Architecture of the 8051

Microcontroller

Sudhanshu Janwadkar, TA, SV National Institute of Technology, Surat

8 - 1 5 TH J A N U A R Y 2 0 1 8
 Learning Objectives

 Getting started with Microcontrollers

 Study Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller
 Understand 8051 Registers
 Learn Pin Diagram and function of each pin
 Understand On-Chip ROM Address Range, RAM
Allocation, Memory Bank and SFRs
 Learn concept of Program and Data Memory
 Study I/O Ports
 Study Stack
 Getting Started with Microcontrollers

 Microcontrollers can be considered as self-contained

systems with a processor, memory and I/O ports.

 In most cases, all that is missing is the software to define

the operation of the embedded system
The Architectural Needs of a Microcontroller
What architectural features might be needed in a microcontroller?
What are the expected applications?
– Sensing the environment
> Input port/pins
– Producing a response
> Output port/pins
– The response may be delayed
> Timer/Counter
– Prioritized response may be expected
> Interrupts
– Software to control the process
> Non-volatile Memory
– Temporary data
> RAM.
 Microcontroller Families

 There are several major “families” of microcontrollers

available from different manufacturers.
 A family is defined as a group of products that share the
same basic internal architectures and who are code-
compatible.
 Manufacturers usually define an architecture and
then make variants of that design producing a family
of products.
 Code written for a member of the family should be
compatible with all other members of the same
family.
Example: Comparison of 8051 Family Members
Microcontrollers compatible with Intel 8051

 Atmel: AT89C51, AT89S51, AT83C5134

 Infineon: XC800
 Mentor Graphics: M8051ew
 Megawin: 74, 82, 84, 86, 87, and 89 series
 NXP: NXP700 and NXP900 series
 Silicon Labs: C8051 series
 Texas Instruments: CC111x, CC24xx and CC25xx
 STC Micro: STC89C51RC, STC90C51RC etc

That would imply: All these Microcontrollers share

common architecture and Instruction Set
 Intel 8051 (MCS-51)

The Intel MCS-51 (commonly termed 8051) is an

 internally Harvard architecture
 Complex instruction set computer (CISC) Instruction set
 single chip microcontroller (µC) series
 developed by Intel
in 1980 for use in embedded systems.
 Common Features of MCS51
 Originally introduced by Intel in 1981.
 Currently, the most widely studied 8-bit microcontroller.
 2 distinct separately addressable memory areas.
• Maximum of 64K on-chip ROM
• Maximum of 64K external data memory
• Maximum of 64K external code memory
 Basic version (8051) contains:
• 4K Bytes of on-chip ROM instruction memory
• 256 Bytes of On-chip RAM - (128) Bytes of on-chip RAM
for temporary data storage and the stack + (128) SFR
space
• 2 timers, one serial port, and four 8-bit parallel I/O ports.
• Speeds starting from ~12 MHz
Block Diagram of MCS-51
 MCS51 Architecture

 Programmer’s View
– Memory Organization
– Register Set
– Instruction Set

 Hardware Designer’s View

– Pin Configurations
– Timing characteristics
– Current / Voltage requirements
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51
 The 8051 has separate address spaces for program storage
and data storage.
 Depending on the type of instruction, the same address
can refer to two logically & physically different memory
locations.
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

Program Memory
 After reset, the MCS-51 starts fetching instructions
from 0000H.
 This can be either on-chip or external depending on
the value of the EA input pin.
• We connect the EA pin to Vcc to indicate that the
program code is stored in the microcontroller’s
on-chip ROM.
• To indicate that the program code is stored in
external ROM, EA pin must be connected to
GND.
 To use external program memory, All we have to do
is to connect the EA pin to ground and connect the
(microcontroller) chip to external ROM containing
the program code
 Since the PC (program counter) of the 8051 is 16-bit, it is
capable of accessing up to 64K bytes of program code.
 In the 8051, port 0 and port 2 provide the 16-bit address
to access external memory.
 Of these two ports, PO provides the lower 8 bit addresses
AO – A7, and P2 provides the upper 8 bit addresses A8 –
A15.
 More importantly, PO is also used to provide the 8-bit
data bus DO – D7. In other words, pins PO.O – P0.7 are
used for both the address and data paths. This is called
address/data multiplexing in chip design
 How do we know when P0 is used for the data path
and when it is used for the address path?
 This is the job of the ALE (address latch enable) pin.
 When ALE = 0 the 8051 uses P0 for the data path,
and when ALE = 1, it uses it for the address path.
 To extract the addresses from the P0 pins we connect
P0 to a latch and use the ALE pin to latch the
address
Program Memory(External Access Cycle)
 Port 0 acts as a multiplexed address/data bus sending
the low byte of the program counter (PCL) as an
address(through latch)
 Port 2 sends the program counter high byte of the
program counter (PCH) as an address directly to the
external memory.
 The signal ALE allows an external latch to store the
PCL byte while the multiplexed bus is made ready to
receive the code byte from the external memory.
 Port 0 then switches function and becomes the data
bus receiving the byte from memory
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

Data Memory
The 8051 has 256 bytes of RAM on-chip.
– The lower 128 bytes are intended for internal data storage.
– The upper 128 bytes are the Special Function Registers (SFRs).

 The Lower 128 bytes house the

8051’s registers, its default stack
area, and other features.
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

Data Memory
 The lowest 32 bytes of the on-chip RAM form
4 banks of 8 registers each.
– Only one of these banks can be active at
any time.
– Bank is chosen by setting 2 bits in PSW
– Default bank (at power up) is Bank 0

 The 8 registers in any active bank are referred

to as R0 through R7
 Given that each register has a specific address,
it can be accessed directly using that address
even if its bank is not the active one
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

Data Memory
 The next 16 bytes – locations
20H to 2FH – form a block that
can be addressed as either bytes
or individual bits.

– The bytes have addresses 20H to 2FH.

– The bits have addresses 00H to 7FH.
– Specific instructions are used for
accessing the bits.

 Locations 30H to 7FH are

general purpose RAM.
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

Data Memory

 The Lower 128 bytes

 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

SFRs
 The upper 128 bytes of the on-chip RAM are used to
house Special Function Registers.
 In reality, only about 21 of these bytes are actually used.
(The others are reserved for future versions of the 8051.)
– These are registers associated with important
functions in the operation of the MCS-51.
– Some of these registers are bit-addressable as well
as byte-addressable.
 The address of bit 0 of the register will be the same as
the address of the register.
 Memory Organisation of MCS-51

SFRs
 SFRs in 8051

 Accumulator(A or ACC) and B register – 8 bit each

 DPTR - [DPH:DPL] – 16 bit combined
 PC : Program Counter – 16 bits
 Stack pointer SP – 8 bit
 PSW : Program Status Word
 Port Latches
 Serial Data Buffer
 Timer Registers
 Control Registers
 SFRs in 8051

Accumulator
 Almost all the data transfer& arithmetic instructions
involve accumulator
 Can be referred to in several ways:
– Implicitly in opcodes.
– Referred to as ACC (or A) for instructions that
allow specifying a register.
– By its SFR address 0E0H.
 Bit addressable.
– ACC.2 means bit 2 of the ACC register
 SFRs in 8051

The B Register
 The B register is not frequently used, when used it acts as
a temporary register, much like a 9th R register.
 Used Specifically by two instructions
– mul AB
– div AB
 Here, B register holds the second operand initially and
will hold part of the result after the execution of
instruction
– It houses upper 8 bits of the multiplication result
– It houses Remainder in case of division.
 Can also be accessed through its SFR address of 0F0H.
 Bit addressable
 SFRs in 8051

The DPL and DPH Registers

 The 2 8-bit registers that can be combined into a 16-
bit DPTR
 Used as Data pointer to access external memory
– mov DPTR, #data16 ; setup DPTR with 16bit external address
– movx A, @DPTR ; copy mem[DPTR] to A
(Other examples: MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOVX @DPTR,A )

 Can be accessed as 2 separate 8-bit registers if

needed.
– mov DPL, #data8
 SFRs in 8051
The Stack Pointer
 SP points to the last used location of the stack.
– Push operation will first increment SP and then copy
data.
–Pop operation will first copy data and then
decrement SP.
 In 8051, stack grows upwards (from low memory to high
memory) and can be in the internal RAM only.
 On power-up, SP points to 07H.
– Register banks 2,3,4 (08H to 1FH) form the default
stack area.
 Stack can be relocated by setting SP to the upper memory
area in 30H to 7FH.
– mov SP, #32H
 SFRs in 8051

Program Status word(PSW)

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

Bit
Function
position
CY PSW.7 Carry Flag
AC PSW.6 Auxiliary Carry Flag, for BCD Operations
F0 PSW.5 Flag 0. Available to the user for general purposes.
RS1 PSW.4 Register bank select bits. Set by software to
RS0 PSW.3 determine which register bank is being used.
OV PSW.2 Overflow Flag
- PSW.1 Reserved
P PSW.0 Parity Flag
 SFRs in 8051

Program Status word(PSW)

RS1 RS0 Register Address

Bank
0 0 Register 00H -07H
Bank 0
0 1 Register 08H-0FH
Bank 1
1 0 Register 10H-17H
Bank 2
1 1 Register 18H-1FH
Bank 3
CY, the carry flag
 This flag is set whenever there is a carry out from the D7 bit. This flag bit is
affected after an 8-bit addition or subtraction. It can also be set to 1 or 0
directly by an instruction such as “SETB C” and “CLR C” where “SETB C”
stands for “set bit carry” and “CLR C” for “clear carry”.

AC, the auxiliary carry flag

 If there is a carry from D3 to D4 during an ADD or SUB operation, this bit
is set; otherwise, it is cleared. This flag is used by instructions that perform
BCD (binary coded decimal) arithmetic.

P, the parity flag

 The parity flag reflects the number of 1’s in the A (accumulator) register
only. If the A register contains an odd number of Is, then P = 1. Therefore, P
= 0 if A has an even number of 1’s.

OV, the overflow flag

 This flag is set whenever the result of a signed number operation is too
large, causing the high-order bit to overflow into the sign bit. The overflow
flag is only used to detect errors in signed arithmetic operations.
 SFRs in 8051

Port Latches (P0,P1,P2,P3)

 Specify the value to be output on the specific output
port or the value read from the specific input port.
 Bit addressable.
 First bit has the same address as the register.
– Example: P1 has address 90H in the SFR, so P1.7
or 97H refer to the same bit
 SFRs in 8051

The SBUF Register

 Serial Port Data Buffer.
 2 registers at the same location
 One is read-only used for reading serial input data:
Serial Data Receive Buffer.
 The other is write-only used for storing serial output
data: Serial Data Transmit Buffer
 SFRs in 8051

Timer Registers – TH0 and TL0

 The high and low bytes of the 16-bit counting register
for timer/counter T0.
 There is also a TH1 / TL1 pair for the T1 timer.
 In the 8052, one more pair exists (TH2) / (TL2) for
the T2 timer.
 SFRs in 8051

Control Registers
 IP – Interrupt Priority
 IE – Interrupt Enable
 TMOD – Timer Mode
 TCON – Timer Control
 T2CON – Timer 2 Control (8052)
 SCON – Serial Port Control
 PCON – Power Control
 Program Counter(PC)

 PC is not a SFR!!
 PC is a 16-bit register (consist of PCL and PCH- 8bits
each)
 PC is the only register which does not have an
internal address
 PC holds the address of next instruction to be
executed
 PC automatically increments (+1) after every
instruction byte is fetched