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K. S. Kazaryan
for {cn }∞ 2 1 ∞ 1
n=1 ∈ l is implied, on the one hand, by the fact that { 2n cn }n=1 ∈ l ,and,
∞
on the other hand, by the fact that the system {rn (x)}n=1 satisfies to the conditions
of Theorem 1.
Now we will prove a theorem which yields that the trigonometric and the Walsh
systems contain subsystems that are nowhere complete and are not unconditional
convergence systems. Thus, the situation for these systems differs substantially
from the case of the Haar system.
Definition 5. We will say that system {fi (x)}∞ i=1 of functions defined on
[0, 1] possesses (Γ) property if for any natural number m and N there exists a
natural number n > m such that all functions fj (2n x) 1 ≤ j ≤ N belong to the
system {fi (x)}∞i=1 where it is assumed that functions fi (x)(i = 1, 2, ...) are continued
periodically onto the real axis.
Theorem 2. Assume that {fi (x)}∞ i=1 is a complete orthonormal system with
(Γ) property. Then there exists a subsystem {fnj (x)}∞ ∞
j=1 of the system {fi (x)}i=1
∞ ∞
such that {fnj (x)}j=1 is nowhere complete on [0, 1] and {fnj (x)}j=1 is an uncon-
ditional convergence system.
Proof. By the Ul’yanov-Olevskii theorem there exists a series in the system
{fi (x)}∞i=1 , that is not an unconditionally convergent series almost everywhere.
Afterwards, using the (Γ)-property of the system {fi (x)}∞ i=1 , we construct a sub-
system of the given system such that it satisfies criterion (*) of incompleteness, and
we can write a series that converges in L2 [0, 1], whose partial sums (in the sense of
convergence almost everywhere) behave “badly”, like the series taken originally.
By Ul’yanov’s theorem (see [5], p. 132), we obtain that there exists a sub-
system {fnj (x)}∞ j=1 , that is nowhere complete on [0, 1] and coefficients {cj }∞ j=1 ,
P∞ 2 P∞
j=1 jc < ∞ such that the series j=1 cj fn j (x) diverges unboundedly after some
permutation.
Assume that {ai }∞ i=1 is a sequence such that
∞
X
(1) a2i = 1
i=1
diverges unboundedly almost everywhere. Hence for any natural l we can choose a
number kl and set El such that
s
X
aϑn fϑn (x) > 4l , x ∈ El ,
(2) sup
1≤s<k l n=1
1
(3) El ⊂ [0, 1]; |El | > 1 −
.
2l
We choose natural numbers 0 = p0 < p1 < p2 < ... in such a way that functions
fj (2pl x)(1 ≤ j ≤ max1≤i<kl ϑi ) do not belong to the set of functions
{fj (2pl x), 1 ≤ j ≤ max ϑi ; s = 1, 2, ..., l}
1≤i<ks
4 K. S. KAZARYAN
It is obvious from conditions (2) and (3) that the series (5) diverges unboundedly
on the set E = lim sup Ei , i.e. almost everywhere on [0, 1], since from (3) we have
|E| = 1. By (1) we have
∞ X kl 2 X∞
X 1 1
a
l ϑn
≤ l
< 1.
n=1
2 4
l=1 l=1
Remark 1. In view of Ul’yanov’s theorem ([15],p.132) that complete orthonor-
mal systems are not unconditional convergence systems in the sense of summability
for extensive classes of summation methods, Theorem 2 can be similarly proved for
these summation methods as well.
Theorem 2 directly implies the following corollaries.
Corollary 1. There exists a nowhere complete in measure subsystem of the
trigonometric system that is not an unconditional convergence system.
Corollary 2. There exists a nowhere complete in measure subsystem of the
Walsh system {Wn (x)}∞
n=1 that is not an unconditional convergence system.
such that n
X 1
ρ f− φk < n (n = 1, 2, ...).
2
k=1
P∞
This implies P convergence of the series k=1 φk in the metric ρ,i.e., convergence
∞
of the series i=1 ai gi (x) with respect to the subsequence {nk }∞ k=1 . However, in
accordance withP∞ the conditions of Proposition 1, some subsequence of partial sums
of the series i=1 ai gi (x) should converge in the stronger metric ρ1 . Choosing
function f χE ∈ S in such a way that f χE does not belong to complete metric
space (R, ρ1 ), we arrive at a contradiction.
By Proposition 1 we obtain the following criterion:
if for any measurable set E ⊂ [0, 1] the convergence in measure on E
of any series in terms of the system {gn (x)}∞n=1 implies convergence
of this series on E in a stronger metric, then the system {gn (x)}∞
n=1
is nowhere complete in measure on [0, 1].
In order to apply this criterion to multiplicative systems, which include the
trigonometric and Walsh systems, we recall some definitions and notations. We will
use the notation from a paper by Gaposhkin [14] because we are going to apply a
theorem from that paper. A system of complex-valued functions X = {χk (x)}∞ k=1 ,
defined on [0, 1] will be called a multiplicative orthogonal system if it is orthonormal
and, together with any two functions χk1 and χk2 , functions χ−1 k1 , χk1 χk2 also belong
to the system X. It is assumed that χ0 (x) ≡ 1. In the group of nonnegative
6 K. S. KAZARYAN
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REMARK ON THE DIVERGENCE OF FOURIER SERIES 7
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