Session 3 Packet - Wednesday, 05-29-2019 - Prepacket 3.2 - Carlos Ortiz

MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP

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Copyright © 2019 Carlos Ortiz | 305.785.5005 | www.mrcarlosortiz.com | carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com page 1 of 8
Vic, this PrePacket 3.2 addresses the idea that Physics concepts are no longer a major
PP focus as they once were (once upon a time, before 2015, the “PHYSICAL SCIENCES”
section of the MCAT was comprised strictly of GENERAL CHEMISTRY and PHYSICS
topics – that is no longer the case). Instead, all the physics you need to know is now
tested within the confines of the Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological
3.2
Systems section of the test. The idea now is for you to show your mastery of all the
physics and chemistry principles that are a part of good scientific inquiry and
reasoning.
NOTA BENE (NB): The blanks continue as a running theme. GOOD LUCK with those!
# of Elements: 87
Topics: PHYSICS
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 60-90 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: PHYSICS: Motion and Force
Check these off as we
complete them.
PrePacket 3.2
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
joules (x2) velocity newtons acceleration 2nd

vector nonzero motion time magnitude

PHYSICS: Motion, Force, & F
The equation Fnet = ma � a = net is a
m
Energy mathematical interpretation of Newton’s 2nd
INTRODUCTION: The Basics law of motion.
Vic, since you’ve taken physics, let’s jump The law essentially states that any mass,
right into a series of equations that consider m, acted upon by a nonzero net force,
important principles: Fnet, will experience an acceleration, a.
NB: Acceleration is a vector quantity
Dv Dv
Fnet = ma a = � Fnet = m which signifies it has both a magnitude
Dt Dt
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 43
and a direction. If ANY acceleration
occurs on an object, the velocity of the
Wnet = Fnet (cosq )d =DPE =mg (Dh) object, which is ALSO A VECTOR
Note: Wnet = F(cosq )d QUANTITY, is changed somehow.
Fnet � "net force" measured in newtons (N)
m � "mass" measured in kilograms (kg) 2 Work – Not a State Function
a � "acceleration" measured in meters a A bacterial cell that has a single polar
per second per second (m/s/s = m/s 2 = m s -2 ) flagellum alternately repeats forward
Dv = vf - vi � "change in velocity" measured in
swimming, in which the flagellum pushes the
meters per second (m/s = m s-1 )
Dt = tf - ti � "elapsed time" measured in cell body, and backward swimming, in which
seconds (s) the flagellum pulls the cell body. During one
d � "distance" measured in meters (m) push, the force exerted by the flagellum is 0.5
Wnet � "net work" measured in joules (J) μN moving the bacterium forward 0.04 μm
q � "angle" between F and d measured in degrees (o ) while the alternating pull by the flagellum has
DPE = PEf - PEi � "change in potential energy"
measured in joules (J) a magnitude of 0.2 μN moving the bacterium
g � "gravity" measured in meters per second backward 0.01 μm. What work does the
per second (m/s/s = m/s 2 = m s -2 ) flagellum perform during this complete push-
Dh = hf - hi � "change in height" measured in pull cycle?
meters (m)
A. 2.0 x 10-14 J
I will ask you to remember that work is NOT ` B. 1.8 x 10-15 J
A STATE FUNCTION which means that it does C. 2.0 x 10-15 J
NOT DEPEND ONLY on the initial and final D. 2.2 x 10-15 J
states of a SYSTEM; instead, it is E. 1.8 x 10-14 J
DEPENDENT on the path taken as a system
Now, let’s delve into an explanation on how to
goes from its initial to its final state.
answer the following question (Victoria, this
won’t be an MCAT question – the purpose of
1 WORK what follows is to introduce you to a NEW WAY
a According to the equation for WORK above, OF BREAKING DOWN questions of this kind):
force and distance
The owner of a warehouse asks an engineer
A. are directly proportional to design a ramp that will aid workers in
B. vary directly reducing the force they must exert to lift
C. are inversely proportional boxes to the top of a 0.25-m high cylindrical
D. are linearly related platform. The area where these boxes are
E. always change in the “same direction” by “lifted” only allows for 3 m ramp base. What
the same factor is the maximum factor by which the lifting
force COULD BE REDUCED?
distance constant less work

Wnet DECREASE force inversely

Vic, some basic facts about this “ramp” problem: If you were able to answer #3, Vic, then you
 A ramp is a simple machine which does now have a more intimate understanding of
NOT CHANGE the amount of work the following:
performed on an object (in this case, to
lift the box from the floor onto the  Because the product of force and
platform). distance must be constant according
to W = Fd , we say force and distance
 In the equation
are inversely proportional.
Wnet = Fnet (cosq )d = DPE = mg (Dh) ,
m, g , and Dh are constants, so Wnet is  When two variables vary inversely, if
one INCREASES BY A CERTAIN FACTOR,
constant. the other must DECREASE BY THE
Vic, a MUCH SIMPLER VERSION of this SAME FACTOR.
equation is: W = Fd .  In our RAMP example above, the
“longer” the ramp, the less the amount
 Ramps do NOT CHANGE THE AMOUNT OF
of force needed to raise the box onto
WORK PERFORMED, but they do change
the platform.
both the distance and force needed to
perform that work.
4 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF OUR RAMP
3 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF OUR RAMP a In the figure above, if the top of the platform
would be 0.5 m above the ground, our applied
a If you have understood our analysis thus far,
force along the ramp (compared to lifting the
Vic, consider the figure above. One way to get
box straight from the ground onto the
the box from the ground to is to PUSH IT UP
platform) would be
0.25 m directly from the floor to the top of the
cylindrical platform. If the ramp is used A. greater by a factor of 6
instead, the PUSH would be less by a factor of B. less by a factor of 6
A. 12 C. greater by a factor of 3
B. 9 D. less by a factor of 3
C. 6 E. impossible to determine
D. 3
E. 1/3 True or False
F Simple machines reduce the amount of work
performed on an object.
liquids repelling attractive separation balance decrease shortened

potential same push molar repulsive collisions speeds

THROWBACK TOPIC: Molar Volume initially dominate UNTIL the distance
Vic, the similarity of molar volumes of between
solid and liquid states of the SAME their centers, R, becomes short enough for
SUBSTANCE suggests that the separation the repulsive forces to begin to become
between neighboring molecules in the two significant.
states is approximately the same.
Density measurements show m

Note: D =
the distances between the v
nuclei of atoms at the far edge
of one molecule and the near edge of a
neighboring molecule, usually range from Once the repulsive forces become
3 × 10-10 m to 5 × 10-10 m in both solids
and liquids. At these distances, longer range significant, if the atoms are forced still
attractive forces and shorter range repulsive closer together, they now respond by
forces just balance one another, resulting in repelling each other with a strongly
a minimum in the potential energy. WHAT increasing force as the distance between
DOES THIS MEAN, VICTORIA … this idea of a them is further shortened.
minimum of potential energy? Read the
following very carefully: These interactions can be described by a
potential energy curve measuring
As a pair of molecules approaches one
potential V as a function of separation R
another, the forces between them
 V(R).
generate potential energy, which
competes with the kinetic energy Check out
associated with their speeds. this curve
for the
This potential energy can do one of two noble gases
things: Helium
(i) increase the molar volume occupied (He) and
by the gas through intermolecular Argon (Ar):
repulsions which would push the
molecules apart, or
5 V(R)
(ii) decrease the pressure exerted by
a According to the potential energy curve
the gas molecules by temporarily above,
attracting molecules to form dimers
and in the process reducing the rate I. If two molecules can lower their
of collisions with the walls. energy by moving farther apart,
then a net repulsive force initially
exists between them.
The potential energy is our means to
II. If two molecules can lower their
describe systematically how intermolecular
energy by moving closer to each
forces cause these two effects. The noble other, then a net attractive force
gases provide the simplest example. initially exists between them.
As two noble gas atoms (an Ar with III. When potential energy between two
another Ar or a He with another He) gas molecules is at a minimum, their
approach one another, attractive forces attraction and repulsion balance
each other.
A. I and II
` B. I and III
C. II and III
D. III only
E. I, II, and III
position path irrelevant vector distance time

apart equal straight right scalar displacement (x2)
Motion: Translational Motion 7 Distance vs. Displacement
We should know the following (and well): a
1) distance (a scalar quantity)
2) displacement (a vector quantity which
represents the change in position or
location of an object),
3) velocity (another vector quantity) and
4) acceleration (yet another vector
quantity)
Which of the following is accurate regarding
are all quantities important to our the three paths above (X, Y, and Z)
understanding of motion. connecting points A and B?
Here are two more equations which should A. The distance along path Y is also the
be VERY FAMILIAR TO YOU: displacement from A to B
` B. The distance along path X is equal to the
v = d v = Dx
uu
r distance along path Z.
t t C. The displacement along path X is equal to

the displacement along path Z.
v � "speed" measured in meters per second (m/s = m s -1 ) D. The distance along path X is also the
d � "distance" measured in meters (m) displacement from A to B
t � "elapsed time" measured in seconds (s)
E. The distance along path Z is also the
r
v � "velocity" measured in meters per second (m/s = m s -1 ) displacement from A to B
Dx = xf - xi � "change in position" measured in meters (m)
In the figure for question 7 above, if it is
Distance considers the actual path taken to revealed that point B is exactly 25 meters to
move from some initial location to some the right of point A, then:
final location.  the distance from A to B is 25 m while
Displacement only considers how far apart the displacement from A to B is 25 m
the initial and final locations are without to the right (now we include direction).
consideration for how an object got from one  if an ant moves from point A to point B
to the other (path is irrelevant in this case). but the path it takes is unknown, then
the only thing certain about its
6 Distance vs. Displacement
movement is that its displacement is
a A man walks along an x-axis from point A 25 m to the right.
located at x = +1 to point B at x = +4 and
then to point C at x = -5. What are his  Based on what we’ve learned on this
distance and displacement from point A to page so far, it is safe to conclude that
point C? for a motion, the displacement and the
A. distance = 12, displacement = 12 distance are not necessarily equal.
` B. distance = 12, displacement = -9 They would only be equal if the
movement occurred from one point to
C. distance = 9, displacement = -12
another along a straight path – also
D. distance = 12, displacement = -12
known as a rectilinear path.
E. distance = 9, displacement = 9
True or False
True or False
T Gases are very compressible.
T Displacement is a vector quantity.

Motion: Translational Motion 10 Instantaneous Speed vs. Instantaneous Velocity
Considering the three paths above again, if a Using the information from question 8 above,
point A is now 50 m from point B and a man what is the instantaneous velocity of the
walks from point A to point B in 100 s, which particle throughout the entire path?
of the following is accurate about his motion?
A. 0.5 m/s to the right
A. His average speed is 0.5 m/s B. 50 m/s to the right
` B. His average velocity is 0.5 m/s to the right C. 2.5 m/s to the right
C. His average speed is 2 m/s D. 25 m/s to the right
D. His average velocity is 2 m/s to the right E. impossible to determine
E. Both A and B
11 Average Velocity
Vic, don’t move on until you feel you a Using the information from question 8 above,
ABSOLUTELY KNOW the correct answer to the what is the average velocity of the particle
question above! throughout the entire path?
8 Instantaneous Speed vs. Instantaneous Velocity A. 0.5 m/s to the right

a Consider path Y, the straight path from point ` B. 0.5 m/s
A to B in the figure above. Let’s say the path C. 0.27 m/s to the right
is 50 m long. A moving particle covers the D. 2.5 m/s to the right
first half of the path in 10 s and then it covers
E. impossible to determine
the remaining half of the path in 90 s. What is
the instantaneous speed of the particle
during the first half of the path? Once we know about the velocity of an object
at different times along its motion, we can
A. 0.5 m/s determine the rate of change of that
B. 100 m/s velocity: this is what we call acceleration, a,
C. 2.5 m/s experience by (or acting on) the object:
D. 25 m/s
E. impossible to determine Vectors:
r Scalars:
a = Dv
r Dv
a=
9 Instantaneous Speed vs. Instantaneous Velocity
a Using the information from question 8 above,
what is the instantaneous velocity of the
t t
particle during the first half of the path?
NB: Recall that velocity is a vector quantity
A. 0.5 m/s to the right (has BOTH a magnitude and a direction).
B. 50 m/s to the right READ CAREFULLY:
C. 2.5 m/s to the right ANY change in velocity (whether it be a
D. 25 m/s to the right change in the MAGNITUDE or the DIRECTION)
E. impossible to determine means an acceleration has occurred.

constant same work change rate inversely 1/3d displacement (x2)

acceleratio scalar reducing speed (x2) vector velocity potential DOWNWARD
n -2
decreases slows direction ms zero rectilinear gravity distance (x2)
If an object moves from one height to another [recall: Wnet = Fnet (cosq )d = DPE = mg (Dh) ]
work must have been performed on it. From the equation it is evident that if work is performed
on an object, its potential energy is changed. It should also be evident that if an object is raised
(or lowered) so that its “change in height, Dh ” is the same regardless of the PATH taken to raise
or lower it, the work performed on it is constant for all paths.
According to W = Fd , force and distance are inversely proportional. If for a given amount of
work a force F is applied over a distance d, then for the same work a force of 3F would be
applied over a distance of 1/3d. This reinforces the fact that a simple machine like ramp does not
change the amount of work necessary for a motion, it just makes it easier to perform by
reducing the amount of force necessary for the motion.
Distance has magnitude only and is therefore considered a scalar quantity while
displacement has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. If an object
moves from point A to point B, we know that the displacement of the object depends ONLY on
the separation from A to B and not on the path taken by the object – its distance traveled DOES
depend on the specific path it takes. .
In the figure to the left, for an object that moves from

point A to point B (first along path X and later along path
Y), the distance will be LONGER for path X while the
displacement will be the same for both paths.
If the object completes its motion along both paths in the
SAME AMOUNT OF TIME (for example, in 100 s), then the
magnitude of its average speed along path A will be
greater than the magnitude of its average velocity along
path A. The magnitude of both its average speed and
average velocity will be the same for path Y because that is the case for a rectilinear path.
The acceleration of an object is measured by changes in its velocity. Since velocity is a

vector, it has both magnitude and direction so either of these could change if the object
experiences an acceleration. Because acceleration also takes into account the time it takes for
the velocity to change, its units are m/s/s or m s-2. The acceleration of a moving object is
often referred to as the rate of change of its velocity.
Again, if an object experiences an acceleration, that means its velocity CHANGES during some
TIME PERIOD. If the acceleration and velocity are in the SAME DIRECTION, the speed of the
object increases. If, instead, the acceleration and velocity are in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, the
speed of the object decreases.
Consider an object TOSSED STRAIGHT UPWARD. The gravity of the earth is actually an
acceleration that ALWAYS ACTS DOWNWARD. When the object is climbing, the acceleration
on the object is OPPOSITE to its velocity so the object slows to an eventual halt. The halt is
temporary as the object reaches its peak height where its velocity momentarily drops to zero.
Then gravity accelerates the object BACK DOWN to the ground.
STOP HERE

Session 3 Packet - Wednesday, 05-29-2019 - Prepacket 3.2 - Carlos Ortiz

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MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS

Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP

joules (x2) velocity newtons acceleration 2nd

MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS

distance constant less work

MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS

liquids repelling attractive separation balance decrease shortened

MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS

Density measurements show m

position path irrelevant vector distance time

t t C. The displacement along path X is equal to

MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS

8 Instantaneous Speed vs. Instantaneous Velocity A. 0.5 m/s to the right

MCAT PREPARATION – PHYSICS

constant same work change rate inversely 1/3d displacement (x2)

In the figure to the left, for an object that moves from

The acceleration of an object is measured by changes in its velocity. Since velocity is a

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