Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1-4244-0111-9/06/$20.00c02006 IEEE.
2
magnitude and angle [9]. As for IPFC, the two VSCs are Vse
connected in series with two lines as shown in Fig. 2. Vi, Vj
and Vk are complex voltages at buses i, j and k, respectively,
defined as Vb Z Ob (b=i, j). Vseij and Vseik are the controllable
complex voltages of the two synchronous voltage sources,
defined as Vsej,z.Osej, (n=j, k). zseij and zsejk are the series
transformer impedance. Pcal,i and Qcal,i are the transmitted
active and reactive powers through the two branches of IPFC
leaving bus i. PcalJi (Pcal,ki) and Qcal,ji (Qcalki) are the
transmitted active and reactive powers through one branch of Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a two-converter IPFC.
IPFC leaving bus j (k), respectively. Active power can be
transferred from one line to the other via the common dc link. Vse i
Based on the above equivalent circuit, the power flow
equations at each bus are [7]:
Pcli=Vi gii-
n=j,k
Oin[i CS0-n)+bin sin(O, -
On)] Re (VseijI-j' + Vsei*I,*i )=°
n=j,k
ViLVsein [gin cos (i- Osein )+ bin sin (0- Osein)]
(1) VsekVl*i+jclk
Qcaiii
=Vi b ViVn [gin sin (0- O)n bin cOs (Oi- On) Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of IPFC [7].
n=j,k
- V, Vsen E[gin sin (O- Osein )bin cos (0- Osein) B. Injection Model of IPFC
n=j,k
(2) The first two parts of (1)-(4) are identical to the
conventional power flow equations of transmission lines. The
remaining parts can be regarded as the power injections of the
ani= Vn;2g~ffK[g
+al,ni Vnns-Vi [gin
Vn csO O)+1 sinsin (On O- )])] (3)
COS (osne#)+bi IPFC series sources, leading to the injection model of IPFC
+ nVSein[g,n C°S(#9n-0se,n )+ bi sin(#9n-Osein) shown in Fig. 3.
Qcalini =-Ljbn VLVK [gin sin (On - i ) -bin cos (on -o)i)( Vi
+ VnVsei, [g1n sin (O- OSein ) -bin cos (on - sein )]
where n=j, k inj,i + jQiin,
gin + jbn l/zsen = ysei, gnn + jbnn l/=ZSen Ysein
=
So, the mismatch power equations considering generation where Yij (i, j=1, 2) are bus admittance matrix elements; that is
Pgm, Qgm, and load PIm, Qlm at each bus are as follows:
Y, I Yi + Y12 2 Y21 -YI2, Y22 Y2 +Y12
Pgm + P,,j,m iPm Pline,m 0 (1 1)
Vse,
Qgm + inm Qim Qine, m (12)
viV
where m=i,j, k
Here PineJm and Qline,m are conventional transmitted active
and reactive power only through transmission lines leaving
bus m.
Equation (6) still applies here. If the series transformers are
assumed to contain no resistance, the following equation can
be derived.
inj,m (13)
m=i, j,k
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of transmission lines embedded with IPFC.
C. Injection Model of Transmission Lines Embedded with
IPFC Vsei;
The application of the IPFC injection model provides
certain convenience. However, it still requires the increase of
bus number, and the buses and transmission lines have to be
renumbered. In very large power systems and power systems
with multiple IPFCs, it is not very convenient to do so.
Consequently, the following injection model of transmission
lines embedded with IPFC is developed. (a)
In power system analysis, the transmission line is usually
viewed as a pi-circuit that is shown in Fig. 4.
In order to eliminate the additional buses, following
transformations are adopted. For simplicity, only one branch
of IPFC is taken as an example, as shown in Fig. 5.
First, Y-A transformation [11] of the circuit in the dashed
line rectangle in Fig. 5 (a) is carried out, yielding the
equivalent circuit in Fig. 5 (b), where
Ivi
ys2ey Kyse+)y+j>J
y( (14)
With the node-voltage equation (18) of a two-bus system Fig. 6. A two-bus system.
shown in Fig. 6 in mind, (19) can be easily derived.
[I Y YI 2 I] (18)
[Ii] [Y Y[j V -Vseu] (19)
=
4
where V
Ii -1vi i i V_l Ij
Y Yshunt+ Y , Y =
_ r y y
yuJi =
yshunt + yr
yiJ
shunt shunt i
So Pinj,i + jQinj,i YS L. P', j + jQinj
(20)
-IJ JY'i Y.,--Vj YViVse.j, Fig. 7. Injection model of the transmission line embedded with one branch of
IPFC.
If the second part on the right side of (20) is regarded as
the contribution of power injections, the injection model of
this line is developed as shown in Fig. 7. The above approach
actually yields the injection pi-model of SSSC-embedded line
[12].
The power injections can be expressed as:
pi i, n
=Re (Sij,, ) = Re V,, (Yi Vseij )* (21)
Yii = Yii -E
n=j,k
+. 2
2
ysein + Yin + j 2 bYin
(28)
-Pinj,n ,~Re{VJK [(- y1)Vsei,n]}
= R{"(Yl)Sin 2 (25)
In this formulation, three elements are to be determined: where k1u,..., Ng (Ng is the number of generators), Pgk,min
the objective functionj(x), the equality constraints h(x), and (Qgk,min) and Pgk,max (Qgk,max) are the minimum and maximum
the inequality constraints g(x). limits of active (reactive) power generation.
A. Objective Function Vsein, min < VSein < VSein,max (37)
The IPFC is planned for congestion management with the
minimum total capacity of the converters of IPFC and Osei, min < Osei, < Osei,,max (38)
minimizing the total active power loss of the system. Thus, the
complete objective function is the sum of the above two where n=j, k, Vsein,min (Osein,min) and Vsein,max (Osein,max) are the
objectives each appropriately weighted. minimum and maximum limits of Vsein (Osein).
The optimal power flow program defined by the above
f (x) = a(S±
+S2) + bPOss (32) three elements can be solved by sequential quadratic
objective 1 objective 2 programming. In the simulation discussed in section IV,
where Matlab function fmincon is used.
S1 and S2 capacity of each VSC of IPFC IV. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
P/oss total active power loss of the system
a weight whose objective is the minimization of the In this section, the proposed OPF control and the two
total capacity of IPFC converters injection models developed in section II are tested on the
b weight whose objective is the minimization of the IEEE 3-machine 9-bus system shown in Fig. 9. Bus 1 is slack
total active power loss of the system bus, while both buses 2 and 3 are PV buses. The active power
The values of the weights are determined according to the generations of the two generators G2 and G3 are 163 MW and
importance of each objective. 85 MW, respectively. Originally, GI needs to supply 71.64
MW active power to the system. Congestion occurs on line 6
B. State Variables because the transmitted active power leaving bus 7 is 86.62
In this paper, the complete voltage profile is directly MW exceeding the thermal constraint which is assumed to be
integrated into the optimization task yielding a compact 85 MW per line.
formulation of the OPF. Underlying load flow calculations for
the determination of the voltage profile is not adopted. Thus, Load C
the oscillations between the load flow calculation and the
optimization can be avoided [4]. The state vector x can be
represented by the control variable vectors as follows:
x=[V, 0, Vse, Ose, Pg, Qg]T
where
V, 0 complex voltages of all buses Load 1B
Vse, Ose complex voltages of IPFC converters
Pg, Qg active and reactive power generations
C. Constraints
Equality constraints include the mismatch power equations
of every bus and the active power invariance of IPFC
represented by (6) or (27).
Inequality constraints consist of the following components:
V <V <V (33) Fig. 9. IEEE 3-machine 9-bus system incorporating one IPFC.
where i=1,..., Nb (Nb is the number of buses), Vimin and Vi,max In order to resolve the congestion, an IPFC is applied to the
are the minimum and maximum voltage magnitude limits at system. Its two converters are embedded in lines 4 and 5,
bus i, respectively; respectively, which are lightly loaded. As described by (32),
the total active power loss and IPFC capacity should be
i j,max (34) optimized. Here, a and b are assumed to be 3 and 1.
where j=l,..., N, (N, is the number of transmission lines), and In order to improve the power system performance,
PJ,max is the thermal capacity of transmission linej (Satisfying generation redispatching is not adopted [3]. So, buses 2 and 3
this constraint represents that the congestion is resolved.); remain to be PV buses whose active power generation and
voltage magnitudes remain unchanged. Bus 1 is still slack bus
-gkjmin -gk -Pgk,max (35) with the same complex voltage as that of the original case.
The active power limits of generator 1 are set at 10 MW and
Qgk,min <Qgk <Qgk,max
100 MW, whereas all the generator reactive power limits are
6
set at -200 MVAR and 200 MVAR. The voltage magnitude loss and IPFC capacity is achieved.
limits at buses 4-9 are taken to be 0.95 p.u. and 1.05 p.u.,
respectively. The inductive reactance of the series VI. REFERENCES
transformers is 0.01 p.u., while the resistance is ignored. The [1] Abdel-Moamen M.A and Narayana Prasad Padhy, "Optimal power flow
voltage magnitudes and angles of the two IPFC synchronous incorporating FACTS devices-bibliography and survey," in Proc. 2003
IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition,
voltage sources vary in the range 0-0.1 p.u. and
pp. 669-676.
respectively. The simulation results are summarized in Tables [2] Narain G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS:
I'III. Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New
York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 2000, p.
333.
TABLE I
[3] M. Noroozian, L. Angquist, M. Ghandhari, and G. Andersson, "Use of
COMPLEX Bus VOLTAGES
UPFC for optimal power flow control," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
vol. 12, pp. 1629-1634, Oct. 1997.
Mag. of Voltage (p.u.) Angle of Voltage (degree) [4] Carsten Lehmkoster, "Security constrained optimal power flow for an
Bus Without With IPFC Without With IPFC economical operation of FACTS-devices in liberalized energy markets,"
IPFC IPFC IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, pp. 603-608, Apr. 2002.
1 1.0400 1.0400 0 0 [5] T S Chung and Ge Shaoyun, "Optimal power flow incorporating FACTS
2 1.0250 1.0250 9.280 8.817 devices and power flow control constraints," in Proc. 1998 Int. Conf: on
3 1.0250 1.0250 4.665 4.043 Power System Technology, pp. 415-419.
4 1.0258 1.0259 -2.217 -2.217 [6] Muwaffaq I. Alomoush, "Derivation of UPFC DC load flow model with
5 0.9956 0.9942 -3.989 -4.306 examples of its use in restructured power systems," IEEE Trans. Power
6 1.0127 1.0120 -3.687 -4.464 Systems, vol. 18, pp. 1173-1180, Aug. 2003.
7 1.0258 1.0254 3.720 3.254 [7] X. -P. Zhang, "Modelling of the interline power flow controller and the
generalised unified power flow controller in Newton power flow," IEE
8 1.0159 1.0155 0.728 0.195 Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 150, pp.
9 1.0324 1.0321 1.967 1.345 268-274, May 2003.
[8] G. Glanzmann and G. Andersson, "Coordinated control of FACTS
TABLE II devices based on optimal power flow," in Proc. the 37th Annual North
TRANsMITTED ACTIVE POWER THROUGH TRANsMIsSION LINES American Power Symposium, pp. 141-148.
[9] Enrique Acha, Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel, Hugo Ambriz-Perez, and
Active Cesar Angeles-Camacho, FACTS Modelling and Simulation in Power
Line (MW)
Networks. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004, pp. 191-229.
Without IPFC With IPFC
4 40.94 42.49 [10] S. Teerathana, A. Yokoyama, Y. Nakachi, and M. Yasumatsu, "An
5 30.70 29.16 optimal power flow control method of power system by interline power
flow controller (IPFC)," in Proc. the 7th Int. Power Engineering Conf,
6 86.62 85.00
pp. 1-6.
7 60.82 62.42 [11] Yangzan He and Zengyin Wen, Power System Analysis, vol. I. (3rd
8 76.38 78.00 edition). Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology
9 24.18 22.58 Press, 2002, pp. 254-256.
[12] Muwaffaq I. Alomoush, "Static synchronous series compensator to help
TABLE III energy markets resolve congestion-caused problems," in Proc. 2004
TOTAL ACTIVE POWER Loss (KW) Large Engineering Systems Conf on Power Engineering, pp. 25-29.
As shown in these tables, all the constraints are satisfied. Jun Zhang (S'06) was born in Xi'an, Shaanxi
The congestion is resolved and the total active power loss is Province in the People's Republic of China, on June
reduced, though slightly, while the optimal capacity of IPFC is 27, 1980. He received the BEng. degree in electrical
deternined to be 355.07 kVA. Both of the injection models engineering and automation and the MEng. degree in
substation, IPFC is a powerful tool for congestion professor in charge of Power System Engineering. He
management. It is shown that based on the multi-objective is a member of IEEJ, IEEE and CIGRE.