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Seminar Report
on
Paper battery
As this technology is adapted it will prove to be extremely useful and could even save not
only cost but lives also.
What is Battery
Battery or voltaic cell is a combination of many electrochemical Galvanic cells of
identical type to store chemical energy and to deliver higher voltage or higher current than
with single cells.
The battery cells create a voltage difference between the terminals of each cell and hence
to its combination in battery. When an external electrical circuit is connected to the
battery, then the battery drives electrons through the circuit and electrical work is done.
Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has
become a common power source for many household and industrial applications, and is
now a multi-billion dollar industry.
Paper battery
A paper battery is an electric battery engineered to use a spacer formed largely
of cellulose (the major constituent of paper). It incorporates [nanoscopic scale] structures to
act as high surface-area electrodes to improve conductivity.
History
1836 Daniell Cell—The Voltaic Pile could not deliver an electrical current for a
long period of time. Englishman, John F. Daniell invented the Daniell Cell that used
two electrolytes: copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. The Daniel Cell lasted longer than
the Volta cell or pile. This battery, which produced about 1.1 volts, was used to
power objects such as telegraphs, telephones, and doorbells, remained popular in
homes for over 100 years.
1839 Fuel Cell—William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which
produced electrical by combining hydrogen and oxygen.
1881—J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative electrode and
porous pot placed in a zinc cup.1881—Carl Gassner invented the first commercially
successful dry cell battery (zinc-carbon cell).
1899—Waldmar Jungner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery.
2009-In December 2009 at Stanford University, Yi Cui and his research team
successfully invented the original working prototype that provides 1.5 V as its
terminal voltage.
Drawbacks:
The ordinary Electro-Chemical battery faces many problems like:
1. Limited life time: The primary batteries can’t be recharged like secondary batteries.
They irreversibly convert chemical energy into the electrical energy. Although the
secondary batteries may be rechargeable, the life time may be very short and also they
are very costlier than the primary ones. The paper battery provides a better advantage
of all these problems.
3. Leakage: If by chance any leakage of batteries occurred, the chemical released may be
very dangerous to the environment and also to the nearby metals which are in contact
with the batteries. But there is no toxic chemical in the paper batteries.
paper battery
Paper battery = paper (cellulose )+ carbon nanotubes
A paper battery is flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper
battery acts as both a high energy battery and super capacitor, combining two discrete
components that are separate in traditional electronics. Cellulose is a complex organic
substance found in paper and pulp; not digestible by humans. A carbon nanotube is a very
tiny cylinder formed from a single sheet of carbon atoms rolled into a tiny cylinder. These
are stronger than steel and more conducting than the best semiconductors. They can be
Single-walled or Multi-walled.
The composition of these batteries is what sets them apart from traditional batteries.
Paper is abundant and self-sustaining, which makes paper cheap.
Disposing of paper is also inexpensive since paper is combustible as well
as biodegradable.
Using paper gives the battery a great degree of flexibility.
The battery can be bent or wrapped around objects instead of requiring a fixed
casing.
Also, being a thin, flat sheet, the paper battery can easily fit into tight places,
reducing the size and weight of the device it powers.
Construction:
Robert Linhardt from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute invented the original concept of
paper batteries about a decade ago. He layered cellulose (paper) on conductive carbon
nanotubes. Even though the combined structure was sturdy enough to build batteries, it
fell apart when it was flexed. A Stanford University team led by Professor Yi Cui found a
solution to the problem. His group developed an ink by dispersing carbon nanotubes in an
aqueous phase of water and a surfactant. The aqueous ink was easily spread on paper after
which water was removed by evaporation in a heated oven. As the water was driven off
the nanotubes adhered strongly to the paper resulting in a highly conductive piece of
paper.
A simple paper battery can be constructed according to the following .
1. Take a piece of ordinary paper.
2. Coat the surface of one side of this paper with ionic solution.
3. Spread the carbon nanotubes ink over this ionic-coated paper.
4. Laminate the other side of the paper to a thin film of lithium.
5. Attach aluminum rods to the two surfaces to transfer current between two
electrodes.
Working:
We can recall the working principles of a traditional batteries where ions (+ ve charged
particles) and electrons (- ve charged particles) moves between the electrodes, anode (+ve
electrode) and cathode (-ve electrode).
Due to the flow of electrons from cathode to anode, current start flowing from anode to
cathode along the conductor.
Similarly in Paper Batteries, the metal (Lithium) is used as the anode and carbon
nanotubes as cathode and also the paper or cellulose is used as the separator.
Due to the chemical reaction between the electrolyte and carbon, electrons are generated.
Similarly due to the chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal, ions are generated.
These generated electrons starts flow through the external circuit from cathode to the
anode.
APPLICATIONS
With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find
applications in the following fields:
In Electronics:
In laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these
devices can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-
weight Paper Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement.
Moreover, the electrical hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.
In calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
In wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth
headsets etc.
In Enhanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be
used: one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components) would
contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-down
transformers and the need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
In Medical Sciences:
In Pacemakers for the heart
In Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
In Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
In Biosensors, such as Glucose meters, Sugar meters, etc.
Advantages
Used as both battery and capacitor.
It is flexible.
It is ultra thin energy storage device.
Long lasting.
Non toxic.
Steady power production.
Shaped for different applications.
High efficiency.
Available in different sizes.
Energy efficient.
It is light weight.
It is more economical.
Can be easily disposed.
Can be recharged.
Generates close to 1.5 Volts of energy.
Disadvantages
Prone to tearing.
Nanotubes made from carbon are expensive due to use of procedures like
electrolysis and laser ablation.
Should not be inhaled, as they can damage lungs.
Current Analysis & future scope
Scientists have developed batteries of size slightly larger than a postal stamp that can
produce energy that is enough to illuminate a small bulb. In future we can expect a stack
of paper batteries that is able to power up a car. These are the power source to next
generation electronic devices, medical devices, pace makers, hybrid vehicles, etc.
Each sheet of battery-paper can generate about 2.4 volts with a power density of about 0.6
milliamps/cm2.
For higher voltages, paper can be stacked. For more current, the sheets can be expanded to
larger areas.
The battery-paper operates from minus 100 degrees up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, and can
deliver quick surges of current, as claimed by the RPI researchers. It can also be rolled
twisted or cut into many shapes.
So far, the RPI researchers have only cycled their paper batteries through 100 rechargings.
But they claim no deterioration in performance has been detected after recharging. Next,
they plan long-term testing of the batteries to determine the maximum number of
rechargings, and to optimize the design for higher power densities.
Since the paper is biocompatible, the researchers will also experiment with powering
medical implants with paper batteries that could use blood and sweat as liquid electrolytes.
Finally, the researchers want to perfect methods for printing batteries and supercapacitors
using traditional roll-to-roll printing presses.
References:
www.eetimes.com
www.extremetech.com
www.chemical-materials.elsevier.com
www.mepits.com
www.google.com