MA16351 MATHEMATICS-III

UNIT II: FOURIER SERIES

By
K.VIJAYALAKSH MI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS
Periodic Functions

f  
Examples
0
 sin x and cos x are 2π periodic

T tan x is π periodic
Even and Odd Functions
Even Functions

A function f(x) is said to be an even

f( function is f(-x)=f(x) for all x

The graph of the function is


symmetric about y axis.

Examples
|x|, x2, x4, cos(x), and cosh(x).
Odd Functions

f(
A function f(x) is said to be an odd
function if f(-x)= -f(x) for all x

The graph of the function is
symmetric about origin

Examples
x, x3, sin(x), sinh(x),
Fourier Series-Introduction

 Fourier series decomposes any periodic function or periodic

signal into the sum of a (possibly infinite) set of simple
periodic functions, namely sines and cosines (or complex
exponentials).

 The study of Fourier series is a branch of Fourier analysis.

 Fourier series were introduced by Joseph Fourier (1768–1830)

for the purpose of solving the heat equation in a metal plate.
Definition of a Fourier series(General)
If a function f(x) defined in (c,c+2l) can be expanded as a Fourier
series of the form
a0   nx    nx 
f x     an cos    bn sin 
2 n1  l  n 1  l 

1 c  2l
a0   f  x  dx
l c
c  2l
1  nx 
an 
l 
c
f ( x) cos
 l 
dx

c  2l
1  nx 
bn 
l 
c
f ( x) sin 
 l 
dx
Dirichlet’s conditions(or)Sufficient condition for
existence of Fourier series
If a function f(x) defined in (c,c+2l) can be expanded as a
Fourier series in (c,c+2l) provided the following conditions are
satisfied
(i) f(x) is single valued, finite and periodic with
period 2l in (c, c + 2l).
(ii) The function f(x) must have finite number of
maxima and minima in (c, c + 2l)..
(iii) The function f(x) is continuous or piecewise
continuous with finite number of finite
discontinuities in (c, c + 2l).
Fourier series in (0,2π)
A Fourier series f(x) in 0 ,2  may be defined as an expansion of
a function in a series of sines and cosines such as
a0  
f x     an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

Fourier coefficients for f(x) in (0,2π)

2
f x  dx
1

a0 
0

2
f x  cos nx dx
1

an  n  1, 2,
0

2
f x sin nx dx
1

bn  n  1, 2,
0
Fourier series in (-π, π)
A Fourier series f(x) in (   ,  ) may be defined as an expansion
of a function in a series of sines and cosines such as
a0  
f x     an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

Fourier coefficients for f(x) in (-π,π)


  f x  dx
1
a0 
 


f x  cos nx dx
1
an  
  
n  1, 2,

f x sin nx dx
1
bn  
  
n  1, 2,
Fourier series in (-l, l)

a0     
 nx 
f x     an cos
n x
   bn sin 
2 n1  l  n1  l 
Fourier coefficients for f(x) in (-l,l)

a0   f  x  dx
1 l
l l
 nx 
l
1
an   f ( x) cos dx
l l  l 

 nx 
l
1
bn   f ( x) sin  dx
l l  l 
Fourier series in (0, 2l)

a0     
 nx 
f x     an cos
n x
   bn sin 
2 n1  l  n1  l 
Fourier coefficients for f(x) in (0,2l)

a0   f  x  dx
1 2l
l 0
 nx 
2l
1
an   f ( x) cos dx
l 0  l 

 nx 
2l
1
bn   f ( x) sin  dx
l 0  l 
Interval Parsevals Identity

(l , l ) 2

 
l 
a02
1
  
l l
f ( x ) dx   a 2
n  bn
2

2 n 1

 
2l 
a02
1
  
l 0
(0,2l ) f ( x ) dx   a 2
n  bn
2

2 n 1

 2

 

a02
  ,  
1
   n n
 
f ( x ) dx   a 2
 b 2

2 n 1

2 2

 

a 02
0 ,2  
1
   n n
 0
f ( x ) dx   a 2
 b 2

2 n 1
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2π.
Hence deduce that

1 1 1 2
(i ) 2
 2  2  .............. 
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 2
(ii ) 2  2  2  .............. 
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 2
(iii ) 2  2  2  .............. 
1 3 5 8
Fourier series is

a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

2 2
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx   dx
2
x
 0
 0
2
1 x  3

  3  0

1  8 3 
   0
 3 
8 2

3
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
  cos nx dx
2
x
 0

2
1  2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 ( x )   (2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0

1  (4 ) (1)  
 0   0  0  0  0
  n 2
 
4

n2
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2
1
  sin nx dx
2
x
 0
2
1  2   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
 ( x )   (2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0

1  4 2 2  2 
   0  3   0  0  3 
  n n   n 

4

n
 
a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1  8 2    4 4 
      2 cos nx 
 sin nx 
2  3  n 1  n n 
4 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x 
f ( x)   4 2   2  ...............
 1 
2
3 2 3
 sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 
 4     ............
 1 2 3 

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

4 2 1 1 1 
f (0)   4  2  2  2  ............  4 (0)    (1)
3 1 2 3 
 But x = 0 is the end point . So we have
f (0)  f (2 ) (0)  (4 2 )
f (0)    2 2
2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes

4  2
1 1 1 
2 2
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 
4 2
1 1 1 
2 
2
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 
2 2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................        (2)
6 1 2 3
Now, put x = π (which is point of continuity) in the above series
we get

4 2  1 1 1 
2   4 2  2  2  ............  4 (0)
3  1 2 3 

4 2
1 1 1 
 
2
  4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1 
   4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................        (3)
12 1 2 3
Adding (2) and (3), we get
2 2 1 1 1 
  2  2  2  2  ............
6 12 1 3 5 

3 2 1 1 1 
2  
12 3 2 5 2  ............
12  

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................
8 1 3 5
 2. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2π
and deduce the result
1 1 1  2
   .......... 
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
a0 
Sol. Fourier series is f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2 2
1
a0 
 0
f ( x) dx  1
  x sin x dx
0


1
x ( cos x)  (1)( sin x)02



1
(2  0)  (0  0)  2

 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2
1

  x sin x cos nx dx
0

2
1

2  x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
0

2

 x sin(n  1) x  sin(n  1) x dx
1
 ,
2 0
 2 2
1 1

2 0 x sin(n  1) x dx  2  x sin(n  1) x dx
0

2
1    cos(n  1) x    sin(n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1    cos(n  1) x    sin(n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1)  n 1
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0

Note: ( 1) 2 n  2  1
(1) 2 n  2  1
   2 (1) 2 n  2  
 0  0  0
1
 
2  n 1  
1   2 (1) 2 n  2  
   0  0  0
2  n 1  

1 1
 
n 1 n 1
 (n  1)  (n  1)
an 
(n  1)(n  1)
2
an  2 , n 1
n 1
When n = 1, we have
2 2
1 1
a1 
  f ( x) cos x dx
0

  x sin x cos x dx
0

2
1

2  x sin 2 x dx
0

2
1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x 
  x   (1) 
2   2   4  0

1    1   
 2    0  (0  0)
2   2   
1

2
 2 2
1 1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  x sin x sin nx dx
0

2
1

2  x(2 sin nx sin x) dx
0

2

 x cos(n  1) x  cos(n  1) x dx
1
 ,
2 0

2 2
1 1

2 0 x cos(n  1) x dx  2  x cos(n  1) x dx
0
 2
1   sin( n  1) x    cos(n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1   sin( n  1) x    cos(n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1)  n 1
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0

1  (1) 2 n2   1  1  (1) 2 n 2   1 

 0   0
2   2 
 0  2  
 0 2 
2  (n  1)   (n  1)  2  (n  1)   (n  1) 

1  1   1  1  1   1 
 0   0
2  2 
 0   0
2  2 
2  (n  1)   (n  1)  2  ( n  1)   ( n  1) 

bn  0 , n  1
When n = 1, we have
2 2
1 1
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0

  x sin x sin x dx
0

2 2
1 1  1  cos 2 x 

  x sin x 2
dx 
 
0
x
 2
 dx

0

2
1 x   sin 2 x 
2
  cos 2 x 
    x   (1) 
2 2   2   4  0

1  2  1   1 
 2  0     0  0  
2   2   2 


 
a0
f ( x)    (an cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
 
a0
  a1 cos x   an cos nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
2 n2 n2

2 1 
2
  cos x   cos nx   sin x  0
2 2 n  2 ( n  1)(n  1)

1
x sin x  1  cos x   sin x
2
 cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5 x 
 2     ..................
 1.3 2.4 3.5 4.6 
 Put x = π/2 in the above series we get

  1 1 1 
(1)  1  0   (1)  2   0  0  0  ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
 1 1 1 
   1  2     ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

  2  2 1 1 1 
 2     ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

  2 1 1 1 
 2     ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

 2 1 1 1
    .................
4 1.3 3.5 5.7
  1, 0 x  
3. Find the Fourier series of f ( x)  
 2,   x  2
Hence evaluate the value of the series

1 1 1
2
 2  2  ................
1 3 5

Sol. Fourier series is


a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
 2  2
1 1 1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0

  (1) dx    (2) dx
0


1
x 0

2
x 2
 


1
(  0)  (2   )
2
 

 1 2  3
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0
 2
1 1

  (1) cos nx dx    (2) cos nx dx
0

 2
1  sin nx  2  sin nx 
   
  n  0   n  


1 2
 (0  0)  (0  0)
 

 0
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
 2
1 1

  (1) sin nx dx    (2) sin nx dx
0
 2
1   cos nx  2   cos nx 
   
  n  0   n  


1 2
 [(1)  1] 
n
[1  (1) n ]
n n


1
n

 (1) n  1  2  2(1) n  
(1) n  1
n
 0 n is even

2
 n is odd
n
 
a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

3   (1) n  1 
   0. cos nx  sin nx
2 n 1  n 

3 2  sin x sin 3x sin 5 x 

      .........................
2  1 3 5 
When we put x = 0, π, 2π we will not get the given series.
So, using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2  2
1 a
 [ f ( x)]2 dx  0   (a n  bn )
2 2

 0
2 n 1

1

1
2
(3)2  
  0 

(1)  1 
n 2

 (1) dx   (2) dx  
2 2

 0
 2 n 1 
 n2 2


4 
x0  x   2
1  4 2 9 1 4 4
12  0  32  0  5 2  0  ..................
  2 

1 1 1 
1
  0  2      2
4 9 4
 
12 32 5 2  .......... ........
  2 
 9 4 1 1 1 
5   2  2  2  2  ..................
2  1 3 5 

1 4 1 1 1 
 2  
12 32 5 2  ..................
2 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  .................
8 1 3 5
4.Find the Fourier series expansion for the function
f ( x)    x , in 0  x  2 with period 2
1 1
Hence deduce the sum of 1    ...
3 5
Solution:
a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2 2 2
1 1 1  (  x) 
2
a0 
 
0
f ( x) dx  
 0
(  x)dx  
 2

0


1
2

 2  2  0
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

2
1

  (  x) cos nxdx
0

2 2

1   sin nx    cos nx   
   x     1  
   n   0   n 2
 0 

 2 1  1  0
1
n
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
1

  (  x) sin nxdx
0

2 2

1   cos nx    sin nx   
   x      1   
  n  0   n  0 
2


1 1 
        0
 n 
2

n
 
sin nx
Hence f ( x)    x  2
n 1 n
1 1 
The required series 1    ... can be obtained by putting x 
3 5 2
 
sin nx
   2
2 n 1 n
   1 2 1 3 1 4 
 2sin  sin  sin  sin  ...
2  2 2 2 3 2 4 2 

  1 1 
 21    ... 
2  3 5 

 1 1  
1  3  5  ...   4
5.Find the Fourier series expansion for the function

  x 
2

f ( x)    , in 0  x  2 with period 2 .
 2 

1 2
Hence Pr ove that  2 
n 1 n 6
Solution:
a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2 2 2
  x 
2
1 1 1  (  x) 
3
a0 
 
0
f ( x) dx   
 0 2 
 dx  
4 

3 0


2

1
12
3 3

  
6

 2 2
  x 
2
1 1
an 
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx   
 0 2 
 cos nxdx

2 2
 2  sin nx    cos nx  
  x      2  x    
 n  0   n  0 
2
1 
  
4     sin nx 
2

  2 1 n 3  
    0 
2

1  2  

 0   2   x  cos nx   0
4 
 n 0 

2
       n 2
1
4n 2
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
  x 
2
1
  
 0 2 
 sin nxdx

2 2
 2   cos nx     sin nx  
  x      2  x    
  0  n  0 
2
1  n 
  
4    cos nx 
2

  2 1 n 3  
    0 


1
4

1 2
 n    2
0 
2
n3
1  1


=0
   x  2
2

cos nx
Hence    
 
2
2 12 n 1 n

putting x  0

 2

1 2 
  2
4 12 n 1 n

1 2 2

n 1 n
2

4

12
2

6
6. Obtain the fourier exp ansion of 1  cos x in the int erval 0  x  2

1 1
and hence deduce that  2 
n 1 4n  1 2

Solution:
a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2
1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0
 2
1
a0 
 
0
1  cos x dx

2
1 x

 
0
2 sin dx
2
2
2  cos 2 
x
  
  1 
 2 0

2 2
  1  1

4 2


 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

2
1

 
0
1  cos x cos nx dx

2
1 x

 
0
2 sin cos nxdx
2
 2
2 1 1  1  
  sin  n  x  sin   n  x dx
 0 2 2  2  
2
 1  1  
 cos  n  x cos  n  x 

2
 2   2  
2  1
n
1
n 
 2 2 
0

Since
1 
cos  n 2  1
2 
1 
cos  n 2  1
2 
    
2   1 1   1 1 
  1    
2   n 1  n   1  n 1  n 
   
 2 2  2 2 

  1 1 
 n   n
2 2 1 1  2 2 2
 1     
2   n 1  n    1
n 2

2 2   4 

2 4 

 1  4n 2 
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
1

 
0
1  cos x sin nx dx

2
1 x

 
0
2 sin sin nxdx
2

2
1 1
2  1  
  cos  n  x  cos  n  x dx
 0 2 2  2  
 2
 1  1  
 sin   n  x sin   n  x 

2
  2    2   0
2  1
n
1
n 
 2 2 
0


2 2 4 2
Hence f ( x)  
 
n 1  1  4n 
2
cos nx
putting x  0

2 2 4 2
f (0)  
 n 1 4 n 2

1
 f (0)  0

1 1

n 1 4n  1
2

2
7.Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  e ax in 0,2 

Solution:
 
a0
f ( x)    an cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

2
1
a0 
 
0
f ( x)dx

2 2
1 e 
 
ax
1 1 2 a
  e dx     e 1
ax

 0   a 0 a
 a  a
1 e e 

   a 
a  e 

e a e x  e x
 2 sinh a  sinh x 
a 2
 2 2
1 1
an 
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx 
  cos nxdx
e ax

2
1 e ax

  2 a cos nx  n sin nx 
 a  n 2
0

note :
ax

 cos bxdx  a 2  b 2 a cos bx  b sin bx 

ax e
e

 cos 2n  1
sin 2n  0
 2

1
a n 
2

ae 
2 a
a 

a  a
a  e e 
 2
 
a  n 2   e a



2ae a
 2 sinh a

a n 2

 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
1
  sin nxdx
ax
e
 0

2
1 e ax

  2 a sin nx  n cos nx 
 a  n 2
0

note :
ax

 sin bxdx  a 2  b 2 a sin bx  b cos bx 

ax e
e
 1

2 a
 2 2  ne  n

a n   

 2

n
a n 2
e2 a

1

a
 2ne
 2 sinh a

a n  2

8.Find the fourier series expansion for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2
in(–π, π). And hence deduce
1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  .............. 
1 2 3 6
Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
 
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx   (1  x  x 2 ) dx
   
 
1 x x 
2 3
 x   
 2 3  

1   2  3    2  3 
          
  2 3  2 3 

1 2 3  2 2
 2    2
 3  3
  
1 1
an   f ( x) cos nx dx  (1  x  x
2
) cos nx dx
 
 


1 2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 (1  x  x )   (1  2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
  

1  (1  2 ) (1) n   (1  2 ) (1) n 
 0   0  0   0
  n 2
  n 2

 (1) n
 1  2  1  2 
n 2

(1) n 4 (1) n
 (4 ) 
n 2
n2

cos n  ( 1) n
sin n  0
cos n(  )  cos n
 ( 1) n
  
1 1
bn   f ( x) sin nx dx     2
(1 x x ) sin nx dx
 
 


 2   cos nx    sin nx 
(1  x  x )   (1  2 x) 
   n 
2
1 n

  cos nx  
 (2)  
 n 
3
  

 (  1) n
2 (  1) n
 
 (1     ) 0
2
3  
1  n n  
 
  n 
( 1 ) n
2 ( 1 ) 
  (1     2 ) 0  
  n n 3 
 
(1) n
n

1    2 1    2 

(1) n  2 (1) n 2 (1) n1

 (2 )  
n n n

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1 2 2    4(1) n 2(1) n1 
  2      2
cos nx  sin nx 
2 3  n 1  n n 
 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x 
 1  4  2    ......
 1 
2 2
3 2 3
 sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 
 2    .......
 1 2 3 
2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x 
f ( x)  1   4 2    ............
3  1 22 32 
 sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 
 2    ............
 1 2 3 
Put x = π in the above series we get

2  1 1 1 
f ( )  1   4 2  2  2  ............  2(0)...........(1)
3  1 2 3 
 But x = π is the end point. So we have
f ( )  f ( ) (1     2 )  (1     2 ) 2  2 2
f ( )     1  2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes

 2
 1 1 1 
1   1
2
 4  2  2  2  ............
3  1 2 3 
 2
1 1 1 
 2
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 
2 2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................
6 1 2 3
9. Find the Fourier series expansion of (π – x)2 in –π < x < π.
Sol. Fourier series is

a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
 
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx     2
( x ) dx
 
 


1  (  x)  3
  
   3  


1
 3
0  8 3   
8 2
3
  
1 1
an   f ( x) cos nx dx     2
( x ) cos nx dx
 
 


1 2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 (  x)    [2(  x)(1)]    (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
  

1  (4 ) (1) n 
 0  0  0  0   0
  n 2


4 (1) n

n2
  
1 1
bn   f ( x) sin nx dx     2
( x ) sin nx dx
 
 

1 2   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
 (  x)    [2(  x)(1)]    (2) 3 
  n   n
2
  n   

1  2 (1) n   ( 1) n
2 ( 1 ) n

 0  0     (4 ) 0
2

  n 3
  n n 3

4 (1) n

n

a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1  8 2    4(1) n 4 (1) n 
      2
cos nx  sin nx 
2 3  n 1  n n 
 Fourier series of odd and even function in (-l ,l)

If f(x) is even in (-l, l) If f(x) is odd in (-l, l)

(or ) Half range cosine (or) Half range sine series
series in (0, l) in (0, l)


 nx 

 nx 
f x     an cos
a0
 f x    bn sin 
2 n1  l  n 1  l 

 nx 
l l
2 2
a0   f ( x)dx bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l 0  l 
 nx 
l
2
an   f ( x) cos dx
l 0  l 
 Fourier series of odd and even function in   ,  

If f(x) is even in   ,   If f(x) is odd in  ,  

(or ) Half range cosine (or) Half range sine series
series in 0 ,   in 0 ,  

a0  f x    bn sin nx
f x     an cos nx n 1
2 n 1

2 
a0 
  f ( x)dx
bn 
2
 f ( x) sin nxdx
0
 0

2
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0
10.Obtain the fourier series expansion for

 2x
1   ,  x  0
f ( x)  
2x
 1 ,0  x  
 
1 1 2
and hence deduce that 1  2  2  ....... 
3 5 8

Solution: 2( x) 2x
f ( x)  1   1 in ( , 0)
 
 f ( x) in (0,  )
2( x) 2x
and f ( x)  1   1 in (0,  )
 
 f ( x) in ( , 0)
f ( x) is an even function
Hence the fourier coefficien t bn  0

f x  
a0
  an cos nx
2 n 1

2
a0 
  f ( x)dx
0

2  2x 
  1  dx
 0  

2 x  2
 x  
  0
0
  
2 2  2x 
an 
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx   1 
 0  
 cos nxdx


2  2 x  sin nx    2   cos nx 
 1     
    n     n 2
 0

2  2 cos n  2 
    2 
  n 2
 n 

4

 2 2 1  (1) n
 n

 0, when n is even

an   8
, when n is odd

 n
2 2
 
The required Fourier Series  f x  
8

n 1, 3, 5 n
2 2
cos nx

8  cos x cos 3x cos 5 x 

i.e., f x   2  2  2  2  ...
  1 3 5 
Putting x=0 (point of continuity) , we get,
1 1 1 
f 0  2
8
 12  32  52  ...

8 1 1 1 
1 2  
12 32 52  ...


2 1 1 1 
  2  2  2  ...
8 1 3 5 
11..If a is neither zero nor an int eger , find the fourier series exp ansion of
period 2 for the function f ( x)  sin ax, in    x  

Solution :
f ( x)   sin ax
 f ( x) is an odd function

Hence a0  0 , an  0

f ( x )  bn sin nx
n 1
 
2 2
bn   f ( x) sin nxdx   sin ax sin nxdx
0 0
 
1 
   cos n  a xdx  cos n  a xdx 
 0 

1  sin n  a x sin n  a x 

   
  na na 0

1  sin n  a  sin n  a  
   
  na na

1  sin n cos a  cos n sin a sin n cos a  cos n sin a 

   
 na na
 1  (1) n  sin a  (1) n sin a 
   
 na na 

1  (1) n 1 sin a  (1) n 1 sin a 

   
 na na 
note :
sin a ,a is not an int eger

(1) n1 sin a   1 1 

   
 n  a n  a

bn 
(1) n 1
2n sin a 
 n 2  a 2 
12.Obtain the fourier series to represent the function
1 1 2
f ( x)  x ,    x   and deduce 1  2  2  ..... 
3 5 8
Solution :
f ( x)  x
f ( x)   x
 x
 f ( x) is an even function

f x  
a0
  an cos nx
2 n 1

2
a0 
  f ( x)dx
0
 
2
a0 
 
0
x dx


2
a0 
  xdx
0


2 x  2
   
  2 0


2
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0
  
2 2

  x cos nxdx
0

  x cos nxdx
0


2   sin nx   cos nx 
  x   1  
  n   n  0
2

2  cos n 1 
  2  2
 n n 


2
n 2
( 1
) n
1 
 0, if n is even

an    4
, if n is odd

n 2
  
4
 f ( x)    cos nx
2 n odd n 2

 4 cos 3x cos 5 x 
f ( x)    cos x  2  2  ......
2  3 5 

put x  0

4 1 1 
0   1  2  2  ...... 
2  3 5 

2 1 1
 1  2  2  ......
8 3 5
12.Obtain the fourier series to represent the function
f ( x)  cos x ,    x  

Solution :
f ( x)  cos x
f ( x)  cos( x)
 cos x
 f ( x) is an even function


f x  
a0
  an cos nx
2 n 1

2
a0 
  f ( x)dx
0
 
2
a0 
  cos x dx
0


2 
2 2

  cos xdx     cos xdx
0
2


2


sin x

0
2
  sin x 


2


2
1  1 
4
 
  
2 2
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

  cos x cos nxdx
0


2 
2

  cos x cos nxdx    cos x cos nxdx
0
2

2
  cos n  1x  cos n  1xdx
2
1
 02

  cos n  1x  cos n  1xdx
1
 2
2


    
1  sin n  1 x sin n  1 x  2
     
 sin n  1 x sin n  1 x  
       
  n  1 n 1 0  n  1 n  1  
 2
     
sin n  1 sin n  1 sin n  1 sin n  1 
1 2  2  2  2
  
  n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 
 

  
2 sin n  1 2 sin n  1 
1 2  2
  
 n 1 n 1 
 

note :
   
sin      cos   sin    
2  2 
   
1
2 sin n  1 2 sin 1  n  
  2  2

 n 1 n 1 
 
 n n 
cos cos
2 2  2 
  
  n 1 n 1 
 

n
2 cos
 2  1  1 
  n  1 n  1
 n
2 cos
 2  n  1  n  1
  n 2  1 

n
2 cos
2  2 
  n 2  1


n
4 cos
 2 Pr ovided n  1

 n2 1 
When n  1

2
a1 
  cos x cos xdx
0



2 2
 
  cos x cos xdx    cos x cos xdx 
 0  
 2 


2 2 2
 
  cos xdx   cos 2
dx 
 0  
 2 


2  2 1  cos 2 x 

 
 1 cos 2 x  
 
  0

2


dx  
 

2
dx
 
 2 
 

2  x sin 2 x  2
 x sin 2 x 
 
       
  2 4 0  2 4  
 2

2   
    
 4 2 4
a1  0

n
4 cos
2 
 f ( x)     2 cos nx

 n2  n 2  1 
 1  x,  2  x  0
13.Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x)  
1  x, 0 x2

1 2
Deduce that

n 1 (2n  1) 2

8
Solution:
f(– x) = 1 – x in (–2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f(– x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (–2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.

a0 
nx
 f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 2
 2 2
2
a0 
2  f ( x) dx
0
  (1  x) dx
0
2
 x  2
 x  
 2 0
 (2  2)  (0)
0

nx nx
2 2
2
an 
2 
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx   (1  x) cos
0
2
dx
 2
  nx   nx 
  sin    cos 
 (1  x) 2   ( 1) 2 
  n   n 2 2 
    
 2   4  0

 4 (1) n   4 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
 n    n  

4

 2 2 1  ( 1) n
 n

 0 , when n is even

an   8
, when n is odd

 n
2 2
 0 
8 nx
f ( x)    2 2 cos
2 n 1 n  2

8 1 x 1 3x 1 5x 
f ( x)  2 12 cos  cos  cos  .......... .......... ....
 2 32 2 52 2

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

8 1 1 1 
f (0)  2  2  2  2 ............
 1 3 5 
But x = 0 is the point of continuity. So we have

f (0)  1

Hence equation (1) becomes

8 1 1 1 
1  2  2  2  2 ............
 1 3 5 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2 ................
8 1 3 5
2 
1
(i.e.) 
8 n 1 (2n  1) 2
14.Expand f(x) = x – x2 as a Fourier series in –l < x < l and
using this series . find the root square mean value of f(x)
in the interval.
Sol. Fourier series is
a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 
l l
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx   ( x  x 2 ) dx
l l l l
l
1x x  2 3
   
l2 3  l

1  l 2 l 3   l 2 l 3  1  2l 3   2l 2
           
l  2 3   2 3  l 3  3
 nx nx
l l
1 1
an   f ( x) cos dx   ( x  x ) cos
2
dx
l l l l l l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
    cos    sin 
1
sin
 ( x  x )
2 l   (1  2 x)  l   (2)  l 
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l 2
  l 3
  l

1   (1) n l 2     (1) n l 2  
 0  (1  2l ) 2 2   0  0  (1  2l ) 2 2   0
l   n     n   

(1) n l 2
 1  2l  1  2l 
ln
2 2

(1) n l 4 l 2 (1) n 1
 2 2  4l  
n  n 2 2
 nx nx
l l
1 1
bn   f ( x) sin dx   ( x  x ) sin
2
dx
l l l l l l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
1 l   (1  2 x)  l   (2)  l 
 ( x  x 2 )
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l 2
  l 3
  l

  ( 1 ) n
l  2( 1) l  
n 3

 (l  l )   0  3 3  
2

1   n  n  
 
l  n 3 
  (l  l 2 ) (1) l   0  2(1) l 
n

   n 
 
3 3 
n  
 
 
 (1) n l
l n

l l2  l  l2 
(1) n 1
 2l 
n

2 l (1) n 1

n

a0 
 n x n x
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

1   2l 2    4 l 2 (1) n  1 n x 2 l (1) n  1 n x 
      cos  sin 
2 3  n 1  n 
2 2
l n l 
 RMS value of f(x) in (–l, l ) is

2 
a0 1
 (a
2
y    bn )
2 2
n
4 2 n 1

2
1   2l 2
 1 
16 l 4 (1) 2 n  2 4 l 2 (1) 2 n  2 
 
4 3
   
n4 4

n2 2 
 2 n 1  

l4 
 8l 4 2l 2 

2
(i.e.) y    4 4  2 2
9 n 1  n  n  
  l
 x, 0 x
15.Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)   2
l
l  x,  xl

 2
1
Hence deduce the value of 
n  1 ( 2n  1)
4

l
Sol. This is (0,2L) type where 2 L  l  L 
2
then the given function becomes
 x, 0xL
f ( x)  
2 L  x, L  x  2 L
Fourier series is

a0 
 n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  L L 
 2L L 2L
1 1 1
a0 
L 
0
f ( x) dx   ( x) dx 
L 0 L  (2L  x) dx
L

L 2L
1 x  1  (2 L  x) 
2 2
     
L  2 0 L   2 L

1  L2  1 L2 
   0  0  
L 2  L   2 

L L
  L
2 2
 n x
2L
1
an 
L 0
f ( x) cos
L
dx

n x n x
L 2L
1 1

L 0 x cos L dx  L 
L
(2 L  x) cos
L
dx

L
  n x   n x 
  sin    cos 
1 L   (1) L 
 ( x)
L   n   n 2 2 
  L



 L2

 0
2L
  n x   n x 
  sin    cos 
1 L   (1) L 
 (2 L  x)
L  n   n 2 2 
    
 L   L 2
 L
 1  (1) n L2   L2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
L  n    n  
1  L2   (1) n L2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
L  n   n  


1 L2
L n 2 2
( 
1) n
 1  1  ( 1) n



2L
n
2 2

( 1) n
1 
 4L
 2 2 n is odd
n
0 n is even
 n x n x n x
2L L 2L
1 1 1
bn 
L 
0
f ( x) sin
L
dx 
L 0 x sin L dx  L 
L
(2 L  x) sin
L
dx

L
  n x   n x 
 cos   sin 
1   
L   (1) L 
 ( x )
L  n   n 2 2 
  L



 L 2 
 0
2L
  n x   n x 
  cos    sin 
1 L   (1) L 
 (2 L  x)
L  n   n 2 2 
    
 L   L 2
 L

1  (1) n L2   1  (1) n L2 
   0  0  0  0  0    0  0
L  n   L  n 
 a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  L L 

L 
  4L n x 
    2 2 cos  0
2 n  odd  n  L 

l 
  2l 2n x 
    2 2 cos 
4 n  odd  n  l 
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2L 2 
1 a
 [ f ( x)] dx    (a n  bn )
2 0 2 2

L 0
2 n 1


 
L 2L 2 2
1 1 L 16 L
 ( x) dx 
2
 (2 L  x) dx 
2
   4 4  0
L0 L L
2 n  odd  n  

L 2L
1  x  1  ( 2 L  x) 
3
L2 16 L2
3
1 1 1 
       4  
14 34 5 4  .......... ........
L  3 0 L   3 L 2 

1  L3  1 L3  L2 16 L2 1 1 1 
  0  0     4  
14 34 5 4  .......... ........
L 3  L   3 2   
2 L2 L2 16 L2  1 1 1 
  4  4
 4  4  ..................
3 2  1 3 5 

L2 16 L2 1 1 1 
 4  
14 34 5 4  ..................
6   

4 1 1 1
 4  4  4  .................
96 1 3 5

4 
1
(i.e.) 
96 n 1 (2n  1) 4
  l  x, 0  x  l
16. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)  
 0, l  x  2l
Hence deduce the value of the series
1 1 1 1 1 1
1    .......... and 2  2  2  .............
3 5 7 1 3 5
Sol. Fourier series is

a0 
 n x n x
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

2l l 2l
1 1 1
a0 
l 
0
f ( x) dx   (l  x) dx   (0) dx
l 0 l l
  
l
1  (l  x)   1 0  l 2
2
l
   
l   2 0  2l 2

n x n x
2l l
1 1
an 
l 
0
f ( x) cos
l
dx   (l  x) cos
l0 l
dx  0

l
  n x   n x 
  sin    cos 
1 l   (1) l 
 (l  x)
l  n   n 2 2 
    
 l   l 2
 0

1  (1) n l 2   l 2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
l  n    n  

1 l2
( 
1) n 1
 
1
n
l
 n 1 2l
n

 2 2 (1)  1  2 2 n is odd
l n 2 2
0 n is even
n x n x
2l l
1 1
bn 
l 
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx   (l  x) sin
l 0 l
dx  0

l
  n x   n x 
   cos    sin 
1 l   (1) l 
 (l  x)
l  n   n 2 2  
    
 l   l 2
 0

1  l2 
 {0  0}    0  l
l  n  n
 a0 
 n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

l 
 2l n x    l n x 
    2 2 cos    sin 
4 n  odd  n  l  n 1  n l 

1
l 2l x 1 3 x 1 5 x 
(i.e.) f ( x)   2
12 cos l  32 cos l  5 2 cos l  .................
4  
l 1  x 1 2 x 1 3 x 
  sin  sin  sin  .................    (1)
 1 l 2 l 3 l 

l
put x  (which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get
2
 l l 2l l 1  1 1 3 1 1 5 
l    2 (0) 
2 4   1 sin 2  2 sin   3 sin 2  4 sin 4  5 sin 2  .................
 

l l l  1 1 1 
  1  0   0   0   .................
2 4  3 5 7

l l l  1 1 1 
  1  
 3 5 7  .................
2 4 

l l  1 1 1 
 1     .................
4   3 5 7 
 1 1 1
 1     .................
4 3 5 7
Put x = l in equation (1) we get

l 2l  1 1 1 
f (l )   2  12  32  5 2  ................
4 
But x = l is the point of continuity. So we have f (l )  0

l 2l  1 1 1 
0   2  2  2  2 ............
4  1 3 5 

l 2l 1 1 1 
  2  
12 32 52 ............
4 
f(x) = l – x
 2
1 1 1 f(l–) = l – l =0
 2  2  2 ................
8 1 3 5 f(l+) = 0
=> f(l)=0
17.Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2
in 0 < x < 3.

Sol. This is of (0, 2l) type where 2l=3 => l=3/2

Fourier series is
a0 
 n x n x
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

a0 
 2n x 2n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 
3 3
1 2
a0      2
f ( x ) dx ( 2 x x ) dx
(3 / 2) 0 30
3
2  2x x  2 3
2  27  
      9    (0  0) 0
3 2 3 0 3  3 
 2nx 2nx
3 3
1 2
an   dx   (2 x  x ) cos
2
f ( x) cos dx
(3 / 2) 0
3 30 3

3
  2nx   2nx   2nx 
 sin    cos    sin 
2 3   (2  2 x) 3   (2) 3 
 (2 x  x 2 )
3  2n   4n 2 2   8n 3 3 
      
 3   9   27  0

2   9      9  
 0  (4) 2 2   0  0  (2) 2 2   0
3   4n      4n   

2   54  9
  2 2  2 2
3  4n   n 
 2nx 2nx
3 3
1 2
bn   dx   (2 x  x ) sin
2
f ( x) sin dx
(3 / 2) 0
3 3 0 3
3
  2nx   2nx   2nx 
  cos    sin   cos 
2 3   (2  2 x) 3   (2) 3 
 (2 x  x 2 )
3  2n   4n 2 2   8n 3 3 
      
 3   9   27  0

2   3   27    27 
 (3)   0  2  3 3   0  0  2  3 3 
3   2n   8n     8n  

3

n
 a0 
 2n x 2n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 


 9 2n x 3 2n x 
   2 2 cos  sin 
n 1  n  3 n 3 
16. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < .
Solution:
 
2 2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  2 sin nx dx
0


4   cos nx 
 
  n 

4
n

(1) n  1 
0

 0 , when n is even

bn   8
, when n is odd

 n
Half range sine series is
 
8
f ( x)   bn sin nx  sin nx
n 1 n 1 n
17. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < π in a Fourier sine series.
Sol. Fourier sine series is

f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1

 
2 2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  cos x sin nx dx
0


1

  2 sin nx cos x dx
0

2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A–B)

 
1

  [sin(n  1) x  sin(n  1) x] dx ,
0
n 1


1   cos(n  1) x    cos(n  1) x 
   
  n 1   n 1  0

cos(n  1)  (1) n 1

cos(n  1)  (1) n 1

1  (1) n 1 (1) n1   1 1 

      
  n  1 n  1   n  1 n  1
 1  n  1 1   1 1 
 (1)  n  1  n  1   n  1  n  1
     

1 n 1 1   1 1 
 (1)     
   n  1 n  1  n  1 n  1

1  n  2n   2n 
 (1)  n 2  1   n 2  1
     

bn 
2n
 (n  1)
2
( 1) n

1 , n  1 
When n = 1, we have
 
2 2
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0

  cos x sin x dx
0


1

  sin 2 x dx
0


1   cos 2 x  1
  (1  1)  0
  
 2 0 2

 
f ( x)   bn sin nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
n 1 n2


2n [ (1) n  1]
 sin nx
n2  (n  1)
2
18.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x (π – x)
in 0 < x < π.
Deduce that 1  1  1  ............  
4

14 24 34 90

Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is

a0 
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1
 
2 2
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0

  x(  x) dx
0


2  x x  2 3
   
 2 3 0
 2   3  3  
     (0  0)
  2 3  

2  3  2
   
6 3

 
2 2
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

  x(  x) cos nx dx
0


2 2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 ( x  x )   (  2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n  0
3
 2  ( )(1) n   ( )(1) 
 0   0  0  2  0
  n 2
  n 

2

n 2

 ( 1) n

1

2

  2 ( 1) n  1
n

4
an   2 , when n is even
n
0 , when n is odd
 
a0
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1
1  2  
4
      2 cos nx
2  3  n  even n

2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 

 4     ...............
 2 
2 2 2
6 4 6

Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series is

 2 
2 a0

 0
[ f ( x)] dx 
2

2
 a
n 1
n
2
  2
2 1  2
 
16

 0
[ x  x ] dx  
2 2

2 3
   n4
 n  even


2  4
1 1 1 
 ( x  x  2 x )dx   16 4  4  4  ..............
2 2 4 3

0 18 2 4 6 


2  x x 2 x 
2 3 5
 4 16  1 1 1
4

      4  4  4  4  ..............
 3 5 4  0 18 2 1 2 3 
2   5  5  5    4  1 1 1 

   
  0       .......... ....
  3 5 2   18 14 2 4 34 

2  5   4 1 1 1
   4  4  4  ...................
  30  18 1 2 3

4 4 1 1 1
  4  4  4  .............
15 18 1 2 3

4 1 1 1
(i.e.)  4  4  4  .............
90 1 2 3
20.Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, π).

Sol. Fourier sine series is


f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1

 
2 2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  x cos x sin nx dx
0


1

  x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0


1

  x [sin(n  1) x  sin(n  1) x] dx ,
0
n 1
  
1 1

  x sin(n  1) x dx    x sin(n  1) x dx ,
0 0
n 1


1    cos(n  1) x    sin(n  1) x 
bn   x    (1)  
  n 1   (n  1)
2
 0

1    cos(n  1) x    sin(n  1) x 
 x    (1)  
  n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
 1    (1) n 1  
   0  0  0
  n  1  
1    (1) n 1  
   0  0  0
  n  1  

(1) n  2 (1) n
 
n 1 n 1
 1 1 
 (1) 
n
 
 n  1 n  1 
  2n 
 (1) 
n

 ( n  1)( n  1) 

2n (1) n
(i.e.)bn  , n 1
n 1
2

When n = 1, we have

 
2 2
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0

  x cos x sin x dx
0


1

  x sin 2 x dx
0
 
1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x 
  x   (1) 
  2   4  0

1    1    1
     0  {0  0}  
   2    2

 
f ( x)   bn sin nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
n 1 n2

1 
2 n(1) n
  sin x   sin nx
2 n2 n 1
2
 21.Obtain the sine series for
 l
 x in 0 x
 2
f ( x)  
l  x in l
  xl
 2
Sol. Fourier sine series is

n x
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l

nx
l
2
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l

nx nx
l/2 l
2 2

l 
0
x sin
l
dx   (l  x) sin
l l/2 l
dx
 l/2
  nx   nx 
   cos    sin 
2  
 ( x) l   (1) l
l   n   n 2 2 
  l

 
 l2

 0
l
  nx   nx 
   cos    sin 
2  
 (l  x) l   (1) l
l   n   n 2 2 
    
 l   l2  l / 2
   n   2 n  
 
2   l  l . cos   l . sin  
2  
2   0  0
     
l   2  n   n  2 2
 
    
     
   n   2 n 
   l . cos   l . sin  
2   l  2   2  
 {0  0}      
  2  n   n   
2 2
l
   
     
  2 n 
2l . sin
2  2 
  
l  n 2 2 
 
4l n
bn  2 2 sin
n  2


n x 
n n x
f ( x)   bn sin
4l
  2 2 sin sin
n 1 l n 1 n  2 l
22.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x
in 0 < x < l. Hence deduce the value of the series  1
n 1 ( 2 n  1) 4

Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is

a0  n x
f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 l
l
2
a0 
l  f ( x) dx
0

l
2 x 
l 2
2
  x dx   
l 0 l  2 0

2 l 2 
   0  l
l 2 
 n x n x
l l
2 2
a n   f ( x) cos dx   x cos dx
l 0 l l 0 l

l
  n x   n x 
  sin    cos 
2 l   (1) l 
 ( x)
l   n   n 2 2 
    
 l   l 2
 0

2  (1) n l 2   l 2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
l  n    n  
 
2l
n 2 2
(1)  1
n

  4l
 2 2 , when n is odd
an   n 

 0, when n is even

a0 
n x
f ( x)    an cos
2 n 1 l

l   4l n x
   2 2 cos
2 n 1 n  l
Using Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have
l 2 
2 a
l 0
  
2 0 2
[ f ( x )] dx a n
2 n 1


 
l 2 2
2 l 16l
 ( x) dx     4 4 
2

l 0 2 n 1  n  
l
2 x  3
l 2 16l 2 1 1 1 
    4  
14 34 54  .......... ........
l  3 0 2 

2l 2 l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
  4  4
 4  4  ..................
3 2  1 3 5 
 l 2 16 l 2 1 1 1 
 4 14  34  5 4  ..................
6   

4 1 1 1
 4  4  4  .................
96 1 3 5

4 
1
(i.e.) 
96 n 1 ( 2 n  1) 4
23.Prove that
4  x 1 3x 1 5x 
1  sin  sin  sin  ..............
  l 3 l 5 l 
in the interval 0 < x < l

Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to
Find half range Fourie sine series for f(x) = 1


n x
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l

n x n x
l l
2 2
bn 
l 
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx   (1) sin
l 0 l
dx
 n x 
l

 cos
2 l  2   ( 1 ) n
l   l 
          
l  n  l  n   n 
 l  0


2
n

(1) n 1  1

n x  2 [(1) n1  1] n x
f ( x)   bn sin  sin
n 1 l n 1 n l

2 2  x 2 3 x 2 5 x 
  sin  0  sin  0  sin  0  ...........
 1 l 3 l 5 l 
4  x 1 3x 1 5x 
1 sin  sin  sin  .............
  l 3 l 5 l 
24.Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x – 2)2 in the
interval 0 < x < 2.

Sol. Half range cosine series is

a0  nx
f ( x)    an cos
2 n 1 2
2 2
2
a0 
2 
0
f ( x) dx   ( x  2) 2 dx
0

2
 ( x  2)  3
   8  8
   0    
 3 0   3  3
 nx nx
2 2
2
an 
2 
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx   ( x  2) 2 cos
0
2
dx

2
  nx   nx   nx 
  sin    cos    sin 
 ( x  2) 2  2   [2( x  2)] 2   (2) 2 
  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 2   4   8  0

  
  16
  0  0  0  0  2 2  0
16
 2 2
  n    n

8  16 nx
f ( x)    2 2 cos
6 n 1 n  2
4 16 1 x 1 2x 1 3x 
(i.e.) f ( x)   2 12 cos 2  2 2 cos 2  32 cos 2  ....
3   
COMPLEX OR EXPONENTIAL FORM OF FOURIER
SERIES

In    x  
 
1
f ( x)  c e
n  
n
inx
, cn 
2  f ( x)e
inx
dx


In 0  x  2
 2
1
f ( x)   cn e
n  
inx
, cn 
2  f ( x)e inxdx
0
In  l  x  l
 inx l inx
1
f ( x)  c e
n  
n
l
, cn 
2l  f ( x)e l
dx
l

In 0  x  2l
 inx 2l inx
1
f ( x)  c e
n  
n
l
, cn 
2l  f ( x)e l
dx
0
 x
25.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x)  e

in –1 < x < 1
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by


f ( x)   n
n 
C e i n x (-l, l) type where
l=1

1
1

 i n x
Cn  f ( x ) e dx
2(1) 1

1
1  x  i n x
 e e dx
2 1
 1
1  (1i n  ) x
 e dx
2 1
1
1 e 
 (1i n  ) x
  
2   (1  i n )  1


1
2(1  i n )
e 
 (1i n  )
e (1i n  )


 (1  i n ) 1  i n 

2(1  n  )
2 2
e e 
1 i n
e e 
 e  i n   e i n   (1) n

 (1  i n ) 1
Cn 
2(1  n 2 2 )
e ( 1
) n
 e 1
( 1) n


(1  i n ) (1) n 1 
   n
1 (1 i n ) ( 1 )
 e  e  2 sinh 1
2(1  n  )
2 2
2(1  n  )
2 2

(1) n sinh 1(1  i n )

Cn 
1  n 2 2

(1) n sinh 1(1  i n ) i n  x
 f ( x)  
n 1 n 
2 2
e
26.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of
f ( x)  cos ax in    x  
Solution:

f ( x)   n
C e
n 
in x


1
cn 
2 
 f ( x)e inxdx


1

inx
 cos axe dx
2 
 
 e inx

 2 2 2  in cos ax  a sin ax 
1

2 i n  a  
note :
ax

 cos bx  a 2  b 2 a cos bx  b sin bx 

ax e
e

 e in e in 

1
 2  in cos a  a sin a   2 2  in cos a  a sin a 
2 a  n
2
a n 

 (1) n 

1
 2  in cos a  a sin a   in cos a  a sin a 
2 a  n
2

 
 1 2a sin a
n


2 a 2  n 2 


 1
a sin a
n


 a 2  n2 

 1n a sin a einx
 f ( x)  
n    a 2  n 2 
27.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x)  e
x

in 0 < x < 2
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by


f ( x)   n
n 
C e i n x (0, 2l) type where
2l = 2 => l=1

2
1

i n x
Cn  f ( x ) e dx
2(1) 0

2
1 x i n x
 e e dx
20
 2
1 (1i n  ) x
 e dx
20
2
1e 
(1i n  ) x
  
2  (1  i n )  0


1
2(1  i n )
e 
2 (1i n  )
e 0

(1  i n ) 2 2 i n 

2(1  n  )
2 2
e e  1 
 
(1  i n )
2(1  n  )
2 2
e 2

1 
Cn 
(1  i n )
2(1  n  )
2 2
e 
2
1 

 f ( x)  


n 2(1  n  )
2 2

(1  i n ) 2
e  1 e 
i n x
 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by
numerical value is known as harmonic analysis. In harmonic
analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the function
y = f(x) in (0, 2π) are given by

a0 
f ( x)    (an cos n x  bn sin n x)
2 n 1
 y 
a0  2 [mean value of y]  2  
 N 
  y cos nx 
a n  2 [mean value of y cos nx]  2  
 N 
  y sin nx 
bn  2 [mean value of y sin nx]  2  
 N 
 28.Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic
from the following data:

 2 4 5
x: 0  2
3 3 3 3
f ( x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10

Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the
first six values will be used.
Fourier series is

a0 
f ( x)    (an cos n x  bn sin n x)
2 n 1

a0
(i.e.) f ( x)   a1 cos x  a2 cos 2 x  b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x
2
 x y ycosx ycos2x ysinx ysin2x
0 10 10 10 0 0

π/3 12 6 –6 10.392 10.392

2π/3 15 –7.5 –7.5 12.99 –12.99

π 20 –20 20 0 0

4π/3 17 –8.5 –8.5 –14.722 14.722

5π/3 11 5.5 –5.5 –9.526 –9.526

Total 85 –14.5 2.5 –0.866 2.598

Here N = 6

 y   85 
a0  2 [mean value of y]  2  2  6   28.333
 N 

  y cos x    14.5 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos x]  2    2     4.833
 N   6 

  y cos 2 x   2.5 
a 2  2 [mean value of y cos 2 x]  2  2  6   0.833
 N 
   y sin x    0.866 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin x]  2  2  6    0.289
 N 

  y sin 2 x   2.598 
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 x]  2  2  6   0.866
 N 

28.333
 f ( x)   4.833 cos x  0.833 cos 2 x  0.289 sin x  0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x)  14.1665  4.833 cos x  0.833 cos 2 x  0.289 sin x  0.866 sin 2 x
 29. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from
the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20

Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6

(i.e.) 2l = 6  l=3
a0   n x n x 
Fourier series is f ( x)     an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 
a0 x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
f ( x)   a1 cos  a 2 cos  a3 cos  b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a0
(i.e.) f ( x)   a1 cos   a 2 cos 2  a3 cos 3  b1 sin   b2 sin 2  b3 sin 3
2
x
where  
3
 x y θ=πx/3 ycosθ ycos2θ ycos3θ ysinθ ysin2θ ysin3θ

0 9 0 9 9 9 0 0 0

1 18 π/3 9 –9 –18 15.588 15.588 0

2 24 2π/3 –12 –12 24 20.784 –20.784 0

3 28 π –28 28 –28 0 0 0

4 26 4π/3 –13 –13 26 –22.516 22.516 0

5 20 5π/3 10 –10 –20 –17.32 –17.32 0

–25 –7 –7 –3.464 0 0
Total 125
Here N = 6

 y  125 
a0  2 [mean value of y ]  2    2    41.667
 N   6 

  y cos     25 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos  ]  2    2     8.333
 N   6 

  y cos 2   7
a 2  2 [mean value of y cos 2 ]  2  2  6    2.333
 N 

  y cos 3   7
a3  2 [mean value of y cos 3 ]  2  2  6    2.333
 N 
   y sin     3.464 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin  ]  2  2  6    1.155
 N 

  y sin 2  0
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 ]  2    2   0
 N  6

  y sin 3  0
b3  2 [mean value of y sin 3 ]  2    2   0
 N  6
 a0 x 2 x 3 x
f ( x)   a1 cos  a 2 cos  a3 cos
2 3 3 3
x 2 x 3 x
 b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin
3 3 3

41.667
 f ( x)   8.333 cos   2.333 cos 2  2.333 cos 3
2
 1.155 sin   0 sin 2  0 sin 3

(i.e.) f ( x)  20.833  8.333 cos   2.333 cos 2

x
 2.333 cos 3  1.155 sin  where  
3
 30.Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic
from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f ( x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11.6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7

Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12

(i.e.) 2l = 12  l = 6
Fourier series is
a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  6 6 
a0 x x
f ( x)   a1 cos  b1 sin
2 6 6
a0 x
(i.e.) f ( x)   a1 cos   b1 sin  where  
2 6
 x y θ=πx/6 cosθ ycosθ ysinθ
0 18 0 1 18 0
1 18.7 π/6 0.866 16.1942 9.35
2 17.6 2π/6 0.5 8.8 15.2416
3 15 3π/6 0 0 15
4 11.6 4π/6 –0.5 –5.8 10.0456
5 8.3 5π/6 –0.866 –7.1878 4.15
6 6 π –1 –6 0
7 5.3 7π/6 –0.866 –4.5898 –2.65
8 6.4 8π/6 –0.5 –3.2 –5.5424
9 9 9π/6 0 0 –9
10 12.4 10π/6 0.5 6.2 –10.7384
11 15.7 11π/6 0.866 13.5962 –7.85
Total 144 36.0128 18.0064
Here N = 12
 y  144 
a0  2 [mean value of y ]  2    2    24
 N   12 

  y cos    36.0128 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos  ]  2    2    6.002
 N   12 

  y sin   18.0064 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin  ]  2    2    3.001
 N   12 

24
 f ( x)   6.002 cos   3.001sin 
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x)  12  6.002 cos   3.001sin  where  
6
31.

solution :
a0
f ( x)   a1 cos x  a 2 cos 2 x  b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x
2

2.9
 f ( x)   0.37 cos x  0.1cos 2 x  0.17 sin x  0.06 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x)  1.45  0.37 cos x  0.1cos 2 x  0.17 sin x  0.06 sin 2 x
32.

a0 2 x
Sol. f ( x)   a1 cos   b1 sin  where  
2 T
 a0 2 x
f ( x)   a1 cos   b1 sin  where  
2 T

 y   4.6 
a0  2 [mean value of y ]  2    2    1.5
 N   6 

  y cos   1.12 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos  ]  2  2   0.37
 N   6 

  y sin    3.013 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin  ]  2  2  6   1.005
 N 
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in (– l, l)
and the associated Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.

Sol.

n x
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l

n x
l
2
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l

2. If f(x) = 3x – 4x3 defined in the interval (– 2, 2) then find the value
of a1 in the Fourier series expansion.
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.

a1  0
3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function
f(x) = x2, – π < x < π

Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function. a0 

Fourier series is f ( x)    a n cos nx
2 n 1
 
2 2
a0   f ( x) dx   dx
2
x
 0
 0

2  x3  2  3  2 2
      0 
  3 0   3  3
Hence the first term of the Fourier series is
a0 2

2 3
4.If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
Sol.
2 x
4
1
a2   2 x cos dx
20 2
4
  x cos 
0
x dx

  sin  x    cos  x 
4

  x   (1) 
      2
 0

 1   1 
 0  2   0  2 
     
0
5. Define root mean square value of a function

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as

 [ f ( x)] 2 dx
1
b


2
RM S  y  a
y  [ f ( x )] 2
dx
ba ba a

6.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in (0, l)

Sol.
l
1
  [ f ( x)]2 dx
2
RM S y
l0

l
l
1 22 1 4
l
1  x  1 l 5  l 4
5 l2
  [ x ] dx   x dx       0  y
l0 l0 l  5 0 l 5  5 5
7.Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2π)

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2π) is defined as

2 2
1 1
 
2
RM S  y  [ f ( x)] dx  y 
2
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
2 0
2 0

8.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = 1 – x in 0 < x < 1

Sol.
1
1
  [ f ( x)]2 dx
2
RM S y
10

3 1
1
 (1  x)    1  1 1
  (1  x) dx  
2
  0      y
0   3  0    3  3 3
9.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = π – x in 0 < x < 2π
Sol.
2
1

2
RM S y  [ f ( x )]2
dx
2 0

2 2
1 1  (  x)  3
 0 (  x) dx  2   3 
2

2 0

1   3    3 
     
2  3    3 
1  2 3   2
   
2  3  3


y
3
10.Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence
of a Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points
in (–π, π)
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2π
iii) f(x) and
f (x) are piecewise continuous in (–π, π)

Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to f(x)

a) if x is a point of continuity
f ( x  0)  f ( x  0)
b) if x is a point of discontinuity.
2
 x , 0  x  1
11.Find the sum of the Fourier series for f ( x)  
2 , 1  x  2
at x = 1
Sol. Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity

f (1  0)  f (1  0) 1  2 3
f (1)   
2 2 2
12.State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.
Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is

c  2l 2 
1 a0
c    (an  bn )
2 2 2
[ f ( x )] dx
l 2 n 1

The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is

c  2 2 
1 a0
 [ f ( x)] dx    (an  bn )
2 2 2

 c 2 n 1
12.Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
Sol.
c  2l c  2l
1 n x
a0 
l  f ( x) dx
c
an 
1
l  f ( x) cos
l
dx
c

c  2l
1 n x
bn 
l 
c
f ( x) sin
l
dx

13.Define RMS value of a function.

Sol. The RMS value of a function f(x) in (a,b) is defined by

b
1
y 
2
[ f ( x )] dx
ba a
b
1

2
y  [ f ( x )] 2
dx
ba a
14.State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.
Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c  2l 2 
1 a0
c [ f ( x)] dx  2   (an  bn )
2 2 2

l n 1

The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c  2 2 
1 a0
c    (an  bn )
2 2 2
[ f ( x )] dx
 2 n 1

15.Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is l
1

2
y  [ f ( x )] 2
dx
l 0
l
1x  1 l 3 
l 3
1
  x dx  
2
    0 
l 0 l  3 0 l3 
l2

3
16.Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in
the interval (0,10).
Sol.
nx nx
10 10
2 2
an 
10 0 f ( x ) cos
10
dx  
10 0
(10) cos
10
dx

nx 
10

 sin 
 2 10
 
20
sin n  0  0
 n  n
 10  0

. 17.What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient a-n in the Fourier series
expansion of
f(x) = x – x3 in (–,).
Sol. Since the interval is (–,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f(– x) = (– x) – (–x)3
= – x + x3 = – (x – x3) = – f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
 Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x
. 18.
expanded in the interval (–,).
Sol. Since the interval is (–,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(–x) = cos2 (–x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
 
2 2
a0   f ( x ) dx  
2
cos x dx
 0
 0

2 1  cos 2 x
 
 0 2
dx


1  sin 2 x 
 x 
  2  0


1
(  0)  (0)

1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is 
2 2
19. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2 in
–2 < x < 2
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)2 – 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x), which is an even function

2 2
2
a0 
2 
0
f ( x) dx   ( x 2  2) dx
0
2
x 3

   2 x
3 0
 8   4
   4   (0)  
 3   3

Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is a0  4 / 3 2

 
2 2 3
 20. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (–,) is
--------------- (1)

2 
n 4 2 
3
  ( 1)  n 2 cos nx 
n
sin nx 
n 1

, then find the value of the infinite series 1 1 1

2
 2
 2
 .............
1 2 3
Sol. Given 2 
4 2 
f ( x)    (1) n  2 cos nx  sin nx
3 n 1 n n 
Put x = π in the above series we get

2 
4 
f ( )    (1)  2 (1) n 
n
0
3 n 1 n 

But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have

 f ( )  f ( ) (   2 )  (   2 ) 2 2
f ( )    2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes

2 
 4 
  2
  (1)  2 (1)  0
nn

3 n 1 n 
 2 
4 ( 1 ) 2n
2   2
3 n 1 n
2 2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ...............
3 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
 2
 2
 2
 ...............
6 1 2 3
21. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the
three criteria in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value ∞ at 
x
2
and so it is a discontinuous point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So
it does not have a Fourier series expansion.
 Application of Fourier series
 Electrical engineering
Fourier Series is very useful for circuit analysis, electronics, signal processing etc.
The study of Fourier Series is the backbone of Harmonic analysis. Harmonic
analysis is used for filter design, noise and signal analysis. etc.. Harmonic
analysis is also very important in power system studies. In power network,
harmonics are mainly generated by non-linear elements and switching equipment.
 Vibration analysis,
Vibration Analysis is used to detect early precursors to machine failure, allowing
machinery to be repaired or replaced before an expensive failure occurs.
 Acoustics
The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society
with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries.
Image processing, Quantum mechanics, optics, etc.