheim
88. Which of the following are the characteristics of empirical research?
I. The hypothesis is testable
II.Data are interpreted and analysed
III. Data are collected in a systematic way
IV. The hypothesis is confirmed or refused
A I and II only
B I,II and II only
C II,III and IV only
D I,II,III and IV
89. The gender Role refers to
A) the biological fact that we are male and female
B) the role that is given to us by a teacher
C) the role that is given to us in play
D) expectations regarding the proper behaviours, attitudes and activities of males and
females in society
90. Ethnocentrism means:
(a) Cultural domination of an ethnic group
(b) Ethnicity taken as the unit of analysis in Scientific explorations.
(c) Feeling of superiority of ones own group over others.
(d) The policy of political participation on ethnic grounds.
(e) None of these.
91. A system in which one husband is married to many women is called;
(a) Monogamy
(b) Polygamy
(c) Polyandry
(d) Polygyny
92. An ascribed status is one that is;
(a) Awarded by society
(b) Gained from talent
(c) Endowed at birth
(d) Based on competition
93. Feral man means:
(a) A socialized individual
(b) Individual supposedly reared apart from human society and hence imperfectly
socialized.
(c) An individual rears in a cultural society
(d) None of these
94. When cultural traits spread from one society to another,the process is called?
(a) Assimilation
(b) Diffusion
(c) Pluralism
(d) Evolution
95. Contemporary sociology includes:
A) evolutionary relativism.
B) liberal feminism and explicit examination of women's social roles and experiences.
C) postmodernism, feminism, and critical theory.
D) a combination of biological theory, conflict theory, and evolutionary theory.
96. Which of the following sociologist view the family as an ideological conditioning
device
A Parson
B Karl Marx
C Weber
D David Cooper
97. Durkheim discusses the evolution of society by distinguishing
A) the levels of rationality
B) the levels of authority
C) mechanical and organic solidarity
D) the bourgeoisie and proletariat
98. the functional prerequisites are
A) adaptation, goal attainment, integration, latency or pattern maintenance
B) adoptation, gender neutrality, infusion, latency
C) associative, globalization, integrative laxitive
D) alliance, geographic aura, interracial, living
99. which of the following processes represent edwardkamaubrathwaite's (1971) view of
creolization?
A endogamy and exogamy
B acculturation and interculturation
C globalization and transmission
D assimilation and diffusion
100. looking glass self theory is associated with:
A)talcott parson
B)georgeherbert mead
C)sigmundfrued
D) charlescooley
101. the quality of the primary group relationship can be described as follows
A) impersonal, intimate and long lasting
B) personal, intimate, face to face interactions
C) goal oriented, temporary, narrow
D) permanent, committed, narrow
102. which of the following argue that social order is maintain through consensus and
solidarity
A)mead
B)bowles and gintis
c)durkheim
d)becker
103. Whose theories suggest that unequal rewards are the product of consensus?
a Davis and moore
b Karl Marx
c Emile Durkeim
d Bowles and gintis
104. Constructed reality is:
A) the ability to control the behavior of others.
B) the principle that meaning derives from social interaction in daily life.
C) the observed consequences that permit the adaptation or adjustment of a system.
D) an artificial explanation of culture that exists apart from any social reality or shared
social meaning.
105. name one type of probability sampling
a. quota
b. snowballing
c. multistage
d. non-representative
106. Which of the following was supported by Durkheim's study of suicide?
A) Catholics had higher rates of suicide than Protestants.
B) Rates of suicide were higher in times of war than in times of peace.
C) Rates of suicide were lower in times of recession than in times of economic stability.
D) Individuals who were enmeshed in meaningful social bonds were less inclined to
commit suicide.
107. One purpose of education is to help students acquire the skills they need to be
successful in society. This is an example of a(n):
A) constructed reality.
B) latent function.
C) manifest function.
D) entrenched function.
108. Which theoretical perspective provides the strongest framework for analyzing a
student protest against a university's decision to cancel its policy of exempting
graduating seniors from final exams?
A) Interactionist, because the university and the students didn't share the same
understanding about final exams.
B) Functionalist, because teaching college students to protest is a manifest function of
education.
C) Functionalist, because exams serve a social function.
D) Conflict, because this is an example of a power struggle between two groups with
conflicting ideas and interests.
109. What major contribution did W.E.B. DuBois make to sociology?
A) He developed a theoretical understanding of racial inequality.
B) He conducted research on the upper classes of Philadelphia.
C) He chaired the first Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago.
D) none of the above
110. Which of the following is not a reaction to culture shock?
a.rejection
b.total adoption
c.regression
d.home becomes very important
111. Phenomenology as one of the micro sociological perspectives focuses on which of
the following:
a.how meanings are created
b.the lack of meaning of phenomena
c.specifications
d.importance of the imagined experience
112. The consequences of the culture of poverty, has been advanced as one of the
reasons for the diversity in family forms in the Caribbean. The main proponent of this
thesis is:
a) MG Smith
b) L Braithwaite
c)O Lewis
d) M Herskovits
113. Aguste Comte was a:
a)Structural Functionalist
b) Conflict Theorist
c) Positivist
d) Symbolic Interactionalist
114. The reasons that have been put forward for the diversity in family form and the
prevalence of matrifocality or female headed household in the caribbean are:
a.Africanretention,concubinage,reproduction
b.Africanretention,legacy of slavery,the culture of poverty
c.Africanretention,status of women,the culture of poverty
d.Africanretention,legacy of slavery,discrimination against women
115. The major criticism of the functionalist Davis and Moore on their theories of
stratification is
a Melville Tumin
b Karl Marx
c Bowles and Gintis
d Talcott Parson
116. Caribbean Society is least Stratified upon the basis of
a. colour
b. gender
c.race
d.power
117. For Functionalists, culture is MOSTLY important as it
(A) Keeps conflict in society
(B) It serves as a conservative forces
(C) It is shaped by the people of a society
(D) It revolves around the material objects in an economic system
118. Both the functionalist and Marxist would agree that
a .stratification is necessary in society
b. stratification pushes inequality
c.stratification is universal and dynamic
d.stratification enforced shared social values
119. All of the following are ascribed systems of stratification except
a.caste system
b.the apartheid
c. the class system
d. the feudal system
120. The most common indicator of social class is
a. race
b. occupation
c.education
d.skills
1) When the researcher asks the respondent face to face question, this method is called:
(a) Interview Schedule
(b) Questionnaire
(c) Observation
(d) Interview guide
(e) None of these

2) Power that people consider legitimate is known as:

(a) Force
(b) Right
(c) Authority
(d) Previlege
(e) None of these

3) Social Structure of a society is the network of:

(a) Institutional relations
(b) Value System
(c) Traditions
(d) Compliance to Norms
(e) None of these

4) WID approach believes in:

(a) Gender mainstreaming
(b) Gender Segregation
(c) Incorporating women in development activities
(d) None of these

5) Geronotology is the study of:

(a) Human Beings
(b) Special Groups
(c) Aged and Aging
(d) All of these

6) The most pervasive of the social processes are:

(a) Cooperation
(b) Over Conflict
(c) Competition
(d) None of these

7) Abstract Sentiments are:

(a) Closer to the center of the self than moral rules
(b) Provide a focus for allegiance
(c) Are compellers of action
(d) None of these
8) The creative potential of personality is accounted for by:
(a) Stimulus-response psychology
(b) Drive psychology
(c) Trait psychology
(d) None of these

9) The country with better record for gathering population statistics then any other is:
(a) Japan
(b) Sweden
(c) USA
(d) None of these

10) The exception to the typical application of endogamy is:

(a) Tribe
(b) Kinship
(c) Race
(d) None of these

11) Stratified samples fall under:

(a) Probability sampling design
(b) Non-Probability sampling design
(c) Multi-stage sampling design
(d) None of these

12) Egoistic, the special type of suicide presented by Emile Durkheim spring from:
(a) Excessive regulation
(b) Excessive individualism
(c) Over migration with group
(d) None of these

13) A close connection between religion and economic forces was presented by:
(a) Max Weber
(b) Karl Max
(c) Emile Durkheim
(d) C. Wright Mill
(e) None of these

14) A large kinship group whose members inhabit one geographic area and believe they
are descendent from a common area is known as:
(a) Clan
(b) Tribe
(c) Kin group
(d) Class
(e) None of these

15) A social condition in which values are conflicting, weak or absent is:
(a) Assimilation
(b) Hawthrone effect
(c) Invasion
(d) Anomie

16) In theoretical field social research aims at:

(a) finding problems of human being
(b) identifying delinquent behaviour
(c) reducing social conflict
(d) None of these

17) Survey Means:

(a) Overlooking
(b) Organizing social data
(c) Observation
(d) None of these

18) Independent variables are:

(a) Experimental Groups
(b) Study of social investigation
(c) Study of social life
(d) None of these

19) Qualitative Data Means:

(a) Expressed in number
(b) Expressed in words
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these

20) A Likert scale emphasizes:

(a) Reproducibility
(b) Uni-dimensinality
(c) None of these

Q.1 select the best option/answere and fill in the appropriate box on the answere sheet.

1) Ferdinand Tonnies used the term --------------. To refer to societies dominated by

impersonal relationships, individual accomplishment and self-interests.
(a) Society (b) Gesellschaf
(c) Community (d) Gemeinschaft
2) When the researcher asks the respondent face to face questions, this method is called
(a) Interview Schedule (b) Questionnaire
(C) Observation (d) interview guide

3) ----------- Is the process by which people learn all patterns of social life.
(a) Interaction (b) Communication
(c) Socialization (d) Dissemination

4) According to ------- all societies across the world are stratified.

(a) Anthropologists (b) Sociologists
(C) Economists (d) Political Scientists

5) Biological characteristics distinguishing male from female is called ------

(a) Heterosexuality (b) Gender
(c) Sex (d) Homosexuality

6) A family consisting of step relations is called :

(a) Plural family (b) Joint family
(C) Extended family (d) Compound family

7) Power that people consider legitimate is known as

(a) Force (b) Right
(C) Authority (d) Privilege

8) Mugging, rape and burglary are examples of ------- crimes.

(a) Organized crimes (b) general crimes
(c) Street crimes d) Modern crimes

9) A norm is always enforced by sanctions.

(a) True (b) False

10) Society is the largest and most complex group that sociologists study.
(a) True (b) False

11) Endogamy is the marriage among certain relatives.

(a) True (b) False

12) Social structure of a society is the network of -------------

(a) Institutional Relations (b) Value system
(c) Traditions (d) Compliance to norms

13) Polygamy means ------------------

(a) Several Husbands (b) Several Wives
(C) Several Marriages (d) Single Marriage
14) Demography means -------------:
(a) Male Population (b) Human Population
(c) Women population (d) Adult Population

15) ------------ is striving for equal treatment of women and men and for abolishing
inequality.:
(a) Feminism (b) Gender Studies
(C) Political Science (d) Law

16) WID approach believes in:

a) Gender mainstreaming b) Gender Segregation
c) Incorporating women in development activities d) None of these

17) Is Pakistan a signatory of CEDAW?

(a) Yes (b) No

18) Human Rights pertain to caring for the rights of;

a) Women b) Men
c) Minorities d) All of these.

19) Symbolic behavior of a person means ------------

a) Meaningful behavior b) Covert behavior
c) Overt behavior d) Significant behavior

20) Gerontology is the study of ---------------

a) Human beings b) Special groups
c) Aged and aging d) all of these
__________________

Q.1. Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate box on the Answer Sheet.
(20)

i)Human and animal societies share all but one of the following characteristics:
a. Population and common territory
b. Shared beliefs and collective destiny
c. Both sexes and all ages
d. None of these

ii)The essential function of punishment in society is:

a. Reform
b. Revenge
c. Affirmation of moral standards
d. None of these

iii)The most pervasive of the social processes are:

a. Cooperation
b. Overt Conflict
c. Competition
d. None of these

iv)One of the following is alien to the concept of culture:

a.Religious ritual
b.Changelessness
c.Idealized ways of thinking and doing
d.None of these

v)A human being deprived of all communication with other humans from birth would
lack all but one of the followings:
a.Rudimentary personality
b.Self
c.Language
d.None of these

vi)Abstract sentiments are :

a.Closer to center of self than moral rules
b.Provide a focus for allegiance
c.Are compellers of action
d.None of these

vii)A person is conciously motivated primarily by his:

a.Social values
b.Real traits
c.Picture of himself
d.None of these

viii)Role confusion in modern society is engendered by all but one of the following:
a.Broadening of role specification
b.Plurality of moralities
c.increase in number of achievable positions
d.None of these

ix)The creative potential of personality is accounted for by:

a.Stimulus- response psychology
b.Drive psychology
c.Trait psychology
d.None of these

x)Once formed the self is:

a.Interactive
b.Proactive
c.Rigid
d.None of these

xi)In modern society, cultural change is most likely to be the by product of:
a.Planning
b.Diffusion
c.Social struggle
d.None of these

xii)The country with better record for gathering population statistics than any other is:
a.Japan
b.Sweden
c.USA
d.None of these

xiii)The population of the world is expected to double in the next :

a.35 years
b.75 years
c.100 years
d.None of these

xv)Economic growth will keep pace with population growth only if there is :
a.Available acreage
b.Improved technology
c.Motivation to achieve
d.None of these

xvi)The price paid for increased mobility includes a decrease in :

a.Conformity
b.Loyalty to superior
c.Personal responsibility
d.None of these
xvii)The trend toward urbanization is most advanced in :
a.America
b.England
c.Japan
d.None of these

xviii)In a highly intra-competitive situation, individual can guarantee the trust of peers by
:
a.Self modesty
b.Genuine goodwill
c.Withholding praise of superior
d.None of these

xix)The item alien to the concept of mass is :

a.Vastness
b.Anonymity
c.Responsibility
d.None of these

xx)The exception to the typical application of endogamy is :

a.Tribe
b.Kinship
c.Race
d.None of these

Q.8. Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the question.

(1) Etnocentricism means:

(a) Evaluating other cultures with the Yardstick of your own values.
(b)Taking other nations as good as your own one but disowned
(c)No other society is like your's and your society or group is superior to
others.
(d) None of these.

(2) Social facts have thier independent existence and must be studied
likewise. Who remarked above when discussing scientific method:

(a)Ibn-i-Khaldun (b)Emile Durkhiem

(c)Auguste Comte (d) None of These
(3) An exploratory research design the major focus is on:
(a) Experimentation (b) Hypothesetesting
(c) Profile development and description (d) None of these

(4) Diffusion of innovations among cultures means:

(a) Traveling of traits and patterns in space/territory
(b) Transmission of trait complexes in time.
(c) Both(a) and (b)
(d) None of these

(5) Social institutions are ;

(a) God-given and cannot be changed
(b) Buildings and people who operate there
(c) Consultellation of folkways and moresaround some important functions(s)
of society.
(d) None of these.

(6)A counter culture:

(a) Has to be against the existing cultural ethos/values
(b) May not be against the existing cultural ethos/values
(c) If different from the existing culture may never succeed to survive
(d) None of these.

(7) Family Laws Ordinance was passed for the first time in:
(a) 1961 (b) 1973
(c) 1985 (d) None of these.

(8) Demographic Transition exhibits:

(a) High birth rate and low death rate in its first phase
(b) high death rate and low birth rate in its first phase.
(c) High birth rate and high death rate in its first phase.
(d) None of these.

(9) As a conquence of rural urban migration:

(a) more and more urbanization is takling place successfully
(b) ruralization of urban areas is takling place
(c) ruralization of urban areas and ribbon growth seem to be the result
(d) None of these

(10) In a patriarchal family the major decision are taken by the:

(a)Old men and women
(b)The male or female head of the family
(c)The male head of the family who weilds all powers
(d)None of these.

(11) Sociobiologists believe that:

(a) biology being the major constraints does not allow any change in human
nature hence socialization does not change much of human individual
nature.(b) Individaul is the product of social group within which he is socialized
(c)The-nature controversy has ended in favour of nurture and the
bio-sociologists have failed to promote thier thesis.
(d) None of these

(12)A double-barrelle question has the potential of having:

(a) Two acceptable responses/answers
(b)Two answers but incompatible with each other
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these .

(13) Those who cannot compete have no right for higher learning and must be refused
accordingly who believed in the above thesis?
(a) Auguste comte (b)Spencer
(c) Karl max (d) None of these

(14) Whose theorizing social change is depicted/comes closer to Iqbal's verse

"AA tujh ko bataon main taqdeer umam kia hai
shamsher w sanna awwal taoos w rabab aakhir"
(a) Karl- Marx
(b) Ibn-i-Khaldun
(c)George Hegel
(d) None of these.

(15) The lowest density of population per square kilometer is found in:
(a) Sindh (b) N.W.F.P
(c)Baluchistan (d) None of these

(16) Alteration is the state of affairs in which:

(a) the society has no norms and if there are any nobody follows the
(b) the individual has no claim over the product that he has finished
(c) the worker is least emotionally related to the product that he develops, the co-
workers and the work emviorment.

(17) The rate of return for a mailed questionaire is usually:

(a) very high (b) very low
(c) it can be both (a) and(b) (d) None of these

(18) According to Emile Durkhiem the Mechanical Solidarity is based on:

(a) blood relations and neighbourhood
(b) division of labour and specialization
(c) The contribution individuals make to each other
(d) None of these

(19) Cultural Shock is caused by:

(a) Playing is different role and getting role strain
(b) finding values, norms and customs against ones cultural socialization
usually opposite to what one has been socilizad in and they turn out to
be dysfunctional.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

(20) Standard deviation in statistics is the measure that indicates in essence the :
(a) Central tendency
(b) Spread of the sample means/values
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the question.
(1) Any method of data collection that directly removes the researcher from research
site
(a) Erosion measure (b) Accretion measure
(c) Unobtrusive measure (d) None ofthese

2. Commonly used measure of variability whose size indicates the dispersion of a

distribution is: .
(a) Standard deviation
(c) Standard score
(b) Co-efficient of variation
(d) Variance

3. In sample selection a threat that occurs when individuals have been assigned to the
experimental group on the basis of their extreme score on dependent variable is
referred.as:
(a) Experimental mortality (b) Regression artifact (c) Maturation (d) None of these

4. An overall scheme of scientific activities in which scientists engage in order to produce

knowledge is a:
(a) Research process (b) Research model
(c) Research methodology (d) Research design

5. When there is an inherent causal link between dependent and independent variables,
the relationship is:
(a) Non-spurious
( b) significant relationship
(c) Spurious (d) None of these

6. Questions that are relevant to some respondents, may be irrelevant to others are
known as:
(a) Double barreled questions (b) Leading questions
(c) Contingency questions (d) Matrix questions

7. Stratified sample falls under:

(a) Probability sampling design (b)Non probability sampling
(c) Multi-stage sample design (d) None of these

8)Egoistic, the special type of stucide presented by Emile Durkheim, springing from:
(a) Excessive irregulation (b) Excessive individualism
(c) over integration with group (d) None of these

9)To Simmel, a mean of maintaining or increasing integration within groups is:

(a) Co-operation (b) Competition
(c) Coercion (d) Conflict

10)Sociology is introduced as an academic discipline by:

(a) Ibn-e-Khaldun (b) Auguste Conte (c) George Simmel (d) Herbert Spencer

11)Society as a complex organization of parts that functions to fulfill the requirement

a..'1d promote the needs of the whole, is a concept of:
(a) Structural Functionalism (b) Interaction School of thought
(c) Phenomology (d) None of these

12)The concepts of "Protestant" and "Bourgeoise" were presented by:

(a) Talcat parson (b) Karl Marx
(c) Max Weber (d) Emile Durkheim

13)In "The Division of Labor in Society", Emile Durkheim presented the idea of:
(a) Mechanical & organic solidarity (b) Social & psychologica! solidarity
(c) Physical & social solidarity (dJ Psychological & mechanica.: solidarIty
(e) None of these

14)A large kinship group whose members inhibit one geographical area and believe the:
are descendent from a common anceStor is knOwn as:
(a) clan (b) Tribe
(d) class (e) None of these
(c) Kin group

15)The process by which cultural traits spread from one group or society to another is
called:
(a) Folkways
(b) cultural diffusion
(c) counter culture
( d) cultural complexes
(e) None of these

16)The phenomena when educated and highly skilled people emigrate to a new country,
their home country loses, is referred as:
(a) Chain migration (b) Life-time migration (c) Brain Drain
(d) Mover (e) None of these

17)A social condition in which values are conflicting, weak or absent is called:
(a) Assimilation (b) Hawthrne effect (c) invasion
(d) Anomie (e.) None of these

18)The psychological stress caused when a person faces rapid cultura: change is called~
(a) Cultural shock
Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the question.
(1) Man is a social animal, who said:
(a) Aristotle (b) Ibn-i-Khaldun (e) Max Weber (d) AI-Ghazali (e) None of these

(2) Who has written the book "Das KapitaP".

(a) Lewis Morgan (b) Max Weber (c) Karl Marx (d) August Comte (e) None of these
(3) Who mainly presented the idea of Social Conflict: < (a) Herbert Spencer(b) Emile
Durkheim (c) Karl Marx (d) Talcott Parsons (e) None of these

(4) Who advocated the philosophical approach called idealism for understanding society:
(a) August Comte (b) Max Weber (c) George Simmel (d) Robert Park (e) None of these

(5) Who is really the founder of Sociology:

(a) Amam Ghazali (b) Ibh-i-Khaldun (c) Parsons (d) Wright Mills (e) None of these

(6) In the division of labour in the society which one of two types of solidarity identified
by Durkheim:
(a) Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
(b) Mechanical and Physical Solidarity
(c) Physical and Spiritual Solidarity
(d) Physical and Organic Solidarity
(e) None of these

(7) Who mainly advocated that "the economic structure of the society is the real
foundation of the society":
(a) Karl Marx (b) Charlus Coaley (c) Robert Merton (d) August Comte (e) None of these

(8) Which one is first step of knowledge:

(a) Theory (b) Law
(c) Assumption (d) Intuitive (e) None of these

(9) Concept of Co-variation means:

(a) When two variables vary together
(b) Remain Unchanged
(c) One variable changes, other remains unchanged
(d) None of these

(10) Age is a:
(a) Nominal variable (b) Ordinal variable (c) Interval (d) Ratio (e) None of these

(11) Stratified Random Sampling technique is a:

(a) Probability Sampling technique
(b) Non-probability
(c) None of these

(12) Polyandry means:

(a) A form of marriage that joins one female with more than one male.
(b) A form of marriage that joins one female with one male.
(c) A form of marriage that joins more than one female with one male
(d) None of these

(13) Which one is a basic institution for socialization of children:

(a) School (b) Religion (c) Family (d) Community (e) None of these

(14) Population change is mainly based on:

(a) Fertility and Mortality
(b) Fertility and migration
(c) Mortality and migration
(d) Fertility, Mortality and migration
(e) None of these

(15) The infant mortality level in Pakistan is around:

(a) 10 (b) 25 (c) 60 (d) 160 (e) None of these

(16) Demography is a scientific study of human population with respect to:

(a) Size of population
(b) Structure of population
(c) Composition of population
(d) Size, structure and composition of population

(e) None of these

(17) Dispersion and Variation can be examined through calculating:
(a) Mean
(b) Standard deviation
(c) Correlation Co-efficient
(d) Regression Co-efficient
(e) None of these

(18) How many people in Pakistan are living below .poverty line, around:
(a) 10 percent (b) . 20 percent (c) 32 percent (d) 58 percent (e) None of these 4

(19) Norms and values are components of:

(a) Society (b) Religion

Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the question.
(1) The term society in sociology is used to refer to:
(a) The person living in an area
(b) The persons professing the same religion.
(c) The system of social relationship
(d) The organized relations between individuals
(e) None of the these.

(2) Herbert Spencer classified the society into:

(a) Four classes (b) Eight classes (c) Two classes (d) Three classes (e) None of these.

(3) 'The bourgeoisie type of society was compounded by:

(a) Max Weber (b) Karl Marx (c) Hegel (d) T.H. Green (e) None of these.

(4) Language is important to society because:

(a) It makes social contracts easy.
(b) It raised man from a savage to a noble being
(c) It is an invention of society
(d) It easily satisfies man's need of expression (e> None of these. .

(5) Socialization is a process involving:

(a) Setting up the social norms
(b) Gradual changing of an organism
(c) Declaring everything as belonging to society
(d) Training to adapt id society
(e) None of these.
 IMPORTANT TERMONOLOGIES

(Fayaz A. Soomro)

1. Culture: Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that,
together, form a People’s way of life. Culture has two basic components:
nonmaterial culture, or the intangible creations of human society, and material
culture, the tangible products of human society.

2. Society and Culture: Culture includes all the symbolic and material productions of
people, groups, organizations, and institutions in society. Society refers to people
who interact in a defined territory and share culture.

3. Social Ranking: Social ranking is an important feature found to one degree or

another in all societies. The degree to which societies rank individuals however
varies and results in varying amounts of inequality to be found in the world.

4. Sociology: the truth is, there can be several definitions of what sociology is. The
rather clinical definition, according to Webster's dictionary, is "the study of the
development and structure of society and social relationships."" Textbooks
usually describe sociology as "the scientific study of human society and social
behavior" or something very similar to that. These are the formal definitions of
sociology.

5. Social Research: Sociologists do research in basically one of two ways:

qualitatively and quantitatively. Doing research qualitatively means one would
get data by observing human interaction (and sometimes participating in those
events yourself), doing interviews, or studying documents or other sources of
data first-hand. Quantitative work involves using statistical procedures and
mathematical programs to come up with various numerical measures of the issue
one is trying to analyze.

6. Social work: Social work is the profession of helping individuals, families, groups
or communities to enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and
creating societal conditions favorable to that goal.

7. Function of Family: Families reduce competition for spouses. They also regulate
the division of labor on the basis of gender. Families also meet the material,
educational and emotional needs of children.

8. Subjects or issues do sociologists deal with: Human society itself is so complex

and multidimensional; sociologists themselves deal with a wide variety of specific
subjects and issues. A short list would include such issues as popular culture, the
 uses of language, social institutions, bureaucracies, social deviance and crimes,
human sexuality, class differences, racial and ethnic differences, gender
differences, marriages and families, education, religion, economics and
capitalism, types of political governments, social movements, population
changes, and technology. Again, this is only a partial list of subject’s sociologists
study.

9. Status quo: The existing conditions or circumstances. There are always those who
are interested in maintaining the status quo since they are doing well due to it
and others who oppose the status quo since it tends to exploit them or puts
them in a disadvantaged position.

10. Importance of Sociology: It's important because what we're dealing with here is
the nature of human society and the social environment that we're all a part of.
Sociology frequently deals with some of the most critical and controversial issues
concerning us today. No matter how we may feel about these issues or even
about each other, we can probably all agree that society is constantly changing
and that the need to understand each other is more crucial now than ever. In this
sense, that is where sociology and sociologists can hopefully contribute some
useful knowledge and wisdom.

11. Difference between sociology different from anthropology: Both sociology and
anthropology study societies and cultures. Traditionally, anthropology was more
likely to study hunting and gathering, herding, fishing, and other non-industrial
societies, while sociology tended to focus more on industrial and postindustrial
societies. There is also a whole division of anthropology called physical
anthropology which examines teeth, bones, and other archeological evidence.
Today, anthropologists may study aspects of contemporary culture in all types of
societies. They are more likely than sociologists to use qualitative methods of
research and less likely to use quantitative methods. Some sociologists use both
qualitative and quantitative data. Not all sociologists pay a lot of attention to
culture, but most social anthropologists could never ignore culture.

12. Function of kinship: Vertical Function: Kinship systems provide social continuity
by binding together a number of generations Horizontal Function: Kinships
provide social solidarity and continuity within the same generation as well.

13. Residence Patterns: The most common types of residence patterns evidenced
around the world are: Patrilocal: the couple can live with or near the relatives of
the husband’s father (most prevalent) Matrilocal: the couple can live with or near
the relatives of the wife’s father Avunculocal: the couple can live with or near the
husband’s mother’s brother Ambilocal or bilocal: the couple can live with or near
the relatives of either the wife or the husband Neolocal: Where economic
 circumstances permit, the couple can also establish a completely new residence
of their own.

14. Gender stratification: Gender stratification contrasts the status assigned by

different cultures on the basis of gender. It is important to release that status is
itself a multidimensional notion involving issues of economic, social and political
empowerment. Stratification on the basis of gender is a common phenomenon.

15. Theory: A theory suggests a relationship between different phenomenons.

Theories allow us to reduce the complexity of reality into an abstract set of
principles, which serve as models to compare and contrasts different types of
realities.

16. Important types of societies: Stratified societies, which are associated with the
rise of civilization, range from open class societies, which permit high social
mobility, to more rigid caste societies, which allow for little or no social mobility
Class societies are associated with achieved status, the positions that the
individual can choose or at least have some control over. Caste societies, on the
other hand, are based on ascribed statuses into which one is born and cannot
change.

17. Prominent theories of stratification: The Functionalists: Functionalists adopt a

conservative position and maintain that social inequality exists because it is
necessary for the functioning of society. Functionalists emphasize the integrative
nature of stratification, which results in stability and social order. Conflict
Theorists: Conflict theorists assume that the natural tendency of all societies is
toward change and conflict. Conflict theorists believe that stratification exists
because the upper classes strive to maintain their superior position at the
expense of the lower classes.

18. Cultural change occurs: The two principal ways that cultures change are
internally through the processes of invention and innovation and externally
through the process of diffusion. It is generally recognized that the majority of
cultural features (things, ideas, and behavior patterns) found in any society got
there by diffusion rather than invention.

19. ABSOLUTE POVERTY: Poverty as defined in terms of the minimal requirements

necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter.

20. BUREAUCRACY : A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority,

the existence of written rules of procedure, staffed by full-time salaried officials,
and striving for the efficient attainment of organizational goals.
21. CAPITALISM: An economic system based on the private ownership of the means
of production and distribution in which the goal is to produce profit.

22. ACHIEVED STATUS: A position attained through personal ability and effort.

23. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: Government programs intended to assure minorities and

women of equal hiring or admission opportunities.

24. AGE STRUCTURE: The relative proportions of different age categories in a

population.

25. AIR POLLUTION : Refers to the contamination of the atmosphere by noxious

substances

26. ARRANGED MARRIAGE: Marriage based on the family ties rather than the
couple's personal preferences.

27. ASCRIBED STATUS: A social position that is given at birth (such as race or sex).\

28. CAPITALISTS: Those who own companies, or stocks and shares, using these to
generate economic returns or profits.

29. CARRYING CAPACITY : The number of a species that a particular ecosystem can
support without suffering irreversible deterioration

30. CRUDE DEATH-RATE: A statistical measure representing the number of deaths per
thousand population that occur annually in a given population.

31. CULTURAL LAG: A dysfunction in the sociocultural system caused by change

occurring in one part of the system and the failure of another part of that system
to adjust to the change. An example would be married women engaged in
outside employment and the continuance of the domestic division of labor.\

32. CULTURAL SUPERSTRUCTURE: Sociocultural materialism term used to refer to the

shared symbolic universe within sociocultural systems. It includes such
components as the art, music, dance, rituals, sports, hobbies and the
accumulated knowledge base of the system

33. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION: The socialization process whereby the norms and
values of the group are internalized by individuals.

34. CULTURE: The values, norms and material goods shared by a given group. Your
instructor prefers to restrict the term to refer to symbolic aspects (values and
norms).
35. CULTURE OF POVERTY: The view that the poor have a different value system that
contribute to their poverty.

36. ECONOMY: The organization of production and distribution of goods and services
within a sociocultural system.

37. EDUCATION: The transmission of knowledge to members of society. The

knowledge passed on is in the form of technical and cultural knowledge,
technical and social skills, as well as the norms and values of the society.

38. EDUCATION SYSTEM: The system of formalized transmission of knowledge and

values operating within a given society.

39. EGALITARIAN FAMILY: Family arrangement in which power is shared more or less
equally by both the wife and the husband.\

40. EMIGRATION: The movement of people out of their native land to other
countries.

41. ENDOGAMY: A system in which an individual may only marry within the same
social category or group.

42. ENVIRONMENT: The physical, biological and chemical restraints to which action is
subject.

43. ETHNOCENTRISM: The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards one's
own culture.

44. FECUNDITY: The number of children which is biologically possible for a woman to
produce.

45. HIGHER EDUCATION: Usually refers to education beyond high school level, often
in colleges or universities.

46. IDEOLOGY: Shared ideas or beliefs which serve to justify and support the
interests of a particular group or organizations.

47. IMMIGRATION: The settlement of people into a country in which they were not
born.

48. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE: Knowledge of a local community possessed by individuals

who spend long periods of their lives in them.
49. MALTHUSIANISM: Thomas Malthus' theory of population dynamics, according to
which population increase inevitably comes up against the 'natural limits' of food
supply. Population grows geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8, 16,) while food supply grows
arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,). The debate rages on, there are neo-Malthusians and
anti-malthusians among us today!

50. MARRIAGE: A socially approved sexual and economic relationship between two
or more individuals.

51. MATRILINEAL DESCENT : The tracing of kinship through only the female line

52. MINORITY GROUP (OR ETHNIC MINORITY): A group of people who are defined on
the basis of their ethnicity or race. Because of their distinct physical or cultural
characteristics, they are singled out for unequal treatment within a society.

53. PROFESSIONS: Occupations requiring extensive educational qualifications, with

high social prestige, subject to codes of conduct lay down by central bodies (or
professional associations).

54. SELF (or SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS): The individual's awareness of being a distinct

social identity, a person separate from others. Human beings are not born with
self-consciousness but acquire an awareness of self as a result of early
socialization.

55. SERIAL MONOGAMY: The process of contracting several marriages in succession

marriage, divorce, and remarriage.

56. SEX: The biological categories of females and males.

57. SEX ROLE: The gender specific role behavior that a person learns as a member of
a particular society.

58. SOCIAL MOBILITY: Movement between different social positions within a

stratification system.

59. SOCIAL MOVEMENT: A large grouping of people who are organized to bring
about, or to block, a change in the sociocultural system.

60. SOCIAL ROLE: The expected patterned behavior of an individual occupying a

particular status position.

61. SOCIALIZATION: The lifelong processes through which humans develop an

awareness of social norms and values, and achieve a distinct sense of self.
62. STIGMA: A symbol (or a negative social label) of disgrace that affects a person's
social identity.

63. STRATIFICATION: The existence of structured inequalities in life chances between

groups in society.

64. STRUCTURE: Sociological term to refer to all human institutions, groups and
organizations.

65. SUBCULTURE: A group within the broader society that has values, norms and
lifestyle distinct from those of the majority.

66. SURPLUS VALUE: Marx's concept for the value of an individual's labor power
(calculated by the amount of value the labor contributes to the product minus
the amount of money paid to the worker by the capitalist). The conventional
name for this difference is profit--thus the whole capitalist system is based on
"expropriating" surplus value (or stealing labor) from workers.

67. THIRD WORLD: Societies in which industrial production is only developed to a

limited degree. Many of these societies were former colonies of industrial states.
The majority of the world's population (over 70 percent) live in Third World
countries.

68. TRANSITIONAL CLASSES: Marx's term to refer to social classes based on previous
relations of production which linger on in the beginning stages a new one--such
as peasants or landowners of a feudal system which has become capitalist.

69. CAUSATION: A cause and effect' relationship exists wherever a change in one
variable (the independent variable) induces change in another (the dependent
variable). Causal factors in sociology include individual motivation as well as
many external influences on human behavior that often go unrecognized.

70. CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS: An objective awareness of the class system, including

the common interests of people within your class.

71. COLONIALISM: The process whereby nations establish their political and
economic rule over less powerful nations.

72. COMMODITY RIOTS: Riots in which the focus of violence is the destruction of
property.\

73. COMMUNICATION: The transmission of information from one individual or group

to another.
74. COMMUNISM: A set of egalitarian political and economic ideas associated with
Karl Marx in which the means of production and distribution system would be
owned by the community. "Communism" as developed by Lenin and
institutionalized throughout Eastern Europe (until 1990) and China bears little
resemblance to Marx's vision.

75. DEVIANCE: Behaviors which do not conform to significant norms held by most of
the members of a group or society. What is regarded as 'deviant' is highly
variable across societies.

76. DYSFUNCTION: Refers to an institution's negative impact (or harmful effect) on

the sociocultural system.

77. ECOSYSTEM: A self-sustaining community of plants and animals within a natural

environment.

78. ESTATE: A form of stratification established by law.

79. ETHNICITY: An ethnic group is one of a common cultural identity, separating

them from other groups around them.

80. FEMINISM: Advocacy of the social equality of the sexes.

81. FERTILITY: The average number of live born children produced by women of
childbearing age in a particular society.

82. FORCES OF PRODUCTION: Marx's term to refer to the technology used to

produce economic goods in a society.

83. FUNCTIONS: The ways in which a sociocultural trait contributes toward the
maintenance or adaptation of the entire sociocultural system.

84. FUNCTIONALISM: A theoretical perspective that focuses on the way various parts
of the social system contribute to the continuity of society as well as the affect
the various parts have on one another.

85. GANG: An informal group of individuals that engage in common activities, many
of these activities may be outside the law.

86. GHETTO: A section of a city occupied predominantly by members of a single

racial or ethnic group, usually because of social or economic pressure.
87. HIDDEN CURRICULUM: Behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but which
are not a part of the formal curriculum. For example, aspects of classism can
often be "unintentionally" conveyed in learning materials.

88. INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY: Movement up or down the social hierarchy from

one generation to another.

89. KINSHIP: The network of social relationships which link individuals through
common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

90. LATENT FUNCTIONS: The unintended consequences of one part of a sociocultural

system. For example, the reform of big city political machines had a lot of
unintended consequences on the governability of American cities

91. LEGITIMACY: The generally held belief that a particular social institution is just
and valid.

92. LIFE EXPECTANCY: The number of years a newborn in a particular society can
expect to live. Also refers to the number of further years which people at any
given age can, on average, expect to live.

93. LIFE-SPAN: The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member
of a given species.

94. MANAGERIAL CAPITALISM: A change in the control of capitalist enterprises from

owners (which predominated in Marx's day) to control by (very well) salaried
managers.

95. MANIFEST FUNCTION: The intended and known consequences of one part of a
sociocultural system. For example, the reform of big city political machines had
the intended consequence of limiting (relatively) corruption by city officials

96. MASS MEDIA: Forms of communication designed to reach a vast audience

without any personal contact between the senders and receivers. Examples
would include newspapers, magazines, video recordings, radio and television

97. MATERIALISM: The view that 'material conditions' (usually economic and
technological factors) have the central role in determining social change.

98. MECHANIZATION: The use of machinery to replace human labor.

99. MIDDLE CLASS: A social class broadly defined occupationally as those working in
white-collar and lower managerial occupations; is sometimes defined by
 reference to income levels or subjective identification of the participants in the
study.

100. MIGRATION: The movement of people from one country or region to another in
order to settle permanently.

101. MORTALITY RATE: The number of deaths that occur in a particular population in a
specified period of time (usually a year).

102. NATIONALISM: An individual's internalization of the set of beliefs and values

expressing love, pride and identification with a given nation state. Ritual and
symbols are important tools in fostering nationalism among the citizenry.

103. NEO-LOCALITY : A family residential pattern in which the married couple lives
apart from the place of residence of both the bride's and the husband's parents

104. NORMS: Rules and expectations of conduct which either prescribes a given type
of behavior, or forbids it.

105. NUCLEAR FAMILY: A basic family group consisting of married female and male
parents and dependent children, living away from other relatives.

106. OPEN LINEAGE FAMILY: A family system found in preindustrial Europe in which
family relationships are closely intertwined with the local community.

107. POLITICAL PARTY: An organization of people with similar interests and attitudes
established with the aim of achieving legitimate control of government and using
that power to pursue a specific program.

108. POLYGYNY: A form of marriage in which a man may have more than one wife.

109. SECONDARY GROUP STRUCTURE: A term used in sociocultural materialism to

refer to structural groups in which members tend to interact without any
emotional commitment to one another.

110. SECONDARY LABOR MARKET: Refers to the economic position of individuals

engaged in occupations that provide insecure jobs, poor benefits and conditions
of work.

111. SECULARIZATION: A process of decline in the social influence of religion.

112. UNCONSCIOUS: Freudian concept referring to motives and ideas unavailable to

the conscious mind of the individual.
113. UNION: A social organization set up to represent the worker's interests in both
the workplace and in the broader society as well.

114. UPPER CLASS: A social class roughly composed of the more affluent members of
society, especially those who have great wealth, control over businesses or hold
large numbers of stocks and shares.

115. URBAN ECOLOGY: An analysis of urban life that examines the relationship
between the city and its physical surroundings--based on an analogy with the
adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment.

116. URBANIZATION: The increasing concentration of the human population into

cities.

117. VALUES: Culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about
what is desirable, proper, beautiful, and good or bad that serve as broad
guidelines for social life.

118. VARIABLE: A characteristic that varies in value or magnitude along which an

object, individual or group may be categorized, such as income or age.

119. VERTICAL MOBILITY: Movement up or down a social stratification system.

120. WELFARE: Government aid (in the form of services and money) to the poor.

121. WEALTH: Accumulated money and material possessions controlled by an

individual, group or organization.

122. ZERO POPULATION GROWTH (ZPG): Population stability achieved when each
woman has no more than two children.

123. ACID RAIN: The increased acidity of rainfall which is caused by emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides from power plants and automobiles.

124. ADAPTATION: Refers to the ability of a sociocultural system to change with the
demands of a changing physical or social environment. The process by which
cultural elements undergo change in form and/or function in response to change
in other parts of the system.

125. AGE GRADES: System found in some traditional cultures which group the
population by sex and age. Age grades go through rites of passage, hold similar
rights and have similar obligations.
126. AUTHORITY: Power that is attached to a position that others perceive as
legitimate.

127. BUREAUCRATIZATION: Refers to the tendency of bureaucracies to refine their

procedures to ever more efficiently attain their goals. More generally, refers to
the process of secondary organizations taking over functions performed by
primary groups.

128. CULTURAL PLURALISM: The more or less peaceful coexistence of multiple

subcultures within a given society.

129. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS: Values or practices shared by all human cultures.

130. EXPERIMENT: A research method in which variables can be analyzed under

carefully controlled conditions--usually within an artificial situation constructed
by the researcher.

131. GESELLSCHAFT: According to Tennis, social organization based on loose personal

ties, self-interest, rationalization, and impersonality.

132. GREENHOUSE EFFECT: The accumulation of gasses in the atmosphere that act like
the glass roof of a greenhouse, letting sunlight in but trapping the radiant heat.

133. IDEAL TYPE: Weber's construct of a 'pure type', constructed by emphasizing

logical or consistent traits of a given social item. The traits are defining ones, not
necessarily desirable ones. Ideal types do not exist anywhere in reality, rather
they are "measures" that we can use in comparing social phenomena. One
example is Weber's ideal type of bureaucratic organization (which are anything
but desirable). More widely used (and understood) examples would include
"ideal democracy" and "ideal capitalism."

134. INCOME: Payment of wages usually earned from work or investments.

135. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION: Economic production carried on through the use of

machinery driven by inanimate sources of power.

136. INDUSTRIALIZATION: The continual expanding application of sophisticated

technology designed to efficiently draw energy and raw materials out of the
environment and fashion them for human use.

137. INFANT MORTALITY RATE: The number of infants who die during the first year of
life, per thousand live births. Infant mortality rates have declined dramatically in
industrial societies.
138. INFORMAL RELATIONS: Relations in organizations developed on the basis of
personal connections. These ties are often used to pursue organizational goals
instead of the formally recognized procedures

139. IN-GROUP: A social group an individual belongs to and identifies with.

140. INSTITUTIONAL CAPITALISM: A condition that exists when large institutions such
as pension plans, banks, and insurance companies hold large shares of capitalistic
enterprises.

141. MEANS OF PRODUCTION: Marx's term referring to the means whereby the
production of material goods is carried on in a society. Marx included in this
concept both technology and the social relations among the producers (based on
the ownership of that technology).

142. RACE: A socially defined category of people who share genetically transmitted
physical characteristics.

143. RACISM: The attributing of characteristics of inferiority to a particular racial

category. Racism is a specific form of prejudice focused on race.

144. REBELLION: Rebellions are aimed at removing particular rulers or regimes rather
than bringing about significant structural changes in a society.

145. RELATIVE POVERTY: Poverty defined by reference to the living standards of the
majority in any given society.

146. RESEARCH METHODS: The diverse strategies used to gather empirical (factual)
material in a systematic way.

147. REVOLUTION: A process of change involving the mobilizing of a mass social

movement in order to radically transform the society.

148. RIOTS: An outbreak of collective violence directed against persons, property or

both.

149. SOCIAL CHANGE: Alteration in social structures or culture over time.

150. SOCIAL DARWINISM: An early and now largely discredited view of social
evolution emphasizing the importance of "survival of the fittest" or struggle
between individuals, groups, or societies as the motor of development. Social
Darwinism became widely popular and was often used to justify existing
inequalities.
151. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION: A structural condition of society caused by rapid
change in social institutions, norms, and values.

152. SOCIAL EVOLUTION: Theories of social change which generally hold that human
societies move from simple to complex forms of organization.

153. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Major structural entities in sociocultural systems that

address a basic need of the system. Institutions involve fixed modes of behavior
backed by strong norms and sanctions that tend to be followed by most
members of a society.

154. STEREOTYPE: A rigid and inflexible image of the characteristics a group.

Stereotypes attribute these characteristics to all individuals belonging to that
group.

155. ASSIMILATION: A minority group's internalization of the values and norms of the
dominant culture.

156. CASTE: A closed form of stratification in which an individual's status is

determined by birth and cannot be changed.

157. CIVIL DISORDERS: Social conflict (such as riots) that the government becomes
involved in to restore public order.

158. CIVIL RIGHTS: Legal rights held by all citizens in a given state.

159. CLAN: A broad extended kin group found in many preindustrial societies.

160. CLASS: Most sociologists use the term to refer to socioeconomic differences
between groups of individuals which create differences in their life chances and
power.

161. COMMUNAL RIOTS: Riots in which the focus of violence is other groups (usually
other race or ethnic groups).

162. COMMUNITY: A group of people who share a common sense of identity and
interact with one another on a sustained basis.

163. CONFLICT: A clash of interest (sometimes escalating to active struggle) between

individuals, groups or society.

164. CULTURAL MATERIALISM: A macro-social theory that attempts to account for the
similarities and differences between sociocultural systems by focusing on the
 environmental constraints to which human action is subject. Your instructor uses
a variant of this theory constantly

165. DEMOGRAPHY: The scientific study of human population--including size, growth,

movement, density, and composition.

166. DEPENDENCY THEORY: The thesis that many Third World countries cannot
control major aspects of their economic life because of the dominance of
industrialized societies.

167. DEVIANT SUBCULTURE: A subculture which has values and norms which differ
substantially from those of the majority in a society.

168. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION: Theory of crime and delinquency that holds that
deviance is learned as a result of long-term interaction with others.

169. DIFFERENTIATION: The development of increasing complexity and division of

labor within sociocultural systems.

170. DIFFUSION: The spread of cultural traits from one sociocultural system to
another.

171. DISCRIMINATION: The denial of equal access to social resources to people on the
basis of their group membership.

172. DIVISION OF LABOR: The specialization of work tasks or occupations. All societies
have some division of labor based on age and sex. But with the development of
industrialism the division of labor becomes far more complex which affects many
parts of the sociocultural system.

173. EXOGAMY: A system in which an individual may only marry outside their social
category or group.

174. EXTENDED FAMILY: A family group consisting of more than two generations of
the same kinship line living either within the same household or, more usually in
the west, very close to one another.

175. FAMILY: A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage or
adoption. Members of families form an economic unit, the adult members of
which are responsible for the upbringing of children. All societies involve some
form of family, although the form the family takes is widely variable. In modern
industrial societies the main family form is the nuclear family, although a variety
of extended family relationships are also found.
176. FAMILY OF ORIENTATION: The family into which an individual is born.

177. FEMININITY: The characteristic behaviors expected of women in a given culture.

178. GEMEINSCHAFT: According to Toennies, social organization based on close and

personal ties and traditional norms and values.

179. GENDER: Socially defined behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of
each sex.

180. GLOBALIZATION: The development of extensive worldwide patterns of economic

relationships between nations.

181. GREEN REVOLUTION: The tremendous increase in farming productivity that

occurred beginning in the 1950s with the application of pesticides, herbicides,
chemical fertilizers and the development of plant varieties especially bred to
respond to these chemical inputs.

182. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES: Societies whose subsistence is based

primarily on hunting animals and gathering edible plants.

183. HYPOTHESIS: A tentative statement about a given state of affairs that predicts a
relationship between the variables, usually put forward as a basis for empirical
testing.

184. IMPERIALISM: The establishing of colonial empires in which domination is both

political and economic.

185. INSTINCT: A genetically fixed pattern of complex behavior (that is, beyond reflex)
which appears in all normal animals within a given species. The behavior of
humans is not instinctual.

186. INTERNAL COLONIALISM: The economic exploitation of a group within a society

whereby their labor is sold cheap and they are made to pay dear for products
and services.

187. LONGEVITY: A long duration of life or a long tenure in an organization.

188. MASCULINITY: The characteristic forms of behavior expected of men in any given
culture.

189. MASTER STATUS: A position that is so central to the identity of the individual that
it overshadows all other statuses.
190. MATRIARCHY: Social organization in which females dominate males.

191. MODE OF PRODUCTION: The technology and the practices employed for
expanding or limiting basic subsistence production, especially the production of
food and other forms of energy. Examples would include the technology of
subsistence, technological/environmental relationships, and work patterns.

192. MODERNIZATION: The process of general social change brought about by the
transition from an agrarian to an industrial mode of production.

193. NEO-COLONIALISM: The informal dominance of some nations over others by

means of unequal conditions of economic exchange (as between industrial and
Third World countries).

194. ORGANIZED CRIME: Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as

businesses.

195. PASTORAL SOCIETIES : Societies whose subsistence is based on domesticated

animals

196. PEASANTS: People in agrarian societies who produce food from the land, using
traditional farming methods of plow and animal power. Farm workers in agrarian
societies.

197. PEER GROUP: A friendship group with common interests and position composed
of individuals of similar age.

198. POLITICS : Attempts to influence governmental activities

199. POLLUTION: One of the principal constraints of the environment. Refers to the
contamination of soil, water, or air by noxious substances

200. POLYANDRY: A form of marriage in which a woman may have more than one
husband.

201. PRIMARY GROUP STRUCTURE: A term used in sociocultural materialism to refer

to structural groups in which members tend to interact on an intimate basis.
They perform many functions such as regulating production, reproduction,
socialization, education, and enforcing social discipline. Examples include family,
community, voluntary organizations, and friendship networks.

202. RATIONALIZATION: Weber's concept to refer to the process by which modes of

precise calculation based on observation and reason increasingly dominate the
social world. Rationalization is a habit of thought that replaces tradition,
 emotion, and values as motivators of human conduct. Bureaucracy is a particular
case of rationalization applied to human social organization.

203. RECIPROCITY: A system of the exchange of goods based on social ties.

204. RELIGION: A set of beliefs involving symbols regarded as sacred, together with
ritual practices in which members of the community engage.

205. RITUAL: Formalized ceremonial behavior in which the members of a group or

community regularly engage.

206. SAMPLING: Taking a small representative part of a population for purposes of

drawing inferences from the analysis of the sample characteristics to the
population as a whole.

207. SANCTION: A reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity that

reinforces socially approved forms of behavior.

208. SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS: The conjecture that people perceive their world
through the framework of language.

209. SCAPE GOATING: Blaming, punishing, or stigmatizing a relatively powerless

individual or group for wrongs that were not of their doing.

210. SCIENCE: The application of systematic methods of observation and careful

logical analysis; the term also refers to the body of knowledge produced by the
use of the scientific method.

211. SECONDARY GROUP: A group of individuals who do not know each other on a
personal level interacting in pursuit of a goal.

212. SOCIAL FORCES: The term refers to the fact that society and social organizations
exert an influence on individual human behavior.

213. SOCIAL GROUPS: Two or more individuals who interact in systematic ways with
one another and share a high degree of common identity. Groups may range in
size from dyads to large-scale societies.

214. SOCIOBIOLOGY: An approach which attempts to explain the social behavior of

humans in terms of biological principles.

215. SOLID WASTE: Refers to the accumulation of noxious substances.

216. STATE: Government institutions ruling over a given territory, whose authority is
backed by law and the ability to use force.

217. STATUS: A social position within a society. The term can also refer to the social
honor or prestige which a particular individual or group is accorded by other
members of a society.

218. SYMBOL: One item used to meaningfully represent another--as in the case of a
flag which symbolizes a nation.

219. TABOO: A sociocultural prohibition on some act, person, place, animal, or plant.

220. TECHNOLOGY: The application of logic, reason and knowledge to the problems of
exploiting raw materials from the environment. Social technologies employ the
same thought processes in addressing problems of human organization.
Technology involves the creation of material instruments (such as machines)
used in human interaction with nature as well as social instruments (such as
bureaucracy) used in human organization

221. TERRORISM: The use of violence to achieve political ends. Many would restrict
the definition to include only those acts committed by non-government groups,
but state terrorism is also a major factor in the social world.

222. THEORY: Summary statements of general principles which explain regularly

observed events.

223. TRADITIONAL STATES: Societies in which the production base is agriculture or

pastoralism.

224. CONFORMITY: Human behavior which follows the established norms of a group
or society. The bulk of human behavior is of a conforming nature as people
accept and internalize the values of their culture or subculture

225. CONSENSUS: Agreement on basic social values by the members of a group or

society.

226. CONTRADICTION: Marx's term to refer to mutually antagonistic tendencies

within institutions or the broader society such as those between profit and
competition within capitalism.

227. CORPORATIONS: A legally recognized organization set up for profit--the powers

and liabilities of the organization are legally separate from the owners or the
employees.
228. CRIME: Any action that violates criminal laws established by political authority.

229. CRUDE BIRTH-RATE: A statistical measure representing the number of births per
thousand population within a given year.

230. DEFORESTATION : The removal of all trees from an area

231. DEMOCRACY: A form of government that recognizes the citizen as having the
right to participate in political decision-making, or to elect representatives to
government bodies.

232. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: A stabilization of population level in industrial

society once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached. Population
is thought to stabilize because of economic incentives on families to limit the
number of children.

233. DENSITY: A measure of human crowding usually expressed as the number of

people per square mile.

234. ECOLOGY: The study of the system of relationships between organisms and their
environment.

235. ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: Comte and Durkheim both refer to the fact that
in societies with a high division of labor individuals depend more on others to
produce most of the goods they need to sustain their lives.

236. FAMILY OF PROCREATION: The family we create through marriage.

237. LAW: A written rule established by a political authority and backed by

government.

238. MARXISM: Contemporary social theory deriving its main elements from Marx's
ideas.

239. Marxist theory strongly emphasizes class struggle and material causation.

240. MATRILOCALITY : A family residential pattern in which the husband is expected to

live near to the wife's parents

241. MONOGAMY: A form of marriage that joins one male and one female at any
given time.

242. MORES: Norms that have strong moral significance, violation of which cause
strong social reaction (murder, sexual molestation of children).
243. OBJECTIVITY: Objectivity means striving as far as possible to reduce or eliminate
bias in the conduct of research.

244. ORGANIZATION: A large group of individuals that is formally organized for the
purpose of attaining a goal.

245. PATRIARCHY: Social organization that structures the dominance of men over
women.

246. PATRILINEAL DESCENT: The practice of tracing kinship only through the male line.

247. POLYGAMY: A form of marriage in which a person may have more than one
spouse.

248. POSITIVISM: A philosophical position according to which there are close ties
between the social and natural sciences, which share a common logical
framework.

249. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: A society based on the production of services and

information rather than material goods. A notion advocated by those who
believe that the industrial order is passing.

250. POWER: The ability to achieve aims or further the interests you hold even when
opposed by others.

251. POWER ELITE: According to C. Wright Mills the power elite are men in the highest
positions of government, corporations and the military who hold enormous
power in modern industrial societies.

252. PREJUDICE: The holding of unfounded ideas about a group, ideas that are
resistant to change.

253. PRESTIGE: Social respect accorded to an individual or group because of the status
of their position.

254. PRIMARY DEVIANCE: The deviant act itself, the violation of a norm. PRIMARY
GROUP: A typically small group of individuals standing in an enduring personal
relationship to one another examples would include parents, spouse, or close
friends.

255. SOCIALISM: An economic system in which the means of production and

distribution of goods and services are publically owned.
256. SOCIETY: A society is a group of people who live in a particular territory, are
subject to a common system of political authority, and share a common culture.

257. SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION: A term used by C. Wright Mills that refers to the
application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological
questions.

258. SOCIOLOGY: The study of human behavior and societies, giving particular
emphasis to the industrialized world.

259. SURVEY: A questionnaire or interview.

260. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM: A theoretical approach in sociology which focuses

on social reality as constructed through the daily interaction of individuals and
places strong emphasis on the role of symbols (gestures, signs, and language) as
core elements of this interaction.

261. WELFARE STATE: A government system which provides a range of human services
for its citizens.

262. WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: Criminal activities carried out by white-collar or

professional workers in the course of their jobs.

263. WORKING CLASS: A social class of industrial societies broadly composed of

people involved in manual occupation. The bulk of these jobs are unskilled,
poorly paid and provide few benefits or job security.