Quant. Reasoning - Physics - Biology - Chemistry - Psychology & Sociology

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANT.
REASONING | PHYSICS | BIOLOGY | CHEMISTRY | PSYCHOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY

Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP
PLEASE CONTINUE ON THE NEXT PAGE >
Copyright © 2018 Carlos Ortiz | 305.785.5005 | www.mrcarlosortiz.com | carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com page 1 of 14
# of Elements: 115
Topics: BIOLOGY, SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, & PHYSICS
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 180-300 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: PrePacket 3 (3.1, 3.2, 3.3) Review
Check these off as we
complete them. OPENING QUIZ
M3
QUIZ REVIEW
BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

LIVING SYSTEMS: Biological Molecules
MCAT PREPARATION – QUANT. REASONING | PHYSICS | BIOLOGY | CHEMISTRY | PSYCHOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY
Finally, a theory can be evaluated in
OPENING QUIZ terms of how well it contributes to the
development of new research as well as
Question Q1 thru Q5 practical applications that may arise out
of that research.
Psychology and sociology are academic
fields that require students to both study and  The theory of evolution by natural
understand the world around them. To that selection put forth by Charles Darwin is
end, scientific research entails the use of perhaps one of the most well-known and
models and theories to organize and properly studied. Darwin exposed the idea that
conceptualize topics. Being able to reason the intricate complexity of life and the
flexibly – with an open mind that can embrace complex relationships among life-forms
newly presented information – will allow a could emerge and survive from natural
student to comprehend the finer details among processes, with no need for a designer or
competing models and theories. The student an ark. He opened the human mind to
must be mindful of the strengths and pursuing natural science unimpaired by
weaknesses of models and theories rather than supernatural prejudices. His theory was
just accept them as fact without challenge. so revolutionary that some people still
doubt it.
 Models are useful in that they provide an
approximation – a physical or conceptual
representation of some scientific Q1 Models & Theories
phenomenon that cannot be observed a In chemistry, the locations and movements of
directly. electrons has long dominated chemical
phenomenon. The shapes assigned to orbitals
Studies of models are invaluable in letting are convenient representations of
students infer and arrive at salient mathematical probabilities about where
conclusions. electrons may be and where they are going.
The p-orbital is often depicted as a dumbbell
The biopsychosocial (BPS) approach shape. Which of the following is accurate
(often referred to as the BPS Model), is a regarding this depiction?
multi-tiered framework of levels that
A. The p-orbital depiction is an example of a
together make up an individual. In recent
theory that can be tested. Electrons found
decades it has become the go-to to move within a spherical region are said
organizational tool that helps healthcare to be in an s-orbital while those that move
providers consider all factors – biological within a dumbbell region must be in a p-
and nonbiological – that affect an orbital. Based on careful analyses of
individual’s health and influence an electron movements, the theory can be
individual’s illness. modified.
 Theories do bear some similarity to B. The p-orbital depiction is not a model nor a
models and are critical to advancing theory. It is simply the idea that electrons
are found outside of a nucleus but not in
scientific research. One distinction,
circular or elliptical orbits; instead, they are
however, is that theories can be connected found in a general “cloud” comprise of
to actual experiments and the observable differently shaped regions.
results they yield. In other words, theories
C. There is no actual p-orbital in existence.
can be formed or modified to explain the
The dumbbell shape is merely a model that
results of studies as well as to inform the
affords scientists a way to accurately
design of new studies. A theory provides predict how electrons are managed in the
the scientist with a conceptual framework formation of ions, ionic bonds, and covalent
for understanding the objects of study, bonds.
such as how people behave in group
D. The p-orbital exists but its dumbbell shape
settings and why they behave that way.
is not certain. Therefore, the dumbbell
The validity of a theory can be supported notion is a theory that must be tested for
or undermined by the results of research. validity.
Q2 Models & Theories
a According to the passage, because scientists construct both models and theories to help them
organize their research and perspectives on naturally occurring phenomena,
A. they are generally accepted as correct and concise interpretations of natural phenomena
B. they are subjective interpretations put forth by a few individuals working in specialized areas.
C. they are abstract interpretations that ultimately serve little use in science.
D. they are prone to change over time along with trends in scientific though.
Q3 BPS
a Consider a physician who has mostly practiced the biomedical approach and one who is more invested
in the biopsychosocial (BPS) model. They disagree on the proper treatment of a patient who presents
with symptoms of a neurological disorder such as Alzheimer’s dementia. Which of the following
describes a feature of the BPS model that would contribute to the disagreement?
A. The BPS model would begin with the assumption that the symptoms are primarily attributable to
biological deficiencies such as a diminished neuron count and the growth of brain plaques.
B. The BPS model would contend that the dementia is likely the result of a combination of factors
including prolong isolation of the individual – loneliness – which might duly exacerbate anatomical
deterioration of brain structures already compromised by biological deficiencies.
C. According to the BPS model, nonbiological factors are the most important in diagnosing and treating
any disease; this point of view runs contrary to the tenets of the biomedical point of view.
D. The BPS model would strictly consider only brain-related factors including head trauma and
potential malignant tissue while the biomedical approach would consider environmental and
social/psychological factors as contributors to the dementia.
Q4 Theories
a It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Darwin’s theory of evolution
A. maintains that natural processes are influenced by the hand of god – the designer.
B. holds that nature sets the stage for all species and those that can perform, do, while others that
cannot perform are ushered off the stage.
C. purports that man must step in so that other species can properly interact without any unfair
advantage over another and allow evolution to then proceed.
D. had been repudiated by unnatural biases before he correctly explained how it works in nature.
Q5 Models
a Under the tenets of the biomedical model, how would a morbidly obese (more than 30 pounds over
normal clinical weight based on height and gender) individual be treated?
A. The patient would be prescribed weight loss drugs along with a recommendation for bariatric
(weigh-loss) surgery.
B. The patient’s history of family obesity and current family status would be considered and a proper
diet analysis would ensue before starting the patient on a doctor-monitored weight loss program.
C. The patient’s current diet would be considered, modified accordingly, and psychological counseling
would be recommended.
D. Surgery would be discussed as an option after a thorough analysis of how long the patient has been
obese and whether any past injuries or diseases may have contributed to the current obesity.
Question 6 thru 16 are discrete (non-passage based).

Q6 A Falling Object
a A falling object will fall y meters according to y = vit + 0.5at2 where vi, a, and t are the initial velocity,
acceleration, and time fallen, respectively, for the object. A ball is dropped from a very tall building. If
it falls y1 meters during the first three seconds and y2 meters during the fourth second such that
y2 = cy1 what is the value of c? (ignore air resistance)
A. 23/9
` B. 9/7
C. 9/23
D. 7/9
Q7 Potential Energy
a
The graph above shows the potential energy curves representing the distribution of potential energies
between identical noble gas atoms in two different noble gas samples (He and Ar). According to the
graph what is the approximate potential energy between two He atoms that are not significantly
attracting or repelling each other?
A. -2 x 10-21 J
B. -2 x 10-22 J
C. 4.5 x 10-21 J
D. -5.0 x 10-22 J
Q8 Uniform Acceleration
a A car is uniformly accelerated in a westward direction at a rate of 3 miles per hour every second. The
car’s initial velocity was 45 miles per hour in the eastward direction. After experiencing the
acceleration described for 18 seconds, which of the following is most accurate about this car’s
velocity?
A. It is smaller in magnitude at 9 miles per hour and the car is now traveling west.
B. It is larger in magnitude at 99 miles per hour and the car is now traveling west.
C. It is smaller in magnitude at 9 miles per hour and the car is still traveling east.
D. It is larger in magnitude at 54 miles per hour and the car is still traveling east.
Q9 Gases, Liquids, and Solids

a One general trend in chemistry maintains that as the molecular weight, MW, of a molecule increases,
a sample of that molecule is more likely to be in liquid phase at a given temperature. The molecular
weight of carbon dioxide, CO2, is 44 a.m.u while that of water, H2O, is 18 a.m.u. According to the
trend described, if either molecule were to be in gas form at room temperature, it should be water.
Interestingly, water is a liquid at room temperature while carbon dioxide is a gas. The most likely
explanation for this unexpected outcome is that
A. the O-H covalent bond exists twice within a water molecule while there is no O-H bond in carbon
dioxide so the presence of two of these bonds in water allows it to remain a liquid at room
temperature.
B. the C=O double bond in carbon dioxide is shorter and therefore weaker than the O-H single bond in
water allowing water to remain a liquid at room temperature while carbon dioxide evaporates.
C. hydrogen bonding between water molecules is stronger than the the intermolecular forces between
carbon dioxide molecules, allowing water to be a liquid at room temperature.
D. hydrogen bonding between the H and O atoms in a water molecule is stronger than the
intermolecular forces between carbon dioxide molecules, allowing water to be a liquid at room
temperature.
Q10 Displacement | Distance

a
The figure above shows three paths from point A to point B. If a particle moves from A to B along
paths Y and Z during two different trials and completes each path in the same amount of time,
which of the following is most accurate about the average speed and velocity of the particle?
A. Its average speed is the same for both paths; its average velocity is larger for path Z.
B. Its average velocity is the same for both paths; its average speed is larger for path Z.
C. Its average speed and velocity are the same for both paths.
D. impossible to determine without information about the path lengths and the time to complete
them.
Q11 Velocity vs. Time

a Particle motion is particularly important for
understanding motility and response times for
both naturally motile cells (i.e. sperm) as well
as drug efficacy. From a velocity versus time
analysis, a particle’s acceleration and
displacement can be determined. The particle’s acceleration, assumed to be uniform, is the slope of
the velocity versus time graph for a given time interval while the particle’s displacement is simply
the signed area between the curve and the time axis. What are the average acceleration and
displacement, respectively, of a particle for the interval t = 5 seconds to t = 15 seconds if its
velocity versus time graph is the one shown here in this problem?
A. average acceleration: about 0.5 m s-2; displacement: exactly 62.5 m.

B. average acceleration: exactly 5 m s-2; displacement: exactly 75 m.
C. average acceleration: about 0.33 m s-2; displacement: exactly 87.5 m.
D. average acceleration: about 5 m s-2; displacement: exactly 62.5 m.
Q12 Gases
a Which of the following is most accurate regarding gases when compared to condensed states (liquids
and solids)?
A. In gases, intermolecular forces are much weaker than in condensed states; this leads to a greater
expansion for a given temperature increase than would occur in condensed states.
B. Hydrogen bonding is weakest in gases which accounts for the large separations between gas
particles; in contrast, it is much stronger in liquids and solids which accounts for the greater
“compaction” of liquid and solid particles.
C. Gases move much faster at room temperature than do liquids and solids which tend to be more
viscous and move at considerably slower speeds.
D. In gases, intramolecular forces are much weaker than in condensed states; this leads to a greater
expansion for a given temperature increase than would occur in condensed states.
Q13 Displacement | Distance

a A racehorse manages to complete four full laps around a 500-m circular track in 100 seconds. What
was the magnitude of the racehorse’s average velocity for the four laps?
A. 5 m/s
` B. 0.2 m/s
C. 20 m/s
D. 0 m/s
Q14 Acid Strength

a The halogens (Group 7) consists of fluorine (the most electronegative element on the periodic
table), chlorine, bromine, and iodine. While hydrogen fluoride gas (HF(g)) immersed in water would
then be aqueous (HF(aq)) and called hydrofluoric acid, it is considered weak in its acidity. In stark
contrast, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, and hydroiodic acids are much stronger with acidity increasing
as we go from chlorine down to iodine. The primary reason for this increase in acidity of the
hydrohalic acids as we go from fluorine down to iodine is
A. the increase in atom size (I is the largest halogen) which allows it to most handily manage the
subsequent net negative charge it acquires when the H+ ion is released; this is called the
electronegativity of the atom.
B. the increase in atom size (I is the largest halogen) which allows it to most handily manage the
resonance of the atom.
C. the increase in atom size (I is the largest halogen) which allows it to most handily manage the
polarizability of the atom.
D. the increase in atom size (I is the largest halogen) which allows it to manage the subsequent net
negative charge it acquires when the H+ ion is released; this is called the ionic ability of the atom.
Q15 One-dimensional projectile motion

a A baseball is tossed upward in the absence of any wind so that it does not drift “to the side.” It
peaks as its velocity momentarily drops in magnitude to “0” and then falls back down. Where along
its path does the baseball experience the greatest acceleration?
A. While it is ascending.
B. Acceleration is the same at all points along its path.
C. While it is descending.
D. At its peak height.
E. Just as it is tossed upward.
Q16 Who’s Who

a
The reactants above are the hydronium cation and methanol (methyl alcohol). Which of the following
is accurate about these reactants?
A. The methanol O atom is oxygen rich and will act as a base, abstracting a proton from the
hydronium; the products will be water and protonated methanol.
B. The methanol O atom is oxygen rich and will act as a nucleophile, attacking the electron-deficient
O atom of the hydronium; the product will be a methano-hydronium hybrid molecule in which all
charges cancel.
C. The hydronium oxygen atom is electron rich and will act as a base, abstracting the final H atom
from methanol; the products will be a protonated hydronium and a methoxy anion.
D. The hydronium is very acidic and will behave like an electrophile, releasing its proton; the
+
methanol is an unreactive alcohol and the products will be water, H , and methanol.
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
carbon proteins nucleotide weaker intermolecular structure hydrogen boiling

covalent solvent polar directional macromolecule gases dipoles ranges
BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL 3) Intermolecular forces occur at much
longer ranges than covalent bonds.
FOUNDATIONS OF LIVING
SYSTEMS: Biological Molecules 1 Water
a Water is the solvent in which the chemical
Biological Molecules: Intro reactions of living cells take place. Which of the
Vic, we’ve already begun discussing the following is most accurate about the cell
structure and basic functions of some of the makeup of water?
major chemical components of living cells and
A. 10 to 20 percent of a cell’s mass is made up
their corresponding surroundings (remember
of water
our discussions of lipid bilayer
B. Most of a cell’s water is located in the lipid
membranes?)
bilayer which explains the bilayer’s fluidity.
In any case, today we’ll delve into C. 70 to 80 percent of a cell’s mass is made up
classification and the fact that the majority of water
of biological molecules we’ll encounter can be D. The cell cytosol is 100% water.
classified as lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins, or nucleotide derivatives. Water is a small polar molecule that can
Collectively these are the macromolecules participate in the very famous hydrogen
Or biomolecules. bonding on which we’ve touched on quite a
bit so far.
Each has a carbon skeleton and along
with water and other minerals, they form In Q9 of our opening quiz today, we saw
living cells and their environments. that although MOST MOLECULES AS LIGHT
AS WATER would be gases at room
When we begin to understand that the temperature as well as at typical cell
function or job of each molecule type is temperatures, water “bucks” this behavior;
closely tied to its structure (and instead, because of hydrogen bonding,
subsequent unique characteristics), then has a higher boiling point.
we’ll be well on our way to a superb
comprehension of the biology and 2 Water
biochemistry the MCAT folks want us to a The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds
have. elevates its boiling point. As a result,
Let’s quickly revisit some old notes: A. water remains in a liquid state in the cellular
environment
Intermolecular forces differ from
B. water freezes at temperatures below the
intramolecular forces in several ways:
expected 0 oC, a behavior known as a
1) Intermolecular forces are generally freezing point depression
weaker than covalent bonds. For C. water can be used to cook meals at high
example, it takes 239,000 J (or 239 kJ) altitudes
to break 1 mol of Cl-Cl nonpolar D. water contributes more than expected to
covalent bonds, but only 1.2 kJ to lipid bilayer fluidity
overcome 1 mol of Ar-Ar interactions. True or False
2) Intermolecular forces are much less F Phospholipids are bipolar (uncharged
directional than covalent bonds “phospho” head, charged FA tail) which
(polar covalent bonds have distinct makes them amphipathic.
dipoles that indicate that direction).
macromolecule
dissolved phospholipids ester Dehydration polar squeezed solvate
s
water solvated by-product peptide hydrophobic glycerol cohesive dissolves
Hydrogen bonding provides for additional, In a standard hydrolysis reaction, a

important characteristics about WATER and macromolecule is BROKEN DOWN into two
how it interacts with other molecules when it smaller molecules through the addition of
is the solvent. water.
Water molecules are fairly cohesive meaning
they “stick” together quite nicely (we’ve seen 3 Energy
this with surface tension) and because of a The hydrolysis of which of the following
their BUILT IN POLARITY, they can either provides the body with its major source of
energy?
1) PULL APART other polar hydrophilic
molecules (or ionic formula units) and A. GTP
SURROUND or solvate them. Ultimately, B. glucose
the water molecules form nice, ordered C. ATP
networks around these dissolved species. D. pyruvate
4 Digestion
a Digestion of ingested foods and liquids is
primarily comprised of breaking bonds and
adding the H and OH of water to either end of
the two smaller molecules. This is called
A. dehydration of macromolecules
OR B. assembly of macromolecules
C. ionization of macromolecules
2) REPEL nonpolar hydrophobic
D. hydrolysis of macromolecules
molecules away from themselves and
toward each other, causing them to Dehydration is the reverse reaction of
congregate together. hydrolysis. The basic reaction is the
combination of two molecules to form a larger
NB – Chemistry Connection: molecule with water being formed (or
Polar molecules or ionic released) as a by-product. We’ve talked
compounds are readily solvated about an important bond that is formed this
by water; nonpolar molecules are NOT way:
solvated but instead “squeezed” toward the ester bond that is essential
each other. These behaviors are what lead to the formation of phospholipids
to the famous “like dissolves like” solvent- and triglycerides (backbone is glycerol)
solute conclusion we come to in chemistry.
We will also come to appreciate that
2 Water dehydration reactions are also the major
a Besides being the “universal solvent,” water productive pathway to a protein peptide
often acts a reactant or product. Most bonds as well as to the creation of
macromolecules of living cells are broken polysaccharides.
apart via
True or False
A. hydrolysis
F The intermolecular hydrogen bond is stronger
B. ATP-induced splitting than the intramolecular H-X bond where X =
C. enzyme-catalyzed reactions O, N, or F.
D. dehydration
solubility membranes single fats structure Energy hormones cell

PROTEIN hydrophobic carboxylic 24 poly Saturated nonpolar steroids
Biological Molecules: Lipids 5 Lipids

Vic, there is so much to know about the a Fatty acids (FAs) contain particularly long
macromolecules and we need to start carbon chains. These chains are most likely
somewhere – let’s begin with lipids responsible for which of the following
(colloquially referred to as fats). characteristics of lipids?
Firstly, they are essential to life – without A. They serve as precursors to other biological
them, the basic unit of life, the cell, would molecules.
not exist. But they do much more than B. They solvate nicely in polar solvents like
provide for a nice lipid bilayer. We will soon water.
learn that although lipids are characterized by C. They store significant amounts of energy per
their structures and functional groups, they gram.
ALL SHARE one important characteristic: D. They can congregate together more tightly
than nonlipid molecules.
low solubility in water and high solubility
in nonpolar organic solvents. 6 Lipids
a Which of the following is the likely reason lipids
In other words, lipids are nonpolar and are useful precursors for signaling molecules?
therefore hydrophobic or “water-fearing.” It
is this ”fear” or “hatred” of water that dictates A. Their ability to store large amounts of energy
the behavior of lipids in the water per gram.
environment of the cell. B. Their ability to pass through cellular
membranes.
Lipid roles are pretty well defined: C. Their ability to congregate together in the
1) Energy storage: a gram of fat provides presence of a polar solvent.
for 9 kilocalories of energy @ about D. Their low solubility in water.
4,184 J per kilocalorie  that works out
FATTY ACIDS: Besides being lipids
to 37,656 J per gram of fat – that’s
themselves, FAs are the building blocks for
MORE THAN FOR ANY CARBOHYDRATE
MOST (not all) complex lipids. FAs are a
OR PROTEIN we could ever ingest.
key fuel for metabolic processes and, of
2) Cellular organization and structure: course, are components of phospholipids,
we’ve seen this already with the bilayer glycolipids, and sphingolipids of our cell
membrane membranes.
3) Precursor molecules for vitamin and Recall, FAs have a pretty basic structure:
hormone synthesis: indeed, without long chains of carbons with a carboxylic
fats we could never make estrogen or acid end. They usually contain an EVEN
testosterone or any of so many other number of carbon atoms, and in humans,
hormones that our bodies naturally the maximum number of C atoms in a FA is
produce. 24.
The structural features of the different types FAs are quite literally the BUILDING
of lipids make them ideal for all of these BLOCKS of triglycerides (or
cellular functions. The major groups of lipids triacylglycerols). They can be saturated
include: fatty acids, triacylglycerols, or unsaturated (mono or poly).
phospholipids, steroids, terpenes, and Saturated FAs possess only single
waxes. carbon-carbon bonds.
Some questions to consider:
Q: Is this a saturated or unsaturated FA? If unsaturated, is it mono or poly? What is the
degree of unsaturation of the chain (this is also known as the index of hydrogen
deficiency)?
Unsaturated, poly, IHD = 4
Q: How many C atoms are in linolenic acid? 18
Q: Why is the “head” of this FA considered polar?
The carboxyl (COOH) group contains a polar O-H bond.
Q: The long chain is primarily responsible for what characteristic (or ability) of a FA?
Energy storage
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AN ASIDE There is no simple way of predicting how many isomers a given molecular formula will
yield, (it can range from one to many). Recall: structures are different if they cannot be
superimposed upon one another. Keep in mind that there is rotation about all single bonds
not involved in a ring, BUT NOT ABOUT DOUBLE BONDS. Because all of the formulas that we will
be dealing with are based on the C atom, it may be useful to review the ways that C can bond to
itself and to other atoms. We will limit ourselves, for now, to the C atom with four bonds. Below
are the possible combinations of C having a total of four bonds.
In a hydrocarbon where all the C
atoms have only single bonds and
no rings are involved, the
compound would have the
maximum number of H atoms (its
IHD would be 0 and we say it is
SATURATED).
If any of the bonds are replaced with double or triple bonds, or if rings are involved, there
would then be a “deficiency” of H atoms. By calculating the index of hydrogen deficiency
(IHD), we can tell from the molecular formula whether and how many multiple bonds and rings
are involved. Again, IHD is also called the DEGREE OF UNSATURATION. This will help cut
down the possibilities one has to consider in trying to come up with all the isomers of a given
formula.
Here is a summary of how the index of hydrogen deficiency works.
 A double bond and ring each counts as one IHD (either one makes a compound deficient
of H by 2 atoms).
 A triple bond counts as two IHD (it makes a compound deficient of H by 4 atoms).
For compounds that contain C, H, and O atoms only (or only C and H), there is a simple formula
worth remembering to calculate the compound’s IHD:
2C + 2 - H
IHD =
2
C = # of carbon atoms
H = # of hydrogen atoms
proteins free short oxidized insulation gram chemical glycerol
fat double cytoplasm macromolecul hydrogen
Biological Molecules: Lipids

The unsaturated FAs will contain at least
one carbon-carbon double bond (that would
be a monounsaturated FA) or multiple
double bounds (that would be a
polyunsaturated FA). We’ll get into these a
bit more in a later lesson.
ENERGY: As we’ve already mentioned, FAs
contain more energy per gram than any
other macromolecule. (interestingly, both
carbohydrates and proteins contain 4
kilocalories of stored energy in 1 gram).
When a FA is burned (or oxidized), a large
amount of chemical energy is liberated
and made available to the cell.
Conversely, FAs can be (and are) used for
Figure 1: A Basic Triglyceride
long-term energy storage (as opposed to the
short-term energy available in glucose). It
7 Adipocytes
is the HIGH CONCENTRATION of carbon-
hydrogen bonds that allows FAs to store a
more energy per gram than any other
molecule AND most fats reach the cell in the
form of free FAs: these are not attached to
any backbone.
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS: Triacylglycerols are
also commonly called triglycerides or simply
fats and oils. They are constructed from our
familiar glycerol backbone; the The figure above shows three types of
three OH groups of the glycerol adipocytes. The morphological differences
are replaced with three FA chains. between the three types are
NB: Triacylglycerols (or just A. the diameters and nuclear size

triglycerides) function to store energy B. the numbers of lipid droplets and
and to provide thermal insulation and mitochondria
padding to an organism. C. the position of the nucleus and concentration
of mitochondria
Adipocytes, also called fat cells, are
D the gene expression and function
specialized to the point that their cytoplasm
contains almost nothing BUT triglycerides. True or False
True or False T Brown adipocytes are “heat generators”

because of their higher concentration of
T Because of their high concentration of mitochondria compared to beige or white
triglycerides, adipocytes are well suited for adipocytes.
thermal insulation.
potential decreased dissolved R-3 weak 4
64 solids orientations attractions liquids reduces
Chemistry: Dipole-Dipole Forces Chemistry: Ion-Dipole Forces

As we noted earlier, the potential energy A third example of electrostatic forces
between ions separated by R decreased occurs when a polar molecule is near an
proportionally to R  in other words, as R ion. The interaction between a polar
increased, the potential energy of the ion-ion SOLVENT molecule, such as water, and a
interaction decreased proportionally to the dissolved ion is the most common case of
factor change in R. an ion-dipole interaction. Check out good ‘ol
sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in water:
HOW ‘BOUT FOR DIPOLE-DIPOLE
INTERACTIONS?
The decrease in potential energy is MUCH
MORE PRONOUNCED: for dipoles separated
by a distance R, the potential energy falls
off as R-3. If we understand this
relationship, then it should be evident that:
 Increasing the distance between a

pair of ions by a factor of 4 reduces
the Coulombic potential energy by a
factor of 4.
 Increasing the distance between a Figure 2: Solvation of Na+ and Cl- by water.
pair of dipoles by a factor of 4
reduces the Coulombic potential The positive Na+ is surrounded by a shell of
energy by a factor of 64. water molecules whose oxygen (O) atoms are
near the cation and whose hydrogen (H)
In liquids, thermal energy can overcome atoms point outward into the solution (notice
dipole–dipole attractions and disrupt the Na+, O, and H are not really “linear” in
favorable orientations; dipole–dipole their orientation).
interactions are too weak to hold molecules
in a liquid together in a nearly rigid True or False
arrangement. Nonetheless, they are T The OH-Cl bond in the solvation of chloride
sufficiently strong to influence many physical anions by water is an example of a hydrogen
properties, including boiling points of bond.
liquids as well as the melting points of and F Hydrogen bonds occur only in gases.
molecular orientations in solids. 3
T A water molecule has an sp hybridized O
8 Intermolecular Forces atom with two bonding domains and two
a HCl gas molecules (H-Cl bond is polar covalent) nonbonding domains.
are dissolved in water (H-O bonds are polar F The solvation of a sodium cation (Na+) occurs
covalent). The interaction between and HCl because of ion-dipole interactions.
molecule and an H2O molecule can best be F Dipole-dipole interactions are responsible for
described as the rigid arrangement of liquid molecules.
T Dipole-dipole do influence, along with
A. polar covalent
hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces
B. dipole-dipole in some cases, the boiling points of liquids.
C. ion-ion
D. none of these

Quant. Reasoning - Physics - Biology - Chemistry - Psychology & Sociology

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Quant. Reasoning - Physics - Biology - Chemistry - Psychology & Sociology

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MCAT PREPARATION – QUANT.

REASONING | PHYSICS | BIOLOGY | CHEMISTRY | PSYCHOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY

BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

Question 6 thru 16 are discrete (non-passage based).

Q9 Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Q10 Displacement | Distance

Q11 Velocity vs. Time

A. average acceleration: about 0.5 m s-2; displacement: exactly 62.5 m.

Q13 Displacement | Distance

Q14 Acid Strength

Q15 One-dimensional projectile motion

Q16 Who’s Who

carbon proteins nucleotide weaker intermolecular structure hydrogen boiling

Hydrogen bonding provides for additional, In a standard hydrolysis reaction, a

solubility membranes single fats structure Energy hormones cell

Biological Molecules: Lipids 5 Lipids

Some questions to consider:

Q: How many C atoms are in linolenic acid? 18

Q: Why is the “head” of this FA considered polar?

The carboxyl (COOH) group contains a polar O-H bond.

Biological Molecules: Lipids

NB: Triacylglycerols (or just A. the diameters and nuclear size

True or False T Brown adipocytes are “heat generators”

Chemistry: Dipole-Dipole Forces Chemistry: Ion-Dipole Forces

 Increasing the distance between a

Вам также может понравиться