BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY (A Tiny Bit of Physics) Minutes

MCAT PREPARATION – SPRING 2019 She got her good looks from her
Course: MCAT PREPARATION Delivered: Friday, May 24, 2019 father. He’s a plastic surgeon.
Instructor: Mr. Carlos Ortiz TBCB: Next Session
Student: CARLOS ORTIZ/VIC. POPP ETC: 180-300 Groucho Marx
# of Elements: 108
Topics: BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY (a tiny bit of physics)
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 180-300 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: OPENING QUIZ
Check these off as we
complete them. PrePacket 2 Review
M2
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS: Intermolecular Forces
MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP PLEASE CONTINUE ON THE NEXT PAGE
Copyright © 2019 Carlos Ortiz | 305.785.5005 | www.mrcarlosortiz.com | carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com page 1 of 11
OPENING QUIZ
Questions Q1 thru Q4
In the body, oxygen and nutrients are
delivered to the peripheral tissues, and carbon
dioxide and other wastes (such as hydrogen
ions and ammonia) are picked up from the
peripheral tissues and delivered to the organs
that process this waste: the lungs, liver, and
kidneys. The erythrocyte or red blood cell is
a specialized cell designed for oxygen
transport. Oxygen does not simply dissolve in
the cytoplasm of the red blood cell — diatomic
Figure Q2: Gas Exchange between a red blood
molecular oxygen is nonpolar. Rather, each cell (RBC) and a tissue/lung cell
erythrocyte contains about 250 million
molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can Excess HCO3- from the RBC will leave the inside
bind four molecules of oxygen. The oxygen of the RBC with an imbalance of charge;
bonding site on a hemoglobin molecule has a chloride anion, Cl-, enters the RBC to substitute
much larger affinity for carbon monoxide which for the HCO3- and ameliorate the charge
ultimately serves as a poisonous gas to aerobic imbalance: this is known as the chloride shift.
organisms.
RBCs also contain a large quantity of Q1 A MUTATION
carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that catalyzes a A researcher discovers a gene mutation that leads to
the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide a single amino acid change in the active site of
(CO2) and water (H2O) to form carbonic acid carbonic anhydrase. This mutation would likely:
(H2CO3) which would DROP the pH inside the
I. slow the combination of carbon dioxide and
RBC. water to create carbonic acid
Carbonic acid subsequently dissociates to a
hydrogen cation and the bicarbonate anion as II. affect the final equilibrium intracellular pH of
follows: the RBC
carbonic anhydrase III. slow the delivery of oxygen gas to

speeds this up 1000
CO 2 + H 2 O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ H 2CO 3
( this could happen
metabolically depleted cells
on its own ...but slowly )
A. I only
on its own B. II only
H 2 CO 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
( dissociation )
→ H+ + HCO 3− C. I and III
hydrogen cation
= proton bicarbonate
anion D. III only
Figure Q1: CO2 & H20 are substrates of

carbonic anhydrase
Q2 A TOTAL
The bicarbonate anion ACCUMULATES inside a Approximately how many molecules of oxygen can a
the RBC and becomes so concentrated that it human body’s estimated 2.5 x 1012 erythrocytes
will diffuse through the semipermeable RBC carry?
membrane down its concentration gradient and
A. 2.5 x 106
out into the watery, polar plasma milieu.
Plasma water can transport ENORMOUS B. 1 x 1018
quantities of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, in the C. 1 x 109
form of this POLAR (and therefore WATER
SOLUBLE) bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) that is D. 2.5 x 1021
initially formed inside the RBC.

Q3 OXYGEN
a According to the passage, oxygen
A. has high solubility in polar environments
B. has low solubility in aqueous environments
C. has low solubility in nonpolar environments

D. because it behaves like an ideal gas, it has high solubility in all environments
Q4 INTERNAL pH
a Under resting conditions, erythrocytes, like most other cells in the human body, have an intracellular pH that is
lower than extracellular pH. In a normal human erythrocyte from venous blood, the intracellular pH has been
reported to be between 7.07 and 7.28 with an extracellular pH in the range of 7.25 to 7.39. Which of the following
is most likely to cause the interior of an erythrocyte to become acidic near oxygen depleted tissues?
A. defective hemoglobin
B. defective carbonic anhydrase

C. defective HCO3--Cl- transporter
D. increased RBC membrane permeability to H+
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 5 thru 10 are discrete (non-passage based).

Q5 DENSITY
a At a constant temperature, a substance of mass m occupies a volume V1. The density calculated from m and V1 is
D = m/V1. Which of the following is accurate about V2, the volume occupied by a second sample of the same
substance at the same temperature, if that sample 2/3 less mass than the original sample of mass m?
A. V2 = V1
` B. V2 = 3/V1
C. V2 = 2V1/3
D. V2 = V1/3
Q6 A FALLING BALL
a A falling object will fall y meters according to y = vit + 0.5at2 where vi, a, and t are the initial velocity, acceleration,
and time fallen, respectively, for the object. A ball is dropped from a very tall building. If it falls y1 meters during
the first two seconds and y2 total meters after four seconds such that y2 = cy1 what is the value of c? (ignore air
resistance)
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 8

Q7 CELLS
a Cytosol in animal cells is primarily water. The biological significance of this is that
A. animal cells are quite compressible and can easily be destroyed
B. animal cells are quite incompressible and resilient to being destroyed
C. animal cells have highly nonpolar internal environments
D. animal cells have highly hydrophobic internal environments
Q8 GASES
a Which of the following is most accurate regarding gases when compared to condensed states (liquids and solids)?
A. In gases, intermolecular forces are much weaker than in condensed states; this leads to a greater expansion
for a given temperature increase than would occur in condensed states.
B. In gases, intermolecular forces are much stronger than in condensed states; this leads to higher boiling points
of gases compared to those of condensed states.
C. In gases, intramolecular forces are much weaker than in condensed states; this leads to a greater expansion
for a given temperature increase than would occur in condensed states.
D. In gases, intramolecular forces are much stronger than in condensed states; this leads to higher boiling points
of gases compared to those of condensed states.
Q9 LIQUIDS
a In liquids, molecules are free to travel through the sample, changing neighbors constantly in the course of their
diffusive motion. This freedom of movement suggests that liquids have
A. the weakest of intermolecular attractive forces of any state
` B. high shear viscosity which allows them to flow in response to external stresses
C. strong intermolecular repulsive forces which allows their molecules to separate and flow
D. low shear viscosity which allows them to flow in response to external stresses
Q10 SURFACE TENSION

a When a glass is filled with water, the water level can actually exceed the opening of the glass as
it forms a “dome” and avoids spilling out (of course, if enough water is poured, it will eventually
overflow and spill).
The primary reason for the “dome” formed is
A. water characteristically forms “domes” at room temperature
B. water molecules adhere tightly to the glass, forming the “dome” shape and not spilling out
C. the surface of the water resists attempts to increase its area because of the air-water boundary
D. the surface of the water contains the highest percentage of hydrogen bonding

WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
structure directional phosphate MOLECULAR unsaturation weaker

ranges nonpolar glycerol (x2) kinks intramolecular repulsion
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL Throwback: Phospholipids

FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS: Intermolecular Forces
Chemistry: Origins in Molecular Structure
Victoria, we’ve covered a decent bit of
material on bulk properties of gases, liquids,
and solids; in fact, we should be quite Figure 1: Glycerol
comfortable with discussions on the
1 BUILDING A PHOSPHOLIPID
“molecular basis” of those properties. Let’s
move on to even more relevant information. a The molecule above is called glycerol. The highly
polar and covalent nature of each O-H bond suggests
To provide a more quantitative explanation of a
the magnitudes of these bulk properties, we
A. minimal difference (less than 1.4) in
have to touch on the molecular
electronegativity (EN) values between the O and H
interactions in more detail than just atoms
attraction or repulsion. In a moment, we’ll
B. a maximum difference (more than 2.1) in
discuss how OTHER MOLECULAR FORCES electronegativity (EN) values between the O and H
arise from molecular structure. Before we atoms
do, let’s be mindful of the following:
C. a difference of between 1.4 and 2.1 in
Intermolecular forces are DISTINCT from electronegativity (EN) values between the O and H
atoms
intramolecular forces which, of course,
lead to the covalent chemical bonds that D. no difference in electronegativity (EN) values
establish and maintain the structure of between the O and H atoms
discrete molecules.
In a glycerophospholipid, one of the end
Intermolecular forces differ from intramolecular OH groups is now a phosphate-R group
forces in several ways: while the remaining OH groups are now
FATTY (ACID) groups in which the long
1) Intermolecular forces are generally fatty acid chain typically has one or two
weaker than covalent bonds. For kinks attributable to unsaturation of
example, it takes 239 kJ to break 1 mol adjacent carbon atoms.
of Cl-Cl nonpolar covalent bonds, but
only 1.2 kJ to overcome 1 mol of Ar-Ar 2 FA KINKS
interactions. a The kink(s) in a FA chain of a phospholipid
2) Intermolecular forces are much less
directional than covalent bonds (polar A. gives the lipid bilayer of a cell rigidity
covalent bonds have distinct dipoles B. gives the lipid bilayer of a cell fattiness
that indicate that direction).
C. gives the lipid bilayer of a cell fluidity
3) Intermolecular forces occur at much
longer ranges than covalent bonds. D. gives the lipid bilayer of a cell hydrophilicity
It would make sense for us to distinguish the

different classes of intermolecular forces True or False
based on these ideas of STRENGTH, T Phospholipids are amphipathic (charged
DIRECTIONALITY, and RANGE – and of course, “phospho” head, uncharged FA tail) which makes
to relate these ideas to the STRUCTURE of the them ideal for membrane structure.
molecules. Let’s do that, then!
Coulomb repel POLAR OPPOSITE repulsion (x2) R-1 attract
unequal (x2) attraction (x2) directional orientation INCREASING polyatomic charged
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL Chemistry: Dipole-Dipole Forces

FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL Victoria, let’s now become extra comfortable
SYSTEMS: Intermolecular Forces with the fact that the DOMINANT FORCE
between POLAR MOLECULES is the dipole-
Chemistry: Ion-Ion forces dipole force.
Vic, perhaps the EASIEST of the
intermolecular forces to understand would The dipoles in this case are FIXED and the
be that attributable to charges being resulting forces between neighboring
OPPOSITE in nature. Some basics: molecules will depend on the orientation of
the neighboring molecules. Check out an
Ionic solids and liquids are made up of example of this dipole-dipole interaction
electrically charged species: between two hydrogen chloride molecules:
(i) Sometimes monatomic ions such a Note that the adjacent (or
Na+ , Cl- , and Ca2+ neighboring) HCl molecules are
oriented in such a way as to
(ii) Sometimes polyatomic ions such as maximize the attraction
2-
NH+4 and SO4
. between them.
The negative pole of each
NB – Physics Connection: The molecule resides around the
dominant interaction among these chloride anion while the
ions is the Coulomb force of positive pole of each molecule
electrostatic attraction or resides around the hydrogen
cation. The poles exist
repulsion.
because the H-Cl bond is
Figure 2a: Dipole- covalent but unequal in the
As we well know, ions of like charge will Dipole ATTRACTIVE electron sharing. When these
repel one another while ions of unlike (or Interaction poles orient as shown,
opposite) charge will attract one another. (HCl with HCl) attraction results.
These are repulsive and attractive forces
are better known in chemistry as ion-ion Note that the adjacent (or
forces; they can be as strong as those in a neighboring) HCl molecules are
covalent bond, and they are certainly long- oriented in such a way as to
maximize the repulsion
ranged. If we were to study the
between them.
POTENTIAL ENERGY of an ion-ion force,
we’d find that is INVERSELY The negative pole of each
PROPORTIONAL to the separation, R, molecule resides around the
chloride anion while the
between the ions) or, alternatively, directly
positive pole of each molecule
proportional to R-1. The potential energy of resides around the hydrogen
these ion-ion interactions DECREASES MUCH cation. The poles exist
LESS RAPIDLY with INCREASING because the H-Cl bond is
DISTANCE than do the strengths of the Figure 2b: Dipole- covalent but unequal in the
other intermolecular forces we’ll study Dipole REPULSIVE electron sharing. When these
today. Interaction poles orient as shown,
(HCl with HCl) repulsion results.
Another thing to understand about ion-ion
forces is that they are not directional. In True or False
other words, each ion interacts equally F Dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than ion-ion
strongly with neighboring ions on ALL interactions.
SIDES!
potential decreased dissolved R-3 near 10 weak

1000 solids outward attractions halide line liquids
Chemistry: Dipole-Dipole Forces Chemistry: Ion-Dipole Forces

As we noted earlier, the potential energy A third example of electrostatic forces
between ions separated by R changes occurs when a polar molecule is near an
inversely to R – in other words, as R ion. The interaction between a polar
increased, the potential energy of the ion-ion SOLVENT molecule, such as water, and a
interaction decreased. dissolved ion is the most common case of
an ion-dipole interaction. Check out good ‘ol
HOW ‘BOUT FOR DIPOLE-DIPOLE
sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in water:
INTERACTIONS?
The decrease in potential energy is MUCH
MORE PRONOUNCED: for dipoles separated
by a distance R, the potential energy falls
off as R-3. If we understand this
relationship, then it should be evident that:
◼ Increasing the distance between a

pair of ions by a factor of 10 reduces
the Coulombic potential energy by a
factor of 10.
◼ Increasing the distance between a
Figure 3: Solvation of Na+ and Cl- by water.
pair of dipoles by a factor of 10
reduces the Coulombic potential The positive Na+ is surrounded by a shell of
energy by a factor of 1000. water molecules whose oxygen (O) atoms are
near the cation and whose hydrogen (H) atoms
In liquids, thermal energy can overcome point outward into the solution (notice the
dipole–dipole attractions and disrupt Na+, O, and H are not really “linear” in their
favorable orientations; dipole–dipole orientation). Let’s elaborate on this
interactions are simply too weak to hold observation:
molecules in a liquid together in a nearly For many years it was believed that the
rigid arrangement. Nonetheless, they are opposite would be true for negative ions,
sufficiently strong to influence many physical that they would be surrounded by a shell of
properties, including boiling points of water dipoles whose H atoms were both
liquids as well as the melting points OF near the anion. Since about 1980, a series of
and molecular orientations IN solids. studies has shown that the halide anion
(known to us as chloride in the figure
3 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
above) interacts with only one of the H
a HCl gas molecules (H-Cl bond is polar covalent) are atoms, and the atoms O—H—Cl lie nearly in
dissolved in water (H-O bonds are polar covalent). The
a straight line.
interaction between and HCl molecule and an H2O
molecule can best be described as True or False
A. polar covalent T The OH-Cl “bond” in the solvation of chloride
anions by water is an example of a hydrogen bond.
B. dipole-dipole
T Hydrogen bonds occur only in liquids.
C. ion-ion
F A water molecule has an sp3 hybridized O atom so
D. none of these it is tetrahedral in its geometry.

A QUICK ASIDE: Three Common Geometries (attributable to electron domains and sp3
hybridization:
Methane: CH3 Ammonia: NH3 Water: H2O
➔ # of Electron Domains: 4
➔ # of Electron Domains: 4
➔ Bonding Domains: 2
➔ # of Electron Domains: 4 ➔ Bonding Domains: 3 (a.k.a. bonding pairs)
(a.k.a. bonding pairs)
➔ Bonding Domains: 4 ➔ Nonbonding Domains: 2
(a.k.a. bonding pairs) ➔ Nonbonding Domains: 1 (a.k.a. nonbonding or lone pairs)
(a.k.a. nonbonding or lone pairs)
➔ Nonbonding Domains: 0 ➔ Geometry: Bent
(a.k.a. nonbonding or lone pairs) ➔ Geometry: Trigonal
➔ Geometry: Tetrahedral Pyramidal ➔ H-O-H Angle: 104.45o
➔ H-C-H Angle: 109.5o ➔ H-N-H Angle: 107.8o
4 LEWIS BASE
a Ammonia, NH3, contains one lone pair of electrons (nonbonding pair); for this reason, ammonia is an example of a
Lewis base or electron-pair donor. Ammonia is also an example of a(n)
A. electrophile
B. nucleophile
C. Bronsted-Lowry acid
D. an electron-attractor
5 AMMONIA
a The lone pair of electrons in an ammonia molecule gives the molecule the ability to bond to another atom willing to
accept that lone pair – particularly useful when the other atom has no electrons to contribute to the bond (think
H+). Such a bond is called a(n)
A. a polar covalent bond

B. ion-ion bond
C. ion-dipole bond
D. coordinate covalent bond
6 AMMONIA
a If ammonia is placed in a solution of freely floating H+ cations, we would expect it to
A. bond an H+ cation to become an sp3 hybridized ammonium polyatomic cation with tetrahedral geometry
B. bond an H+ cation to become an sp3 hybridized ammonium polyatomic cation with trigonal pyramidal geometry
C. bond an H+ cation to become an sp3 hybridized ammonium polyatomic cation with bent geometry
D. release an H as a H+ cation to become an sp2 hybridized amide polyatomic anion with bent geometry

polarizable dipole ion-dipole symmetrically attract induced

short induces electrostatic polarizability (x2) ions charge
Chemistry: Charge-Induced Dipole Forces: Polarizability

The electrons in a nonpolar molecule or atom are distributed symmetrically, but the
distribution can be distorted by an approaching electrical charge.
An argon (Ar) atom has no inherent or natural dipole moment, but an approaching Na+,
with its positive charge, can attract the electrons on the side of the Ar atom it approaches
more strongly than those on the far side. By tugging on the nearby electrons with greater
strength, Na+ induces a temporary dipole moment in the Ar atom (Figure 4 below).
Figure 4: An Induced Dipole in an Ar atom (induced by Na+)
The fact that the symmetrical electron distribution of the nonpolar atom of Ar can be
“influenced” by a proximal charged species like Na+ means the nonpolar atom (or molecule in
other cases) is polarizable, and the magnitude of the dipole moment induced measures the
polarizability of the molecule.
As long as the induced dipole is present, the interaction between molecules is similar to the
ion–dipole case we covered earlier. Induced dipole forces can also be caused by a
negative ion (Figure 5 below) or by another dipole.
Figure 5: An Induced Dipole (induced by an anion)

These so-called induction forces differ from the electrostatic forces between permanent
fixed charges such as ions or dipoles. Rather, they arise from interactions between the
permanent charges or moments on one molecule and the induced moments, or the
polarizability, of another molecule. These interactions are weak and are effective only at short
range.
True or False
F The ion-induced dipole attraction is the strongest of the intermolecular interactions.
T The larger an atom gets, the greater its polarizability.

Chemistry: Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces: London Dispersion Forces
Helium (He) atoms, like the atoms of the other noble gases, are electrically neutral and
nonpolar, so none of the forces discussed so far explains the observed fact that there are
attractions between He atoms. We know such attractions must exist, because helium
becomes a liquid at 4.2 K and 1 atm.
Attractions between neutral, nonpolar atoms or molecules arise from the London
dispersion forces (often called van der Waals forces) that exist between all atoms and
molecules.
Dispersion forces are, in effect, a mutual interaction between the polarizable charge
distributions on two separate molecules, and they are always attractive. Dynamic
motions of charge around the molecule can lead to an instantaneous, temporary dipole
moment.
Such a temporary dipole on one molecule will induce a temporary dipole in the other
molecule. These transient, fluctuating dipoles attract one another in much the same way as
do permanent dipoles.
Figure 6 provides a simple view of the source of

this interaction. The polarizability increases with
the number of electrons in the atom or
molecule. Heavier atoms or molecules interact
more strongly by dispersion forces than do
lighter ones because their outer electrons are
located in shells farther from the nucleus.
These electrons are less strongly bound than

Figure 6: A fluctuation of the electron distribution of
the outer electrons of the lighter elements, on atom (or molecule) induces a corresponding
because they are shielded from the full temporary dipole moment on a neighboring atom.
attraction of the nucleus by intervening The two dipole moments interact to give a net
electrons. attractive force, called a “dispersion force.”
Consequently, they are more easily distorted by external fields of neighboring dipoles. Dispersion
forces are always attractive and fall off as R-6. These interactions are short ranged, much
more so than dipole–dipole forces.
True or False
F Dispersion forces are permanent, explaining how nonpolar molecules can attract for long times.
Repulsive Forces
As atoms or molecules approach each other closely, repulsive forces come into play and can
overcome the attractive forces considered so far. The source of these forces is the strong
repulsion between the core (non-valence) electrons when neighboring atoms are forced close to
each other. This contribution is negligible until the distance between centers becomes small, at
which point the repulsive energy increases rapidly as distance is reduced further.

high increase Coulomb potential energy kinetic higher

ions negligible polar polarizability liquids nonpolar
Intermolecular Forces in Liquids

The same intermolecular forces that make gases deviate from ideal behavior are responsible for
the existence of solids and liquids. At very high temperatures, these forces are negligible
because the high kinetic energy of the molecules disrupts all possible attractions;
NB: all materials are gaseous at sufficiently high temperatures. At lower

temperatures, where materials are in the liquid state, molecules are close together and
the details of the intermolecular potential energy determine their properties.
Substances with strong attractive intermolecular forces tend to remain liquids at higher
temperatures than those with weaker intermolecular forces; they have higher normal
boiling points, Tb.
Ionic liquids generally have the strongest attractions, because of the Coulomb interaction
among charged ions, and thus have high boiling points. Molten NaCl, for example, boils at
1686 K under atmospheric pressure (1 atm).
At the opposite extreme, the boiling point of helium at 1 atm pressure is only 4.2 K. Within
a series of related compounds, those of higher molar mass tend to have higher normal
boiling points. This trend arises from the increased polarizability of the heavier
compounds, not from the increased mass per se.
Progressing from helium to radon,

normal boiling points increase, as do
the strengths of the attractive forces
among the noble gases. These forces
arise from the polarizability of the
atoms.
Between the noble-gas and ionic
liquids falls a class of liquids called
polar liquids.
In liquid HCl, the molecules arrange

themselves to the greatest extent
possible with neighboring dipoles
oriented to minimize the dipole–
dipole potential energy. As we
noted earlier, the dipole–dipole
intermolecular forces in such polar Figure 7: Trends in Boiling Points of Hydrides of
liquids are weaker than the ion–ion
Some Main Group Elements and of the Noble Gases
Coulombic forces in ionic liquids but
stronger than the dispersion forces in
nonpolar liquids such as liquid N2.

Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP STOP HERE

BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY (A Tiny Bit of Physics) Minutes

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MCAT PREPARATION – SPRING 2019 She got her good looks from her

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

carbonic anhydrase III. slow the delivery of oxygen gas to

Figure Q1: CO2 & H20 are substrates of

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

A. has high solubility in polar environments

B. has low solubility in aqueous environments

C. has low solubility in nonpolar environments

B. defective carbonic anhydrase

D. increased RBC membrane permeability to H+

Question 5 thru 10 are discrete (non-passage based).

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

A. animal cells are quite compressible and can easily be destroyed

B. animal cells are quite incompressible and resilient to being destroyed

C. animal cells have highly nonpolar internal environments

D. animal cells have highly hydrophobic internal environments

A. the weakest of intermolecular attractive forces of any state

Q10 SURFACE TENSION

The primary reason for the “dome” formed is

A. water characteristically forms “domes” at room temperature

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

structure directional phosphate MOLECULAR unsaturation weaker

CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL Throwback: Phospholipids

It would make sense for us to distinguish the

CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL Chemistry: Dipole-Dipole Forces

potential decreased dissolved R-3 near 10 weak

Chemistry: Dipole-Dipole Forces Chemistry: Ion-Dipole Forces

◼ Increasing the distance between a

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

➔ H-C-H Angle: 109.5o ➔ H-N-H Angle: 107.8o

A. a polar covalent bond

D. coordinate covalent bond

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

polarizable dipole ion-dipole symmetrically attract induced

Chemistry: Charge-Induced Dipole Forces: Polarizability

Figure 4: An Induced Dipole in an Ar atom (induced by Na+)

Figure 5: An Induced Dipole (induced by an anion)

T The larger an atom gets, the greater its polarizability.

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

Figure 6 provides a simple view of the source of

These electrons are less strongly bound than

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

high increase Coulomb potential energy kinetic higher

Intermolecular Forces in Liquids

NB: all materials are gaseous at sufficiently high temperatures. At lower

Progressing from helium to radon,

In liquid HCl, the molecules arrange

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY

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