Motion detertors

*A gun chronograph is an instrument used to measure the velocity of a projectile fired by a gun
*Archer chronograph is an instrument used to measure the velocity of an arrow fired in archery
*A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law
enforcers using a radar gun.

Waves
*Waves is created when there is a disturbance on a surface that travels with or without a medium

Parts of transverse wave

1. Crest – the highest point of the wave
2. Trough – the lowest point of the wave
3. Dashline – represents the horizontal rest position of the wave
4. Wavelength- length from one wave crest to another wave crest or one wave trough to another wave trough
5. Amplitude- length or displacement from the dashline to a crest or to a trough
6. Frequency- total number of up and down wave motion or complete wave at a given time

Parts of longitudinal waves

1. Compression – part of the wave that is compressed
2. Rarefaction- loose part of the wave

Mechanical wave – needs to have a medium in order for energy to transfer

Electromagnetic wave – does not need a medium for energy to transfer

Sound
*Sound is an energy that can be perceived through hearing
Vibration can happen between:
Solid to solid – Ex. Wood to wood
Solid to air – Ex. Fast whipping os stick
Solid to liquid – Ex. Tapping of water
Air to liquid – Ex. Boiling sound
Air to air – Ex. Gushing out of air
Liquid to liquid – Ex. Water falls
Ear – the primary organ perceives sound
Characteristics of Sound
1. Pitch – highness or lowness of a sound
Rule: The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch
2. Loudness – intensity overdue of sound
Rume: The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound
3. Tone – also known as Timbre

Types of musical instrument that produced quality sound:

A. String instrument – Ex. Guitar
B. Percussion instrument – Ex. Cymbals
C. Wind or Air instrument – Ex. Flute
D. Electronic instrument – Ex. Organ

Sound production in humans:

A. Vocal Chords
B. Lungs
C. Larynx- also known as voice box
D. Tongue and the teeth
E. Diaphragm
Chapter 10 – Heat

Motion – defined as any movement or change in position of an object

*Heat is energy capable of being absorbed or given off by a body or a thing.
*If a body has a high temperature, heat is being given off.
*If a body has a low temperature, heat is being absorb

Temperature – it measures and reflects the hotness or coldness of a thing.

*Thermometer – is a measuring device that reflects the value of temperature
37.3 ºC – normal body temperature
30ºC – normal average temperature in our environment

Units of Temperature
*The famous names Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (ºF), Lord Kelvin (ºK) and Andres Celsius (ºC) were the ones who studied
temperature.

Formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius

5
𝐶 = (℉ − 32)
9
Formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit
9
𝐹 = (℃) + 32
5
Formula for converting Celsius to Kelvin
𝐾 = ℃ + 273.15
Water ºC ºF K
Boiling Point 100 212 373.15
Freezing Point 0 32 273.15

Heat transfer
*”From higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration”, so hot temperature has greater energy
*Higher temperature will change the temperature of the object with lower temperature

Three Mechanisms for transfer:

1. Conduction – process of heat transfer where the objects involved must have DIRECT contact with each other
2. Convection –
3. Radiation – process of heat transfer by means of electromagnetic wave, even without direct contact

Chapter 11 – Electricity

*Electricity – defined as flow of electrons

*Charges – created when an atom is removed of or added an electron
*atom is considered neutral because of the equal number of protons and electrons
*Grounding – is a safety measures that prevents excessive accumulation of electric voltage and prevent electric shock
*Lightning – produced when ice particles in the clouds comes in contact with water create positively charge particles,
and reaches the ground to achieve the balance state
*Lightning rod – made of copper and other alloy that facilitates conduction