Deformation monitoring

Deformation monitoring (also referred to as deformation survey) is the

systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or
dimensions of an object as a result of stresses induced by applied loads.
Deformation monitoring is a major component of logging measured values that
may be used to for further computation, deformation analysis, predictive
maintenance and alarming.[1]

Deformation monitoring is primarily related to the field of applied surveying, but

may be also related to civil engineering, mechanical engineering, construction,
and geology. The measuring devices used for deformation monitoring depend on
A radio telemetry wireline
the application, the chosen method, and the preferred measurement interval.
extensometer monitoring slope
deformation.

Contents
Measuring devices
Application
Methods
Regularity and scheduling
Deformation analysis
See also
References
Further reading

Measuring devices
Measuring devices (or sensors) can be sorted in two main groups, geodetic and
geotechnical sensors. Both measuring devices can be seamlessly combined in
modern deformation monitoring.

Geodetic measuring devices measure georeferenced (relative to

established locations outside the monitoring area) displacements or
movements in one, two or three dimensions. It includes the use of
instruments such as total stations, levels, InSAR,[2] and global
navigation satellite system receivers.
Geotechnical measuring devices measure displacements or
movements and related environmental effects or conditions without
A standard geodetic monitoring
external georeferencing. It includes the use of instruments such as
extensometers,[3] piezometers, pressuremeters, rain gauges, instrument in the Freeport open pit
thermometers, barometers, tilt meters,[4] accelerometers, mine, Indonesia
seismometers etc.

Application
Deformation monitoring can be required for the following applications:
 Dams[5]
Roads
Tunnels
Bridges and Viaducts
High-rise and historical buildings[6]
Foundations
Construction sites
Mining[7]
Landslide areas[8]
Volcanoes GNSS reference station antenna for
Settlement areas structural monitoring of the Jiangying
Earthquake areas Bridge

Methods
Deformation monitoring can be manual or automatic. Manual deformation monitoring is the operation of sensors or
instruments by hand or manual downloading of collected data from deformation monitoring instruments. Automatic
deformation monitoring operation of a group of software and hardware elements for deformation monitoring that, once set up,
does not require human input to function.

Note that deformation analysis and interpretation of the data collected by the monitoring system is not included in this definition.

Automated deformation monitoring requires instruments to communicate with a base station. Communication methods used
include:

Transmission cable (RS-232, RS-485, fiber optics)

Local area network (LAN)
Wireless LAN (WLAN)
Mobile communication (GSM, GPRS, UMTS)
WiMax

Regularity and scheduling

The monitoring regularity and time interval of the measurements must be considered depending on the application and object to
be monitored. Objects can undergo both rapid, high frequency movement and slow, gradual movement. For example, a bridge
might oscillates with a period of a few seconds due to the influence of traffic and wind and also be shifting gradually due to
tectonic changes.

Regularity: ranges from a days, weeks or years for manual monitoring and continuous for automatic monitoring
systems.
Measurement interval: ranges from fractions of a second to hours.

Deformation analysis
Deformation analysis is concerned with determining if a measured displacement is significant enough to warrant a response.
Deformation data must be checked for statistical significance, and then checked against specified limits, and reviewed to see if
movements below specified limits imply potential risks.

The software acquires data from sensors, computes meaningful values from the measurements, records results, and can notify
responsible persons should threshold value be exceeded. However, a human operator must make considered decisions on the
appropriate response to the movement, e.g. independent verification though on-site inspections, re-active controls such as
structural repairs and emergency responses such as shut down processes, containment processes and site evacuation.

See also
Deformation Survey
Engineering Geology
Slope stability
Structural health monitoring

References
1. Literature, Edited by J.F.A Moore (1992). Monitoring Building Structures. Blackie and Son Ltd. ISBN 0-216-
93141-X, USA and Canada ISBN 0-442-31333-0
2. Dai, Keren; Li, Zhenhong; Tomás, Roberto; Liu, Guoxiang; Yu, Bing; Wang, Xiaowen; Cheng, Haiqin; Chen,
Jiajun; Stockamp, Julia (December 2016). "Monitoring activity at the Daguangbao mega-landslide (China) using
Sentinel-1 TOPS time series interferometry". Remote Sensing of Environment. 186: 501–513.
doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.009 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2016.09.009). ISSN 0034-4257 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/issn/0034-4257).
3. Pardo, Juan Manuel; Lozano, Antonio; Herrera, Gerardo; Mulas, Joaquín; Rodríguez, Ángel (2013-09-15).
"Instrumental monitoring of the subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in the city of Murcia (Spain)".
Environmental Earth Sciences. 70 (5): 1957–1963. doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2710-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs
12665-013-2710-7). ISSN 1866-6280 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1866-6280).
4. Díaz, E.; Robles, P.; Tomás, R. (October 2018). "Multitechnical approach for damage assessment and
reinforcement of buildings located on subsiding areas: Study case of a 7-story RC building in Murcia (SE Spain)".
Engineering Structures. 173: 744–757. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.031 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engstru
ct.2018.07.031). ISSN 0141-0296 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0296).
5. Tomás, R.; Cano, M.; García-Barba, J.; Vicente, F.; Herrera, G.; Lopez-Sanchez, J.M.; Mallorquí, J.J. (May 2013).
"Monitoring an earthfill dam using differential SAR interferometry: La Pedrera dam, Alicante, Spain". Engineering
Geology. 157: 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.01.022 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enggeo.2013.01.022).
ISSN 0013-7952 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-7952).
6. Tomás, Roberto; García-Barba, Javier; Cano, Miguel; Sanabria, Margarita P; Ivorra, Salvador; Duro, Javier;
Herrera, Gerardo (November 2012). "Subsidence damage assessment of a Gothic church using differential
interferometry and field data". Structural Health Monitoring. 11 (6): 751–762. doi:10.1177/1475921712451953 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1177%2F1475921712451953). hdl:10045/55037 (https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F55037).
ISSN 1475-9217 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9217).
7. Herrera, G.; Álvarez Fernández, M.I.; Tomás, R.; González-Nicieza, C.; López-Sánchez, J.M.; Álvarez Vigil, A.E.
(September 2012). "Forensic analysis of buildings affected by mining subsidence based on Differential
Interferometry (Part III)". Engineering Failure Analysis. 24: 67–76. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.03.003 (https://
doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engfailanal.2012.03.003). ISSN 1350-6307 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1350-6307).
8. Dai, Keren; Li, Zhenhong; Tomás, Roberto; Liu, Guoxiang; Yu, Bing; Wang, Xiaowen; Cheng, Haiqin; Chen,
Jiajun; Stockamp, Julia (December 2016). "Monitoring activity at the Daguangbao mega-landslide (China) using
Sentinel-1 TOPS time series interferometry". Remote Sensing of Environment. 186: 501–513.
doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.009 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2016.09.009). ISSN 0034-4257 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/issn/0034-4257).

Literature, B. Glisic and D. Inaudi (2008). Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring. Wiley.
ISBN 978-0-470-06142-8
Literature, John Dunnicliff (1988,1993). Geotechnical Instrumentation For Monitoring Field Performance.
Wiley. ISBN 0-471-00546-0

Further reading
 American Surveyor, Elevated Monitoring (page 6-12) (http://amerisurv.com/emag/2011/vol8no9/index.html)
Bozzano, Francesca; Cipriani, Ivan; Mazzanti, Paolo; Prestininzi, Alberto (2011). "Displacement patterns of a
landslide affected by human activities: Insights from ground-based InSAR monitoring". Natural Hazards. 59 (3):
1377. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9840-6 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-011-9840-6).
North Americas Largest Copper Mine, Automated Mine Monitoring Integrated System (http://www.canarysystem
s.com/pdfs/canary_pp22.pdf)
The use of Slope Stability Radar (SSR) in managing Slope Instability Hazards, AusIMM Bulletin,
January/February 2008 (https://web.archive.org/web/20080530000256/http://www.groundprobe.com/docs/NealH
arries_JanFeb08Bulletin.pdf)
Applications and Limitations of Automated Motorized Total Stations by Douglas S. Roy, P.E., M.ASCE and Pierre
Gouvin, A.M.ASCE (http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?161269)
The American Surveyor (Oct 2007) - 24/7 Structural Monitoring (http://www.amerisurv.com/PDF/TheAmericanSur
veyor_Speed-StructuralMonitoring_October2007.pdf)
Monitoring of Open Pit Mines using Combined GNSS Satellite Receivers and Robotic Total Stations (http://www.l
eica-geosystems.com/common/shared/downloads/inc/downloader.asp?id=9519)
Engineering Solutions with Trimble 4D Control, Trimble Survey Controller, Trimble S8 Total Station White Paper,
Trimble 2007 (http://trl.trimble.com/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-400065/WhitePaper_4D_Control_Software-
Tunnels_and_Monitoring_English.pdf)
Advances in RTK and Post Processed Monitoring with Single Frequency GPS (http://www.leica-geosystems.com/
common/shared/downloads/inc/downloader.asp?id=6372)
Nachweis von Turmbewegungen mit einem Multisensorsystem (http://www.iv2004.ethz.ch/programm/Session/S_
08_IV2004.pdf)
Monitoring Hong Kong's Bridges Real-Time Kinematic Spans The Gap (https://web.archive.org/web/2007121517
2953/http://sc.gpsworld.com/gpssc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=308346)
FIG 2001 - Modern Monitoring System Software Development (https://web.archive.org/web/20080530000256/htt
p://rincon.gps.caltech.edu/FIG10sym/pdf/Session%20III_Paper%202.pdf)

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