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SPECIAL PROPULSION
YACHTS & LEISURE
WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS AND WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?
Tom van Terwisga and colleagues
The quest for efficiency and comfort
or
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CONTENTS
• Do we understand all forms of propulsion?
• Which balance are we looking for?
Which balance are we looking for?
• Efficiency, comfort, safety, wear
• The quest for efficiency
• The quest for comfort
• Where are we and where are we heading?
3
Do we understand all forms of
propulsion?
4
FORMS OF PROPULSION
• Propeller propulsion
• Bio inspired propulsion
• Flapping fins
Fl i fi
• Pulsed jets (e.g. squid)
• Wind driven propulsion
• Sails
• Flettner rotor
• Turbo sails (Cousteau foundation)
Turbo sails (Cousteau foundation)
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~ 1830 ‐ WHO INVENTED THE SHIP’S PROPELLER
James Watt, in 1770, wrote: "Have you ever
considered a spiral oar?"
Joseph Bramah, in 1785, patented the idea of a
Joseph Bramah in 1785 patented the idea of a
"screw propeller", but never tried it in practice.
The Austrians have statues to Joseph Ressel, whom
they claim as the inventor (see below).
( )
Various people took out patents in England and
Gravestone of James
America from 1794 onwards, though nothing
America from 1794 onwards, though nothing
practical was achieved. Steadman (1790‐1865)
Richard Trevethick, in a 1815 patent, describes the
screw propeller with considerable minuteness.
ll ith id bl i t
John Swan was heralded the practical inventor, after
y p g
a trial boat driven by a spring, in 1824.
And so on. . .
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BIOMIMETIC FORMS OF PROPULSION
Container feeder with conventional
propeller propulsion and modified hull
propeller propulsion and modified hull
for flapping foil propulsion
(Vermeiden et al. ONR symposium,
2012)
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FLAPPING FIN PROPULSION
Model test set‐up in MARIN
test set‐up in MARIN’ss DWB (Vermeiden et al. ONR
DWB (Vermeiden et al ONR
symposium, 2012)
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EFFICIENCY OF FLAPPING FOIL PROPULSION
100%
Reference Ct
90%
value for
container ship
80%
Efficiency
70%
50%
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
J = 55.883
Jc 883 J = 44.762
Jc 762 J = 44.000
Jc 000 Thrust coefficient
Thrust coefficient
Ideal efficiency Reference Ct Benchmark
Efficiency at 3 values of JC .
AR = 5.2, Average–chord / Stroke
52 A h d / St k = c/D
/D = 0.228
0 228
(Vermeiden et al. ONR symposium, 2012)
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DESIGN OF PROPELLERS – LIMITS?
from 65 to 90 %
efficiency?
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Which balance are we looking for?
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PROPELLER OPTIMIZATION
Goal:l
G
• optimize propellers using genetic algorithms
coupled to a panel code (PROCAL)
Noisse
Finding the Trade
Finding the Trade‐off
off
• multi objective and multiple conditions between efficiency and
cavitation nuisance
Approach
• Build strategies and automate the design
process
Efficiency
• Find the margins in your current design
Find the margins in your current design
• Optimize 3D propeller geometry and
sections
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THE WAGENINGEN C SERIES
C4‐40 some 5‐7%
better than B‐
series?
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The quest for efficiency
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ENERGY LOSSES
• Axial kinetic energy losses
• Rotational or Transverse losses
• Viscous losses
Viscous losses
• Non‐uniformity losses
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RELATIVE ENERGY LOSS TERMS FOR OPEN PROPELLERS
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PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS
Power added to wake = kinetic energy losses + pressure losses + heat
PD 1
2 uxWP
2
U 02 urWP
2
u2WP uxWP rdrd p p0 uxWP rdrd dissP
AWP AWP
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20
THE EFFECT OF A PRESWIRL STATOR ON HUB VORTEX
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HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTORYACHT SAVANNAH
Design and built by FEADSHIP
‐ Larger propeller diameter (5%)
‐ Contra rotating propellers
‐ Total propulsive efficiency gain
of some 10%
of some 10%
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The quest for comfort
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RELEVANCE OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS
TYPICAL HULL PRESSURE AMPLITUDE SPECTRUM (FERRY)
BASICS OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS
• Risk of vibration hindrance often assessed
through measurement of hull pressures
through measurement of hull pressures
• Complicated physics of which mostly only the
end result is quantified
end result is quantified
• Dynamics of sheet cavitation and vortex
cavitation governed by wakefield and
cavitation governed by wakefield and
propeller design
COMPUTATIONAL CAPABILITY
Thus far limited to sheet cavity dynamics
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PROCAL COMPUTED PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS
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EXAMPLES OF EROSION - PROPELLERS
Where are we?
and where are we heading?
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SUMMARY
• A propeller is an efficient means of propulsion, but…
• The art is in finding the delicate balance between efficiency,
comfort and wear
• Developments in propeller design aim to better optimize
D l t i ll d i i t b tt ti i
toward the delicate balance
• Safety margins against cav. Erosion and vibrations are typically
taken smaller these days
• Benefits are looming in larger propeller diameters and/or
Energy saving concepts that reduce swirl losses
gy g p
• Alternative propulsors, such as fin propulsion and wind driven
propulsion, offer ways to further reduce fuel consumption
li ff t f th d f l ti
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THANK YOU …
… for your attention.
We would be most grateful if you could give your
comments on our development strategy
comments on our development strategy.
As only together can we keep our Leading Edge in
th
the world market place!!!
ld k t l !!!
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