Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P.

, India Id No:160040474

Name: M B V SWAMULU Branch: E.C.E Lab Section:07

Id No:160040474
Pre-lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab session Viva Total Marks
work (5M) work (15M) work (5M) (5M) 30M

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Digital Image Processing-Lab (15-EC 4110L)

Lab1: Image View, Display and Exploration

Viewing, display and storing images are the fundamentals to image processing. The Image
Processing toolbox provides a number of image processing apps to view and explore images. Using
the Image viewer app, you can view pixel information, pan and zoom, adjust contrast, and measure
distances etc. The Image Processing Toolbox supports several image display techniques. For
example, the function imshow displays any supported image type with a single function call. Other
functions handle more specialized display needs. This lab further explores the basic display
techniques for each image type supported by the toolbox, as well as how to set the toolbox
preferences for the imshow function. It also discusses special display techniques, such as multiple
image display.
Note: If you are new to MATLAB, you should first read Getting Started with MATLAB.

Objectives:

To understand various types of images such as intensity image, binary image and storage class.
(a) reading and displaying various types of images.
(b) check the image memory and contents of images
(c) writing / storing the image data.
(d) converting data types of images.
(e) generate images
(f) understand imtool, an open image viewer

Pre-Lab work: All the students are instructed to go through the given reference text books before
proceeding to the examples and exercises.
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

1.1 Reading an Image:

Clear the MATLAB workspace of any variables, close open figure windows and
clear the command window.

clear, close all; clc;

To read an image use the imread command. Let’s read in a TIFF image named cameraman.tif
(which is one of the sample images that is supplied with the Image Processing Toolbox), and store
it in an array named im.
im = imread(cameraman.tif);
1.1 Display an image: Now call imshow to display im.
imshow(im)
1.2 Check the Image in Memory
Enter the whos command to see how I is stored in memory.
whos
Name Size Bytes Class
im 291x240 69840 uint8
array Grand total is 69840 elements using 69840 bytes
What is happening
Step 1: The imread function recognized cameraman.tif as a valid TIFF file and stored it in
the variable im. (For the list of graphics formats supported, see imread in the “Function
Reference” chapter.).
Step 2: The function imshow display graphics images in MATLAB. In general, it is preferable
to use imshow for displaying images because it handles the image-related MATLAB
properties for you. (The MATLAB function image is for low-level programming tasks.)
Note that if cameraman.tif were an indexed image, the appropriate syntax for imread would
be,
[X, map] = imread(‘cameraman.tif');
(For more information on the supported image types, see “Image Types in the Toolbox”)

Step 3: You called the whos command to see how cameraman.tif had been stored into the
MATLAB workspace. As you saw, cameraman.tif is stored as a 256-by-256 array. Since
cameraman.tif was an 8-bit image, it gets stored in memory as an uint8 array. MATLAB can
store images in memory as uint8, uint16, or double arrays. (See “Reading a Graphics Image”
for an explanation of when the different storage classes are used.).
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

1.1 Writing Image Data: Imwrite , write image to graphics file

Syntax
imwrite(A, filename, fmt)
Example:
a=imread(‘cameraman.tif’);
imwrite(a, gray(256), 'b.bmp');
imshow('b.bmp')% imshow is used to display image imwrite (im, 'cameraman.png');

What is happening
Step 4: MATLAB recognized the file extension of 'png' as valid and wrote the image to disk. It wrote it
as an 8-bit image by default because it was stored as a uint8 intensity image in memory. If I2 had been
an image array of type RGB and class uint8, it would have been written to disk as a 24-bit image. If you
want to set the bit depth of your output image, use the BitDepth parameter with imwrite. This example
writes a 4-bit PNG file.
imwrite(im, 'cameraman.png', 'BitDepth', '4');
Note that all output formats do not support the same set of output bit depths. For example, the toolbox
does not support writing 1-bit BMP images. See imwrite in the “Reference” chapter for the list of valid bit
depths for each format. See also “Writing a Graphics Image” for a tutorial discussion on writing images
using the Image Processing Toolbox.

1.1 Check the Contents of the Newly Written File

Now, use the imfinfo function to see what was written to disk. Be sure not to end the line with a
semicolon so that MATLAB displays the results. Also, be sure to use the same path (if any) as
you did for the call to imwrite, above.

imfinfo('pout2.png')
MATLAB responds with
ans =
Filename:'pout2.png'
FileModDate:'03-Jun-1999
15:50:25' FileSize:36938
Format:'png'
FormatVersion:
[] Width:240
Height:291
BitDepth:8
ColorType:'grayscale'
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

What is happening
Step 5: When you called imfinfo, MATLAB displayed all of the header fields for the PNG file
format that are supported by the toolbox. You can modify many of these fields by using

additional parameters in your call to imwrite. The additional parameters that are available for
each file format are listed in tables in the reference entry for imwrite. (See “Querying a
Graphics File” for more information about using imfinfo.).

Note The value in the FileModDate field for your file will be different from what is shown above. It
will show the date and time that you used imwrite to create your image. Note also that we truncated
the number of field names and values returned by this call.

1.5 How to get number of rows and columns of image

Function size gives the rows and columns dimension of image
[r,c]=size(a)
r = 291
c = 240
Accessing the Pixel data: There is a one-to-one correspondence between pixel coordinates and the
coordinates MATLAB® uses for matrix subscripting. This correspondence makes the relationship
between an image's data matrix and the way the image is displayed easy to understand. For example,
the data for the pixel in the fifth row, second column is stored in the matrix element (5, 2). You use
normal MATLAB matrix subscripting to access values of individual pixels. For example, the MATLAB
code A(2, 15) returns the value of the pixel at row 2, column 15 of the image A.
1.2 Imtool: Open Image Viewer app.

The Image Viewer presents an integrated environment for displaying images and performing
common image processing tasks. The Image Viewer provides all the image display capabilities of
imshow, which optimizes figure, axes, and image object property settings for image display. The
Image Viewer also provides access to several tools for navigating and exploring images, such as
the Pixel Region tool, Image Information tool, and the Adjust Contrast tool.

Example:
clear; close all; clc;
% imtool('board.tif');
im = imread('board.tif');
% im = imread('cameraman.tif'); % Display a grayscale image.
% h = imtool(I,[0 80]); %Display a grayscale image, adjusting the display range.
% % close(h)
imtool(im);
im_Max = max(max(im(:,:,1)))
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

im_Min = min(min(im(:,:,1)))
imtool(im, [im_Min im_Max]);
imtool(im, [0 120]);

1.1 Read and Write 1-Bit Binary Images

Example: This example shows how to read and write 1-bit binary images.

Check the bit depth of the graphics file containing a binary image, text.png. Note that the file stores
the binary image in 1-bit format.

info = imfinfo('text.png');

info.BitDepth
ans = 1

Read the binary image from the file into the workspace. When you read a binary image stored
in 1-bit format, imread represents the data in the workspace as a logical array.

BW = imread('text.png'); whos

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

BW 256x256 65536 logical

ans 1x1 8 double
info 1x1 4518 struct

Write the binary image to a file in 1-bit format. If the file format supports it, imwrite exports a binary
image as a 1-bit image, by default. To verify this, use imfinfo to get information about the newly
created file and check the BitDepth field. When writing binary files, imwrite sets the ColorType field
to grayscale.
imwrite(BW,'test.tif');
info =
imfinfo('test.tif');
info.BitDepth

ans =1
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

Lab1-Exercise Questions

Exercise1: (a) Read an image of cameraman.tif and display in both unit8 and double. Comment on
the results.
clear; close all; clc;
im = imread('cameraman.tif');
im1 =im2double(im);
im2 = im2uint8(im);
imshow(im2);
whos im2;
figure();
imshow(im1);
whos im1;

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

im2 256x256 65536 uint8

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

im1 256x256 524288 double

results: im2double(I) converts the intensity image I to double precision, rescaling the data if
necessary. I can be a grayscale intensity image, a true color image, or a binary image. If the input
image is of class double, then the output image is identical.
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

b) Repeat the above of any image of your choice.

clear; close all; clc;

im= imread('peppers.png');
im1=im2double(im);
im2 = im2uint8(im);
imshow(im2);
whos im2;
figure();
imshow(im1);
whos im1;

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

im2 384x512x3 589824 uint8
Name Size Bytes Class Attributes
im1 384x512x3 4718592 double

C) Use imtool and display with various range of gray values

im = imread('cameraman.tif');
imtool(im);
imtool(im,[0 80]);
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

Exercise2: Consider the following Matlab program:

(a) Identify whether the ‘im’ in the Matlab program is intensity or binary image.
 Mention the intensity range values of the above identified image for the
following classes
(i) uint8 (ii) double (iii) uint16

unit8 :- 2^8 -1 =254

double :- double(x) returns the double-precision value for X. If X is already a double-precision
array, double has no effect.
unit16 :- 2^16 - 1=65535

(b) What results are obtained for the following commands. Discuss in terms of
intensity ranges.

i)imshow(I,[low high])

clear, close all; clc;

im = imread('cameraman.tif');
imshow(im,[20 100])

where [low high] is a two-element vector that specifies the display range for I. The value low
(and any value less than low) displays as black and the value high (and any value greater than
high) displays as white. imshow displays values in between as intermediate shades of gray.
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

ii) imshow(im, [ ])

clear, close all; clc;

im = imread('cameraman.tif');
imshow(im,[])

imshow(I,[ ]) displays the grayscale image I, where [ ] is an empty matrix that specifies that you want
imshow to scale the image based on the range of pixel values in I, using [min(I(:)) max(I(:))] as the
display range.

Exercise3: Compare the function imagesc with the other display functions image and imshow with
an example. What should you do to obtain the same results with all the above three functions?
i= imread('peppers.png');
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imagesc(i);
subplot(1,3,2);imshow(i);
subplot(1,3,3);image(i);axis on;
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

Image(i):- image(i) displays matrix I as an image. Each element of I specifies the color of a
rectangular segment in the image.

Imshow(i):-imshow(I) displays image I , where I is a grayscale, RGB (truecolor), or binary image.

For binary images, imshow displays pixels with the value 0 (zero) as black and 1 as white. imshow
optimizes.figure, axes, and image object properties for image display.
Imagesc(i):- imagesc(i) displays i as an image. Each element of i corresponds to a rectangular area
in the image. The values of the elements of i are indices into the current colormap that determine the
color of each patch.

Exercise4: Consider the following Matlab program:

clear; close all; clc;
im = im2double(imread('cameraman.tif')); im1
= uint8(255*im);
im2 = im2uint8(im);

A)Explain, what signifies the outputs im1 and im2

Im2double(I) converts the intensity image I to double precision, rescaling the data if
necessary.

B) Display the outputs im, im1 and im2 using display commands imshow, imagesc and image.

i= imread('camerman.tif');
figure;
subplot(1,3,1);
imagesc(i);
subplot(1,3,2)
imshow(i);
subplot(1,3,3)
image(i);
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

C) Store the images in png, jpg and .mat files

clear; close all; clc;

im = im2double(imread('cameraman.tif'));
im1 = uint8(255*im);
im2 = im2uint8(im);
imwrite(im,'ha.jpg');
imwrite(im1,'ra.png');
save im2

Exercise5: Discuss how can you read, display and store a binary image. Explain with an
example in Matlab.

BW = imread('text.png');
whos BW
info.BitDepth
imwrite(BW,'test.tif');
info = imfinfo('test.tif');
imshow(test,[]);
 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

BW 256x256 65536 logical

ans =

Exercise6: Consider the following files attached. Read these files and display. Find their
memory size.
i)img1.mat
matObj = matfile('img1.mat');
whos(matObj);
s=load('img1.mat')
imshow(im2, []);

im 256x256 524288 double

 Digital Image Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India Id No:160040474

ii) img2.mat

matObj = matfile('img2.mat');
whos(matObj)
s=load('img2.mat')
imshow(img2, []);

im1 384x512x3 4718592 double

iii)Further save these files in jpg and png formats.

imshow(img1, []);
imwrite(img1,'myImage1.png','png');

imshow(img2, []);
imwrite(img2,'myImage2.jpg','JPG');

Result:

Hence we read, displayed, checked image memory, contents of images, writing, storing,
converting data types, imtool, and generated various types of images.