Web Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network Using LoRaWAN Technology UPDATED For FINAL DEFENSE

Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
Laguna, Philippines 4025
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 0
WEB-BASED WATER QUALITY DATA PROFILING BUOY

NETWORK USING LORAWAN TECHNOLOGY
A Design Project Proposal Presented to the

College of Engineering
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
By
Del Valle, Kenneth Ian D.
Hede, Roselle G.
Sonio, Mark John Paul M.
March 2019
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Human overpopulation imposes the biggest risk with the environment silently
worsening the forces behind global warming, environmental pollution, habitat loss,
the sixth mass extinction, intensive farming practices and the consumption of limited
natural resources, such as fresh water, arable land and fossil fuels at speeds faster
than their rate of regeneration. Collective consumption exceeds what our planet can
renew by over 70 percent as mentioned by the Global Footprint Network, a non-
profit research group that counts the planet’s bio-capacity.
With all this natural resources we are consuming, freshwater is the most
fundamental finite resource with no substitute for most uses. Considering that saline
water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater sums up to about 97 percent of all the
water on earth while the remaining 2.5-2.75 percent is left with freshwater which is
subdivided to 2 percent frozen in glaciers, polar caps and snow, 0.5 percent goes to
the groundwater and moisture yet we are consuming freshwater at least 10 times
faster. Water is a pre-requisite for life and is present in most organisms, including
humans. It is involved in all processes and cycle of life and affects each of us directly
and indirectly. As United Nations Water states, the earth’s surface, at around 75
percent, primarily consists of bodies of water. With this, it plays a vital role in climate
and the progress of life on this planet.
As water is as utmost importance as food, communities grow around bodies
of water and with them arises the problem of pollution. They live along the coast of
lakes or rivers and infect the water quality and eventually lead to water pollution.
Water pollution is the contamination of bodies and sources of water and usually as a
result of human activities such as overpopulation. These bodies of water comprise of
rivers, lakes, seas or oceans while pollutant/contaminants are introduced into the
environment. The causes of water pollution include chemicals from industrial plants
illegally being dumped into a system and household wastes directly thrown into a
tributary. As a result, water pollution is now the leading cause of death worldwide
due to water-borne diseases according to the World Health Organization.

Background of the Study
The country has more than enough of surface and ground water supply but
the untreated domestic wastes and industrial wastewater are directly discarded into
bodies and systems of water eventually damaging them. Pasig River is one of the
world’s most polluted river system according to the Asian Water Development
Outlook (2007) and a main tributary to the Laguna Lake (Laguna de Bay) by the
Marikina River and Manggahan Floodway. With this, the Laguna Lake is in severe
environmental risk. As the largest inland freshwater lake in the Philippines, Laguna
de Bay serves as a temporary reservoir during flooding in Marikina River and a
sanctuary for endemic freshwater fishes.
The City of Cabuyao is directly situated alongside the Laguna de Bay which
exposes the communities and inhabitants to imminent danger as pollution brings
great threat to the public health and the quality of life of the residents.
As a solution to this matter, the researchers create a profiling buoy network
that allows the government and concerned individuals to monitor strategic points in
the Cabuyao River system for the water quality data and record it for further study.
This study can vastly help and aid the government and nearby industries in
monitoring the water quality along the river system. The network can coordinate and
send the information to a main station that records the data for monitoring.
As the two buoy are placed along the river system and remotely send
information, the LoRaWAN technology can be the most efficient and practical mode
of data transmission.
This proposed solution can be a great help in improving the optimal health
and quality of living to the citizens of the City of Cabuyao residing along the
Cabuyao River and Laguna Lake. This would give them knowledge and to raise the
awareness and understanding of the importance and present state of these water
resources.
Statement of the Problem
The goal of this is to design and implement a system that can assess, monitor
and respond accordingly to the current water quality data and send/record to a main
station.
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. How can the device test pH level, turbidity, total dissolved solids, water
temperature, air temperature and humidity?
2. How can profiling specific water quality data by means of two buoys be
developed?
3. How can each buoy transmit data to the main system?
4. How can the information and results reach the general public?
Conceptual Framework
• Quality measurement for each parameter (pH, turbidity,

total dissolve solids, water temperature, air humidity and
INPUT temperature)
• Sensors acquire data connected to a microcontroller

• Data are analyzed with specific parameters
PROCESS • Results go into a main station
• Display the analyzed data and results in the main station and
through the web
OUTPUT
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Web-based Water Quality Data Profiling
Buoy Network using LoRaWAN Technology
Water quality data for each parameter is used as the input. Meanwhile, the
process shows the analysis of the data through sensors of different water quality
connected to a microcontroller which analyze and assess the data collected as safe,
alarming or dangerous. The figures collected by each buoy are then sent to the main
station over LoRaWAN for comparison. Analyzed data are then displayed to the
main station and available through the web.
Design Objectives
The objective of this study is to design and implement two buoys that can
monitor, record and send the data to a station to implement the necessary actions to
take with the results acquired and profile physical parameters.
The study is designed to:
1. Develop a device that can acquire pH level, turbidity, total dissolved solids,
water temperature, air temperature and humidity data;
2. Develop two buoys which can hold the sensors intact;
3. Determine the threshold for each water quality data being measured;
4. Determine the method of communication and data transmission of each buoy
to a main station;
5. Develop a system that allows the information to be available for the public.
Assumptions
During the course of the study, the researchers assume that:
1. The profiling buoy network will take water quality data at an interval of 24
hours.
2. The system will record data from each buoy and measure the difference of
changes in each parameter.
3. The recorded data will be sent using LoRaWAN to the main station and
uploaded to the web.
4. The data collected will be available to the web for anyone to access for
referencing.
5. Each buoy is anchored to the riverbed or with any heavy object to maintain its
position and integrity in location during the collection of data.

Scope and Limitations
The buoy network and system is constricted and limited only to the following:
Scope:
1. Each buoy will assess water quality data in pH, turbidity, total dissolved
solids, water temperature, air temperature and humidity.
2. The collected data will be used to determine if thresholds were reached
and note the day of sampling as safe, alarming or dangerous in any of the
parameter accordingly.
3. The device has solar panels situated on top supplying the power needs
and charges an emergency battery for use during lean season.
4. The buoys are waterproof and can withstand heavy shaking of waves or
extreme weather conditions.
5. The system can provide graphical interpretation of the data for faster
analysis.
6. The data collected will be available through the web.

7. The data in the web can only be accessed with a specific number of users.
Limitations:
1. The buoys may tumble upon collision with heavy objects.
2. The LoRa Gateway has a limited range and in an urban setting, the range
will be 2- to 3-km-wide coverage as this depends on the radio-line-of-sight.
3. LoRa nodes can only send data specifically for alarms, triggering, and
monitoring purposes as LoRa can only transmit at extremely low speeds.

Significance of the Study
The study can be of great help to the local government, industry practitioners
and future researchers.
City of Cabuyao
The outcome of this study may provide as a basis to determine enough
knowledge of an individual about knowing the quality and profile of water systems
that may contribute significant part in bringing improvements to the community.
Engineering Discipline
The information gathered in this study may increase their knowledge about
the water quality that may benefit their existing projects which may lead them to
solve problems effectively and efficiently.
Future Researchers
The findings of the study may serve as a good source of accurate and
relevant information if they are conducting similar study. It may also help them to
attain more ideas and details for certain purposes.

Definition of Terms
Defined below are the terms used in the study for better understanding:
Buoy Network. Interconnected system of buoys that are working with each
other comparing the data collected.
Buoy. A floating device which gathers data with the sensors attached to it
and used for research purposes.
Gateway. A network node that connects two networks using different
protocols together.
Internet of Things (IoT). The interconnection of computing devices
embedded in everyday objects enabling them to transmit and receive data.
LoRa. Enables long range transmissions with low power consumption and
serves as the digital wireless communication device for transmitting and receiving
data from the buoys.
LoRaWAN. A media access protocol for wide area networks that is designed
to allow low-powered devices to communicate over long-range wireless connection.

pH. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water of a solution of a
water. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH
of 7. Water with a pH below 7.0 is considered acidic while pH level greater than 7.0
is considered basic or alkaline.
Physico-chemical parameters. Pertaining to both physical and chemical
properties, changes and reactions.
Salinity. The saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water.
Sensors. Devices that detect, monitor or collect data for a specific use by
measuring the necessary samples.
Temperature. Measure of hot and cold readings in a specific environment with
standards set at 0°C as the freezing point of water and 100°C as the boiling point.
Total Dissolved Solids. Refers to the measure of any minerals, salts or
metals dissolved in water.
Water Pollution. The presence of water pollutants or contaminants in bodies
and sources of water that destroys the quality of life of organisms within and along
and produce harmful environmental effects.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies from various
sources each relevant to the present study.
Foreign Literature
According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(UNDESA), declining water quality has become a global issue of concern as the
natural hydrological cycle has been majorly altered by overpopulation, industrial and
agricultural development and expansion and climate change. Without human
intervention and influences, water quality would be determine by natural processes
such as weathering of bedrock minerals, by the atmospheric processes of
evapotranspiration, deposition of dust and salt by the wind and by biological
processes within the aquatic environment that can affect the composition of water.
As stated by Gorde & Jadhav (2013), the indiscriminate use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides and the rapid industrialization are causing extreme and
varied pollution in aquatic environment which leads to the deterioration of water
quality and depletion of aquatic biota. Human population suffers from water borne
diseases due to use of contaminated water. Storm water runoff and discharge of
sewage into bodies of water are few of the common causes where foreign
substances and nutrients enter the aquatic ecosystems resulting in their death.
To determine the pollution in a body of water, combined physical and
chemical characteristics of water samples compared with water quality guidelines
and standards will define if the pollution thresholds were reached. Checking the
water quality such as temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity and so on at a regular time
interval is necessary to assess the condition of water bodies and nearby areas.
Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index
(CCMEWQI) is a tool for evaluation of complex water quality data for a more
convenient guide to a general audience of concern. The index has three elements:
the scope, which the number of parameters not meeting the set water quality
guidelines; the frequency, which is the number of times these guidelines are not met;
and the amplitude, which is the amount by which the guidelines are not met. The
index has values from 0 to 100, which is from worst to best water quality,
respectively. Once the water quality is measured, it is categorized into five

descriptive classification: Excellent (95-100) – water quality is close to natural levels;
Good (80-94) – water quality rarely far from natural levels: Fair (65-79) – conditions
sometimes depart from natural levels; Marginal (45-64) – water quality is often far
from natural levels; and Poor (0-44) – water quality is usually far from natural levels
(Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment, 2017).
For data transmission and reception, LoRa Alliance indicated that LoRaWAN
specifications offer flawless interoperability among “smart things” without using
complex installations performing Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It targets the
key requirements of the IoT such as safe full duplex communication, mobility and
localization services that are not addressed by other technologies. LoRa Technology
can only transmit in low data rates such as from quality sensors (Tomas, 2017).
Local Literature
A part of the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene program in the Philippines noted that 30
million Filipinos have problem with access to adequate sanitation facilities which
eventually pollutes nearby bodies of water. This leads to nine million Filipinos relying
on unsafe water supplies.
Meanwhile out of 101 million Filipinos, 19 million Filipinos lack access to
improved sanitation according to water.org. Filipinos consider water and sanitation
access a matter of safety, pride, progress and convenience, in addition to the health
considerations. While those without an access to sanitary toilet facility directly dump
into water bodies over time will pollute them (Department of Environment and
Natural Resources).
According to the Water Environment Partnership in Asia (Philippines
Environment Monitor, n.d.), the National Capital Region (NCR), Central Luzon,
Southern Luzon and Central Visayas are the four urban critical regions in terms of
water quality and quantity. Monitored data by the government also indicated that
over a third or 36 percent of the country’s river systems are classified as sources of
public water supply. Despite this, untreated wastewaters are directly dumped into
rivers or its tributaries making water unfit for drinking and recreational use threatens
biodiversity and eventually deteriorates overall quality of life.
Furthermore, as recorded by United Nations Environment (Cox, 2017),
Laguna Lake, the country’s largest lake, supplies a third of Metro Manila’s 16 million
people with a third of their fish and houses agriculture, recreation, power generation,
and so on. This placed the lake in peril as pollution from untreated water sewage
and industrial waste reached extreme levels.
According to UN Environment, Laguna de Bay’s main problem is the
excessive nutrients due to fertilizer runoff, livestock runoff and wastewater. An
excessive nutrient from human activities is risky to bodies of water for it takes away
the balance in the ecosystem. Increase in nutrients leads to eutrophication that
speeds up growth of algae, water hyacinth and other species. Because of that, they
block sunlight preventing survival of other species. Consequently, when algae die,
their decomposition leaches the surrounding water of oxygen resulting to shortage of
oxygen that kills fishes and eventually declaring the water body a dead zone (UN
Environment, 2018).
Also, siltation has vastly affected the average depth of Laguna Lake from 10
meters in the 1980s to 2.5 to 3 meters now (Inquirer.net, 2014). With this, light to
moderate flooding can be easily felt over the coastal areas and neighboring
communities.
Moreover, during the Typhoon Ondoy’s unusual downpour, rampaging quick
floodwater kept lakeshore towns and cities in the provinces of Laguna, Rizal and
Metro Manila flooded for months. The water level in the lake rose to 13.9 m (average
normal level is 10m) which prompted government officials to identify key issue with
the lake. According to Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), the government
body in charge of the rehabilitation and preservation of the lake identified that
sedimentation annual rate rose from 1.03 cm/year (1938) to 1.20 cm/year (1997)
which means the lake could become shallower by another meter in the next century
due to pollution, siltation, overcrowding of fish pens, and so on. (Cinco, 2016).
To compensate this water quality issues, a law was signed to protect,
preserve and revive the quality of water bodies. It is the Republic Act (R.A.) No.
9275 entitled “An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality Management
and for Other Purposes”, which is known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
(CWA) signed by the former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 22, 2004
and took effect on May 6, 2004. The Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) of
this act was contained in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) Administrative Order (A.O.) No. 2005-10.
The law covers water quality management in all bodies of water in the
country. Its primary purpose is to monitor and control pollution from land-based
sources that stream down the water bodies. Any person, firm or institution showing
disobedience to this act shall be enforced under its civil liability and penal provisions
(Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, 2004).
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has released
new set of water quality guidelines and effluent standards under DENR
Administrative Order (DAO) 2016-08 under compliance to with section 19e and 19f
of Republic Act (R.A.) 9275, also known as the “ Philippine Clean Water Act of
2004”.
Under new DAO, each type of water body has its set water quality rules. For
water body classification and usage of Freshwater, four categories are set: Class
AA- Public Water Supply Class I; Class A- Public Water Supply Class II; Class B-
Recreational Water Class I; Class C- Recreational Water Class II; and Class D-
Navigable Waters. Meanwhile, for the classification and usage of Marine Waters,
four levels are also obtained: Class SA- Protected Waters and Fishery Water Class
I; Class SB- Fishery Water Class II, Tourist Zones and Recreational Water Class I;
Class SC- Fishery Water Class III, Recreational Water Class II and Marshy and/or
mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries; and Class SD- Navigable
Waters.
For treated water discharge into bodies of water, effluent quality parameters
are set for each industry which is based on the most significant pollutant that the
industry will discharge in the environment (DENR, 2016).
Since the country is an archipelago, a LoRa (Long Range) transmission will
be efficient and practical. LoRa, as e-Gizmo (e-Gizmo Mechatronix Central, 2018)
has stated, provides ultra-long range speed spectrum communication and high
interference immunity while minimizing current consumption and able to perform
long range data transmission, and data comparison from different stations. As
compared with the traditional modulation technology, LoRa has a high sensitivity and
solves the traditional cannot take into account the distance, interference and power
consumption.
In addition, Packetworx, a Philippine Internet of Things (IoT) startup company
gives away IoT devices that can be attached to any devices making this “smart”
because the user is capable of controlling it remotely using smartphones and
computers. Also, the company also introduced the LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide
Access Network) technology that includes system of sensor to be provided for Local
Government Units and non-commercial users. LoRaWAN operates Packetnet,
Packetworx’s own network by long range, low power data transmission which may
eventually be utilized for transmission of temperature, air quality, and weather
updates to the community (Gonzales, 2018).
In correspondence to Internet of Things (IoT) and LoRAWAN’s introduction in
the Philippines, Pasig River Rehabilitation Council (PRRC) has teamed up with
Cypher Odin, a homegrown blockchain company to rehabilitate the river which
connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. The company will install Internet of Things
(IoT) devices along the river to monitor the developments real-time. It will also be
used to track water quality data and tide levels (Acuña, 2018) .
Foreign Studies
In order to understand the water quality of Friveni Lake, physico-chemical
parameters were studied and analyzed for a period of one year. Various physico-
chemical parameters, such as water temperature, air temperature, humidity,
conductivity, etc., were studied and found that the water quality varied with summer
and winter seasons. During this time, the quality of lake water is best for drinking
purposes compared to other seasons (Khan, 2012).

A study was conducted in Cuyahoga River located in Northern Ohio, USA. It
was named as Crooked River Project which aims to monitor water quality of the
river. The study discussed the effects of various water quality parameters in river
such as Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Turbidity and Temperature.
Inadequacy of dissolved oxygen gas is unhealthy for rivers. Aquatic
organisms need enough of this element to support their lives. However, extremely
high level of dissolved oxygen may lead cultural eutrophication, a process where
plant growth, especially algal blooms, is uncontrolled, and may cause death of
animals due to lack of oxygen.
Turbidity is a condition where level of water transparency is decreased due to
suspended solids in the water, including silts, clays, sewages and industrial wastes.
Those particles increase water temperature by absorbing heat from sunlight which
results to lower dissolved oxygen level harmful to aquatic life.
Meanwhile, temperature affects metabolism and growth rates of aquatic
organism, photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen levels, such that higher temperature
speeds up growth and death of plants, which in turn, requires oxygen for
decomposition. Additionally, it impacts aquatic organisms’ sensitivity to diseases and
toxic particles (Fister, et al., Cuyahoga River Water Quality Monitoring Program).
A related research was also conducted at Kelani River Basin in Sri Lanka,
where most of rural water supply is from groundwater through the use of wells. The
river is the second largest catch basin in the country resulting to high possibility of
water contamination as industrial, agricultural, livestock and even household waste
are stream directly into it. To assess water quality of river, the researchers utilized
the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI).
The tool was created to measure ground water quality for household and
industrial uses aided with specific guidelines which is used by most countries
worldwide. Standard methods for evaluation of water quality parameters such as
Water temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
Electrical Conductivity (EC), salinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Faecal
Coliform (FC), and so on were done through the use of specified devices. In
conclusion, the average index values and their ranks for drinking were evaluated as
poor (33) where water quality for irrigation and livestock were marked as poor (37)
and excellent (100) respectively (Mahagamage & Manage, 2014).
Additionally, a research has been conducted in three lakes in India and
collected water samples tested and analyzed for pH, turbidity, total alkalinity, sulfate
(as SO42-), chloride (C1-) and some heavy metals as these parameters determine
drinking water quality of a lake or any body of water (Chandra, Singh, & Tomar,
2012).
On the other hand, scientists at the University of Maine deployed an ocean-
observing buoy at the mouth of Damariscotta River to aid researchers in
understanding how various types and scales of aqua-culture can fit into Maine’s
multi-use working water-front. This buoy is a part of a project that assist the aqua-
culture sector to have an environmentally and economically sustainable production
way maintained (Healy, 2015).
To monitor water quality of Fraser River Estuary, Canada, (Ethier & Bedard,
2008) utilized a moored buoy platform modified to include multi-parameter water
quality sensors. A Three Meter Oceanographic-Data-Acquisition-System (ODAS)
buoy, which is capable of withstanding river flood due to heavy rains and snow
melting conditions. The buoy has also the capacity to support considerable sampling
and parameter sensors to be used. Continuous monitoring and twice a week
sampling was simultaneously done with contaminates testing.
Olsson & Finnson (2017) evaluated how the LoRaWAN protocols can be
used for the purpose of transmitting weather data from a single IoT Weather Station.
LoRaWAN is evaluated as a long-range wireless transmission protocol with respect

to its usability for weather stations placed in the Gothenburg Archipelago. They
provided a range extending protocol for LoRaWAN suitable for weather
stations/node network in the same area. The range extending protocol allow devices
outside of a central gateway’s range to do a hop to the nearest node/station that
forwards the message to the central gateway. LoRa and LoRaWAN based range
extending protocol will potentially reduce the number of gateways necessary for a
network and ultimately minimize network costs.
Liu, et al. (2018), carried out a water quality monitoring project at Dong Lake
in National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan through Internet of Things (IoT). Various
parameters are tested to the river such as temperature, turbidity, conductivity, and
pH. Consequently, wireless transmission was used to send data to the database.
The wireless communication medium utilized was Low-Power Wide-Area Network
(LPWAN)- Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) which has the capability of
long-range data transmission.
LoRa technology, which is mainly developed for Internet of Things (IoT), is a
system of data collection that uses Distributed Measurement System (DMS). Using
experimental research method, which focuses on evaluation of time-related
performance indicators, it was concluded that a low-cost transceiver has the

capacity to transmit data frames for less than 3 µs; and provide long-term stability for
commercially available nodes and packet forwarders (Ferrari, Rizzi, Flammini, &
Sisinni, 2017).
Local Studies
According to Matinico-Perez (2014), the beneficial usage of water depends on
its quality. They used the Water Quality Index (WQI) developed by the Canadian
Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) in the major rivers of Palawan
Province. The WQI used is based on physico-chemical and microbiological
parameters vis-à-vis freshwater quality standards issued by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. They would rely on the water quality index as a
decision tool and basis for decision-making activities and environmental planning
related to water resource protection and management.
Likewise, Cada (2017) stated that the analysis of physico-chemical
parameters in fish and waters of Candaba, Pampanga showed that there is a
desirable need to analyze the pond water at regular intervals as alkaline water is
good for fish farming and higher level of water conductivity implies a good level of
nutrients whole water temperature was fairly high.
Tamayo-Zafaralla (2002) reported that the most glaring evidence of the
stressed ecological state of the lake is the declining fishery productivity. This loss
stems from various deleterious factors happening throughout the lake and all its river
tributaries. The problems seen collectively showed that Laguna de Bay is an
extremely stressed and polluted aquatic ecosystem urgently needing rehabilitation.
Niugan River, in addition, which is one of the tributaries of Cabuyao River,
has been a subject to River Health Status Model (Baltazar, 2012). The model is
made up of two component factors: Response Parameters – measurement of
current condition of the river using 15 water quality indicators such as pH, cadmium,
dissolved oxygen, air and water temperature difference, conductivity, and so on; and
Pressure Parameters – physical factors affecting the river condition such as land
use, infrastructure and riparian vegetation.
Response parameters values were obtained through on-site measurements
while the Pressure parameters were derived from a map using ArcMap10, a
Geographic Information System (GIS) software. A calculator-like device is also
created to perform a more efficient input and sensitivity measurement. The interface
recorded a score of 37.07, corresponding to ‘poor’ river health. It was also learned
that health score was greatly affected by the combination of water quality indicators
and not by the number of it. Thus, it needs to collect data sets from other river to
perform comparison and consequently achieve a dynamic results.
A system of water quality parameter sensors was also designed and develop
for Lake Palakpakin in San Pablo City, Laguna which has 1 km diameter and depth
of 7 m. The system measures and sends data acquired on dissolved oxygen,
conductivity and temperature in the lake at 0.5 and 2.5 m depths for a time interval
of 30 minutes. Collected data are sent via SMS to main server and displayed on web
which can be accessed by concerned audience. Aerator utilization is also done
which operates during night time and early morning that turns on via drop call
(Solpico, et al., 2014).
Consequently, as acknowledged by Abadilla (2015), the continuously
increasing decimals for steady supply and access to potable water comes with
urbanization and that water governance has to cope with, both for the immediate
and long term. A strengthened local government mechanism is important for
integrating efforts, coordinating ad managing integrated water resources and related

water operations in the area and driving the different sectors and agencies involved
to treat water resource in an integrated manner.
Relevance to the Present Study
The mentioned literature and studies will help the researchers in conducting
their studies. The literatures explained many factors to consider in studying the
water quality data. Other literatures give some methods of sampling certain water
quality and the materials needed to do so. Other literatures provide guidelines and
thresholds in measuring water quality depending on the pollutants itself and on its
surroundings. Aside from the literature, the studies also provide information about
past researches related to the current research in terms of data gathering and
processing, research methodology and the technologies used. This information will
be a great help to the researchers in improving the study.

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology is the building block of the definite process of a
study. It includes the activities of the researchers in their research proceedings. It
denotes set of methods or procedures and the assumptions in a particular study.
This chapter provides broad details of the project/research; its design, project
development, progress of the project, and instruments and techniques to be used.
This section includes the data gathering procedures, operating and testing
procedures, evaluation procedures and criteria used by the researchers for the
study.
Project/ Research Design
The research design is the general strategic plan of the research study. It
specifies the type of research study and the type of research method to undertake to
effectively address the research study’s objectives and problems.

The descriptive method of research involves data collection from a present
condition of a phenomena without changing it in any way. This enables the situation
to describe the existing status with respect to the variables. The subject is being
observed, analyzed and evaluated in a completely inherent and unchanged natural
environment. However, the results from a descriptive research cannot be used to
discover a definitive answer to disprove a hypothesis.
The Web-Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network using LoRaWAN
Technology utilizes the aforementioned method. The project aims to profile current
water quality parameters in parts of Cabuyao river. It compares results gathered
from two buoys and sends the result to a main station. The buoy stations form a
communication network over LoRaWAN enabling the transmission and reception of
acquired data. When set thresholds are exceeded, alarms are triggered as the
warning signal. However, it does not determine the cause and effect of the
accumulated water quality. These aspects rely on the evaluation of concerned
professionals and government agencies.

Project Development
The project development comprises the discussion of the system’s structure.
The project construction is instrumental in obtaining the objectives of the design
project. It will be used to ensure that the construction would comply with the plan
acquired. In the event that a problem would arise, this approach could facilitate the
isolation process for troubleshooting and would result in the eventual resolution of
the issue.
The procedures that the proponents follow in the prototype construction are
as follows:
1. Planning of the Project
1.1. Identify the possible location to be monitored in Cabuyao River.
1.2. Plan strategic way/s in measuring water parameters accurately.
1.3. Use a microcontroller that would analyze the data measured by the
waterproof sensors and add a wireless module for the transmission of
data.
1.4. Create a procedure or manual on how the device works.

1.5. Design the schematic diagram of the Web-Based Water Quality Data
Profiling Buoy Network using LoRaWAN.Technology
1.6. Create a list of possible equipment or components needed in the
project.
1.7. Make a time table on the construction of the prototype for the on-time
progress.
2. Construction of the Project
2.1. Check the compatibility of each component including the way they
work, calibrations and the identification of the parameters to be
measured.
Table 1. Gantt Chart of Web-based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network using
LoRaWAN Technology
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
35
Table 2. Sensors to be used with each parameter.
PARAMETER METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Water Temperature Waterproof Digital Temperature Sensor
pH pH Sensor E-201-C
Turbidity Analog Turbidity Sensor Module
Total Dissolved Solids Analog TDS Sensor
DHT22 Temperature and Humidity
Air (Surface) Temperature & Humidity*
Sensor
*Air temperature and relative humidity parameters are measured also as the
surface temperature rises, less gas molecules will dissolve in water and may affect
the pH outputs (Sallam & Elsayed, 2018).
The results are compared on the water quality standards for fresh surface
waters such as lakes, rivers, reservoirs and so on bases on the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order No. 34, series of 1990.
2.2. Connect and transmit data from sensor to microcontroller where an
Arduino language is used.
2.3. Construct a program in the microcontroller that analyzes the water
parameters measured by the sensors.
2.4. Create a buoy that serves as the floater of the installed sensors.
2.5. Install a solar panel appropriate to the power consumption of the
sensors and microcontroller in the buoy.
2.6. Use a wireless module for the transmission of the water parameters to
the main station.
2.7. Construct a main station for the reception of the transmitted data in
every buoy station.
2.8. Set a criterion in order to classify the gathered data into the level of
the water quality.
2.9. Create a daily and weekly graphical interpretation of the transmitted
data.
3. Testing
3.1. Hardware Testing
3.1.1. Test each component for compatibility in the design project.
3.1.2. Make a test for the calibration of the device after assembling the
whole unit.
3.1.3. Test the device by measuring the received data.
3.1.4. Test the prototype from time to time to check its efficiency and
reliability.
3.2. Software Testing
3.2.1. Test the software provided by the developer.
3.2.2. Test the constructed program if it is working properly.
4. Evaluation
4.1. Relevance
4.1.1. This design project aims to provide the information that can
alleviate the conditions of the river in the City of Cabuyao.
4.1.2. The data collected are forwarded to a partner agency that takes
necessary actions.
4.2. Effectiveness
4.2.1. The sensors have a high percentage of accuracy and thus
maximizes the success of data acquisition.

Table 3. Accuracy of each sensor reading.
SENSOR ACCURACY (%)

Water Temperature Sensor ±0.5°C over much of the range
DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Humidity: 0-100% with 2-5% accuracy
Sensor Temperature: -40 - 80°C ±.5°C
accuracy
pH meter sensor ±0.1pH 25°C
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Meter ±10% (25°C)
Analog Sensor
4.3. Reliability
4.3.1. The buoy network and the LoRaWAN system must transmit and
receive data to its gateway to ensure reliability.
5. Documentation
5.1. The documents of this design project can be used to aid the future
proponents in understanding the deeper technical side, aspects and
theories involved.
6. Implementation
6.1. The proposed project can be implemented to the river channels in the
City of Cabuyao and to raise the awareness to future recipients and

people of the whole Philippines, which can help the youth gain interest
in the application of this technology.
Operation Procedures
The researchers come up with the following step by step procedure for the
design project development.
1. Buoys placed in strategic points have sensors detecting pH level, turbidity,
total dissolved solids, water temperature, air temperature and humidity.
2. The sensors submerged/exposed automatically measure the water
parameters every 24 hours.
3. As the water parameters have been measured, the data collected are sent by
each member buoy of the network to the main station.
4. The main station compares the measurements gathered in every buoy.
5. The measurements are then analyzed individually using the water quality
index.
6. The acquired data are then uploaded to the web.
7. The water quality index and the data of gathered water parameters are
displayed in the web.
8. This webpage with the graphical interpretation is only available for a limited
number of users.
Testing Procedures
To test the functionality of the devices, the following procedures may be
conducted as follows:
1. Each component is tested depending on what is the standard testing.
2. pH Sensor
2.1. pH level reading displays on the main station
2.2. pH level is transmitted to the main station via LoRa protocol.
2.3. pH sensor is calibrated by using solutions with a fixed amount level of pH

range.
2.4. pH sensor is also calibrated by comparing its output to the existing simple
pH meter sensor in the market.
3. Turbidity Sensor
3.1. Turbidity level reading displays on the main station
3.2. Turbidity level is transmitted to the main station via LoRa protocol.
3.3. The turbidity sensor is calibrated by using different kinds of water
and based its value given by the device specifications.
4. Water Temperature Sensor
4.1. Water temperature level reading displays on the main station
4.2. Water temperature level is transmitted to the main station via LoRa
protocol.
4.3. Water temperature sensor is calibrated by applying water with different
temperature conditions.
4.4. Water temperature sensor is also calibrated by comparing its output to a
thermometer.
5. Total Dissolved Solids Sensor
5.1. TDS level reading displays on the main station
5.2. TDS level is transmitted to the main station via LoRa protocol.
5.3. TDS sensor is calibrated by using a solution that approximates the
conductivity for the water to be monitored.
6. Air Temperature and Humidity Sensor
6.1. Air temperature and humidity level reading displays on the main station
6.2. Air temperature and humidity level is transmitted to the main station via
LoRa protocol.
6.3. The Air temperature and humidity sensor is tested by using it in different
kinds of weather conditions.
7. Lora Module for Communication

7.1. LoRa Sends and receives any data and views it on the main station.
7.2. LoRa is tested by changing the spreading factor and cote rate to know
how fast the transmitted data can be received.
7.3. LoRa is placed in different locations to test its long range transmission
and reception capabilities.
8. Solar Panel
8.1. Solar Panel is tested by measuring its power and voltage output
appropriate to the power consumption needs of each buoy of the network.
8.2. The solar panel is placed on the top of the buoy to test what time it can
generate its most efficient power rating.
9. Acquired data of each sensors will then be compared with a manually
collected data to verify accuracy.

Figure 2. Operational Flow Chart of Web-Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy
Network using LoRaWAN Technology

Operational Flow Chart of Web-Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network
using LoRaWAN Technology

Figure 2 shows the operational procedure of the Web-based Water Quality
Data Profiling Buoy Network using LoRaWAN. The sensors gather the water quality
data and check the turbidity, temperature, pH level and the total dissolved solids in
the water and the humidity and temperature of the air. The air temperature and
humidity should be measured first before the pH level. As the surface temperature
rises, less gas molecules will dissolve in water and may affect the pH outputs.
Whenever a measurement fails, the device tries to read it again.
The values acquired by the sensors for water parameters are computed by
the microcontroller given a standard formula in solving the water quality. The largest
WQI is considered. The WQI is classified to its effect to the health of the river.
Values are ranging from 100 being the safest to 0 being the most hazardous state.
The classified water quality together with the air temperature and humidity readings
from each buoy of the network are sent to the main station and then to the database
for further analysis. The current and previous data between the two buoy are
compared. After the data have been recorded, this will be posted to the web for the
awareness of the citizen.

Figure 3. Block Diagram of Web-Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network
using LoRaWAN Technology

Evaluation Procedure
The following procedure shows the step by step functionality of the Web-
Based Water Data Profiling Buoy Network using LoRaWAN.
1. Test the wireless module by sending a message and check if it receives the
message.
2. Compare the data for the evaluation of accurate reading of the
microcontroller.
3. After comparison, calibrate the sensors by programming the microcontroller.
4. Check the output of the sensors through the analyzed data by the
microcontroller by sending the data to see if it reads the data.
5. Check if the microcontroller senses the condition and sends an information
to the main station by using separate water samples with different water
parameters.
6. Evaluate the buoy network by using a separate water sample and see if it
senses the water sample automatically after detection.

Evaluation Criteria
The following criteria are used to assess the functionality of the design
project:
1. The system shall be considered functional if the conditions presented are
satisfied.
2. The system is activated depending upon the specifies schedule.
3. The data on the main station must correctly show the data gathered from the
buoy networks.
4. The different sensors (Humidity, air and water temperature, pH, dissolved
solids and turbidity) correctly gather different stimuli and will be fed to the
microcontroller to be processed and thereafter send the data.
5. Turbidity is measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Surface water
is usually between 1-50 NTU but it can become higher than this due to heavy
rain according to the US Geology Survey. The turbidity sensor only measures
the transparency of the river. This is used to monitor the average turbidity
level of the Cabuyao river.

6. The criteria of water parameters are based on the guidelines provided by
DAO 2016-08.
Table 4. Water Quality Guidelines for Primary Parameter
Water Body Classification

Parameter Unit
AA A B C
pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 -8.5 6.5 - 9.0
Temperature °C 26 – 30 26 - 30 26 – 30 25 - 31
Total Suspended Solids mg/L 25 50 65 80
Note: From “Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of
2016”. The classification of water parameters is Class C. These are the criteria of
the microcontroller on the probes output.
7. The device bases its response to this criteria of pH level:
Table 5. Acceptable pH levels of rivers
pH Level Effect
<4.0 Too Acidic
4.0 – 6.5 Slightly Acidic
6.5 – 8.5 Neutral
8.5 – 10.0 Slightly Alkaline
>10.0 Too Alkaline
Note: The normal pH level of river is between 6.5 to 8.5. Signs of aquatic life
can be found at pH values from 4-10. Any value less than 4 or greater than 10 can
cause fish kill in the rivers.
Instruments and Techniques Used
The technique in writing a thesis is determined by the capability of the
researchers in the establishment of obtained information in every chapter. The
researchers also have to present the materials which have been used to give a
reader an actual standpoint.
Library Researches
The researchers include some relevant documents practical to the
development of water data profiling buoy network which describes the water quality
particulars in Cabuyao river. The researchers utilize the materials offered by the
library such as books, journals, articles and theses. Additional references are found
in the internet which is of foreign and local pieces.

Flowchart and Block Diagram
The researchers include an operational flowchart and block diagram to
illustrate the sequence of operations to be performed from the buoy network to the
accessibility of the gathered water quality data on the web.
Gantt Chart
The researchers use Gantt chart to organize the amount of work needed to
be done in a certain period of time creating the buoy network in relation to the
amount planned to those periods.
Mathematical Method
In calculating the Water Quality index, The Weighted Arithmetic Index method
is used. The quality rating scale of each parameter (Qi) was calculated bu using this
expression:
Quality rating, Qi = 100 [(Vn-Vi)/(Vs-Vi)]
Where, Vn = actual amount of nth parameter
Vi = the ideal value of this parameter
Vs =recommended WHO standard of the corresponding parameter.

Relatively weight (Wi) was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the

recommended standard (Si) of the corresponding parameter
Wi = 1/Si
The overall WQI was calculated by using this equation:
Water Quality Index = ∑(𝑄𝑖)𝑊𝑖/ ∑ 𝑊𝑖
The WQI ranges have been defined as:
 90-100 : Excellent
 70-90 : Good
 50-70 : Moderate
 25-50 : Bad
 0-25 : Very Bad

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter embraces the technical information used in the design project. It
includes the construction of the prototype and the test evaluation needed in aiming
the objective of the design project and the materials to be used.
This section centers on the project and research design, description of the
study procedure, project development, operation and testing procedures, evaluation
procedures and evaluation criteria.
Project Technical Description
Web-Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network using LoRaWAN
Technology is designed for the surveillance of the condition or quality of Cabuyao
River as a tributary to Laguna Lake. The main function of the device is to measure
the parameters of the water in the river and the lake and to determine if these
parameters were in normal or critical level in accordance to DAO and international
standards. The parameters being tested are pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity,
water temperature, air temperature and humidity. The pH sensor measures the pH
level of the water may it be base or alkaline while the TDS sensor processes the
concentration of the dissolved solid particles. The turbidity sensor identifies the level
of cloudiness of the water and the temperature sensor measures as stated. Humidity
and temperature sensor is also placed to measure relative humidity and temperature
of the air as this may affect the water quality readings. Using LoRa technology, the
collected water quality data were sent to a LoRa Gateway and then to the web after
measuring the parameters.
Project Structure
The technical features of the design are listed below:
1. The entire network is made up of sensors (pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity,
water temperature, and air temperature and humidity sensors). The sensors
were intended to gather the measurement of water parameters of the river to
be processed on a microcontroller.
2. PacketDock Duino is used as a microcontroller that has the capability to
process and interpret the output signal of the sensors and execute the
program written on it. This microcontroller is a LoRaWAN enabled Arduino
board which may transmit and receive data.
3. Sensors are placed inside a buoy (floatation device) that also houses the
battery and a solar panel. Solar panels are used as the main power source of
each buoy which also charges the Li-ion battery during night time or lean
seasons also an obstruction light (OB Light) is also placed atop each buoy.
4. Anchors are connected to the buoy then submerged in the bottom of the river
to hold and fix the location of the buoy.
5. The data transmitted with the PacketDock Duino is sent to an indoor gateway,
packetCELL INDOOR.
6. Then, the The Things Industries, a private network owned by PacketWorx, will
act as a serial monitor that enables the user to see if a ping or data is
received or not.
7. All the data can be viewed using the PacketView with widgets for each
parameter.
Project Organization
Figure 4. Project Organization of Web- Based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy
Network using LoRaWAN Technology.
Figure 4 shows the project organization of Web-Based Water Quality Data
Profiling Buoy Network using LoRaWAN Technology. It displays the part of each
member in the development of the design project. The roles of the three proponents
are providing the research and documentation of the study as well as the design
layout and the fabrication of the whole system. Engr. Soriano provides the
techniques on how to easily understand the dynamics of this project.

Device Limitation and Capabilities
The following are the limitations and capabilities of the Web-Based Water
Quality Data Profiling using LoRaWAN Technology that is made and observed by
the researchers:
Capabilities
1. The prototype operates when partially submerged in water.
2. The Buoy sends the data to the LoRaWAN Gateway using the PacketDock
Duino.
3. The LoRa Gateway will connect and sends the data of each buoy through the
“The Things Industries’ network server.
4. The PacketView Application server is where all the data has been displayed
for the users.
5. The system’s basis for the water quality classification is according to the
guidelines of DAO and international standards.
6. This prototype can send data up to 2km distance to the LoRa Gateway.
Limitations
1. The prototype floats above the water and is on a fixed location using a steel
chain and an anchor.
2. The device is powered using the generated DC supply from the solar panels
placed on the top of each buoy.
Project Evaluation
This part is a systematic and objective assessment of design project. It shows
the achievement of set evaluation for the effective development of the prototype.
The following are the achieved results based on the set evaluation criteria:
Relevance
a. This project aims to provide and help the City of Cabuyao especially
CENRO, the agency that has a great concern to the environment for it
to have a fixed monitoring network in classifying water quality
b. This project aims to be the first prototype in Laguna that will use
LoRaWAN technology in transmitting and receiving the data of the
quality of the water.

2. Effectiveness
a. This design project achieves its goal to identify the classification of
water in Cabuyao River.
b. It provides a system which determines the classification of the quality
of the water in Cabuyao by the collected data and provide an analysis.
3. Reliability
a. Accuracy and consistency readings from time to time.
b. Durability of the materials use in this project.
4. Safety
a. The programs are safe as it is only accessed by authorized personnel.
b. The data being transmitted is secured in a private network.
c. The connections of the device inside the buoy are safe as it is potted
and is anchored in the riverbed.

Test Procedures
In order to test the functionality of the devices, the following procedures are
conducted as follows:
1. Each component is tested depending on what is the standard test procedure.
Table 6. Test conducted on each sensor, problems encountered and
solutions
Date Component Assessment Problem Solution

Encountered
December 22, pH sensor Functionality of Calibration Calibration
2018 the sensor resulting to Solution to
Error Readings reference values
December 22, DHT22 Functionality of None None
2018 the sensor
December 22, TDS Sensor Functionality of None None
2018 the sensor
December 22, Turbidity Sensor Functionality of None None
2018 the sensor
December 22, Water Functionality of None None
2018 Temperature the sensor
Sensor
Table 6 shows the problems encountered by the proponents with each sensor
and the corresponding solution.

2. In all sensors (water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, air
temperature and humidity), the level of the readings display in the application
server and transmitted to the LoRa Gateway and network server wirelessly
through microcontroller with built in LoRa module.
Table 7. LoRaWAN Data Transmission with respect to distance
Problem
Distance Encountered Solution
1m None None
Connect a patch
10m Incorrect data antenna
50m Cannot receive Connect a patch
data antenna
Based on the results on Table 7, the data transmission using the LoRaWAN
Module must be with its patch antenna to further enhance its range and immunity to
noise and interference.

3. The transmission of PacketDock Duino to the indoor gateway must send
without errors.
Study/ Testing Area
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) classified
Laguna Lake as a Class C body of water. This type of water body is suited for
fisheries, recreational activities, and industrial water supply.
3 months of water quality data (December 2018 – February 2019) were
gathered from two sampling locations listed in Table 8.
Table 8. Coordinates of buoy sites in Laguna Lake, Philippines
Location
Sampling Point Latitude Longitude
Cabuyao Fish Port
Marinig 14.2806° N 121.1486° E
Butong, Cabuyao 14.2660° N 121.1311° E.

The sites were specifically chosen to represent the water quality of Laguna
Lake and Cabuyao River. The two sampling sites effectively showed variations in
water quality data in relation to the area’s characteristics, hydrologic patterns,
weather conditions and land use attributes.
Testing Results
Table 9. Results of Testing (average results of two locations)
Table 9 results showed that the mean data collected from the two locations
were relatively fair except for pH levels that are having spikes in values and have
been attributed to sewages thrown directly to the river or the lake meanwhile the
single reading of the water temperature that exceeded the threshold value may have
been due to a sudden change in weather climate.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendation of the
design project titled “Web-based Water Quality Data Profiling Buoy Network using
LoRaWAN Technology.
Summary of Findings
This design project emphasizes the importance of water quality to the
community, bodies of water, and marine species. To support this objective, a water
quality data profiling network— two distant stationed system that measures different
water quality parameter such as total dissolved solids, pH, turbidity, water
temperature are developed. Ambient parameters are also added which includes
temperature and humidity. Data gathered are compared and assessed to monitor
water quality and identify the status. The evaluation are displayed in software
console specifically PacketView accessible by general public.
The implementation of this design scheme may improve present condition of
water bodies. Communities and agencies concerned with marine life will be able to
analyze the root causes of the issue and determine what action must be undertaken
and the technical efforts that need to be worked on.
The project, as a whole, was effectively planned and tested. The components
including sensors such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, water temperature,
ambient temperature and humidity and the communication medium used which is
LoRaWAN technology have proven their functionality and reliability.
Conclusions
1. The water quality parameter sensors such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved
solids, water temperature, ambient temperature and humidity were installed in
two stationed buoys. The sensors’ probes were submerged to gather data
every four hours.
2. Two buoys containing the water quality parameters sensors were installed in
two locations: Cabuyao River and Laguna lake tributaries anchored at depths
of 1 meter and 2 meters, respectively. The system will classify the status of
the water body through Water Quality Index by Canadian Council of Ministers
of the Environment (CCME).

3. LoRaWAN technology was used for transmission and reception of data.
PacketDuino module, were sensors are pinned, processes the transmission
of data. The values gathered will be received by PacketWorx Indoor Gateway
which will route the data to the The Things Industries.
4. The resulting information will be displayed in PacketView Dashboard which
can be viewed by the general public using end user equipment such as
mobile phones and computers connected to the internet.
Recommendations
1. The system can utilize Bluetooth wireless technology to get immediate
water quality parameter levels over short distances.
2. Water level monitoring system can be added to the buoys which will
inform the government for possible floods.
3. Water turbines can be used as an auxiliary power source of the buoys
in times of rains where solar cells cannot collect energy.
4. The system may require a need for safety precautions such as an
alarm system and locks which may disable the device upon force entry
or breach of data.
5. A sleep mode which will conserve the battery/power during no data
transmission.
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Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

Laguna, Philippines 4025

WEB-BASED WATER QUALITY DATA PROFILING BUOY

A Design Project Proposal Presented to the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

renew by over 70 percent as mentioned by the Global Footprint Network, a non-

profit research group that counts the planet’s bio-capacity.

and the progress of life on this planet.

As water is as utmost importance as food, communities grow around bodies

result of human activities such as overpopulation. These bodies of water comprise of

due to water-borne diseases according to the World Health Organization.

Background of the Study

de Bay serves as a temporary reservoir during flooding in Marikina River and a

sanctuary for endemic freshwater fishes.

exposes the communities and inhabitants to imminent danger as pollution brings

As a solution to this matter, the researchers create a profiling buoy network

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

temperature, air temperature and humidity?

3. How can each buoy transmit data to the main system?

• Quality measurement for each parameter (pH, turbidity,

• Sensors acquire data connected to a microcontroller

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Web-based Water Quality Data Profiling

Buoy Network using LoRaWAN Technology

main station and available through the web.

take with the results acquired and profile physical parameters.

The study is designed to:

water temperature, air temperature and humidity data;

2. Develop two buoys which can hold the sensors intact;

4. Determine the method of communication and data transmission of each buoy

During the course of the study, the researchers assume that:

changes in each parameter.

uploaded to the web.

position and integrity in location during the collection of data.

Scope and Limitations

solids, water temperature, air temperature and humidity.

2. The collected data will be used to determine if thresholds were reached

and charges an emergency battery for use during lean season.

extreme weather conditions.

6. The data collected will be available through the web.

1. The buoys may tumble upon collision with heavy objects.

will be 2- to 3-km-wide coverage as this depends on the radio-line-of-sight.

monitoring purposes as LoRa can only transmit at extremely low speeds.

Significance of the Study

and future researchers.

The outcome of this study may provide as a basis to determine enough

that may contribute significant part in bringing improvements to the community.

solve problems effectively and efficiently.

attain more ideas and details for certain purposes.

other comparing the data collected.

and used for research purposes.

Gateway. A network node that connects two networks using different

Internet of Things (IoT). The interconnection of computing devices

embedded in everyday objects enabling them to transmit and receive data.

data from the buoys.

to allow low-powered devices to communicate over long-range wireless connection.

pH. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water of a solution of a

is considered basic or alkaline.

Physico-chemical parameters. Pertaining to both physical and chemical

properties, changes and reactions.

Salinity. The saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water.

measuring the necessary samples.

Temperature. Measure of hot and cold readings in a specific environment with