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LILIK HANDAJANI
Universitas Mataram
BAMBANG SUBROTO
SUTRISNO T.
ERWIN SARASWATI
Universitas Brawijaya
Abstract
This study examines the effect of managerial entrenchment, board diversity
and corporate governance on CSR disclosure, and the role of intangible
resources in mediating the relationship between corporate social disclosure
and corporate financial performance. The testing was held on 151 high-
profile companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange that perform CSR
disclosure in the annual report and sustainability report during the period
2010-2012 using the structural model analysis. The research findings
showed that CSR disclosure is influenced by corporate governance and
managerial entrenchment strategy, but is not affected by board diversity.
Other findings indicate that the positive effect of intangible resource in
mediating the relationship between CSR disclosure and financial
performance at one and two years ahead. Research findings point to a
bright side of stakeholder approach to corporate governance models as an
important pillar for sustainable corporate social responsibility. Research
implication leads to a challenge for corporate to integrate the objective of
business entity with sustainability concern by internalized CSR which not
only able to develop competitive advantage and to enhance brand
differentiation to gain financial performance, but also strengthening long-
term sustainability performance.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh managerial entrenchment, board
diversity dan corporate governance terhadap pengungkapan CSR, serta
peran sumberdaya tanwujud dalam memediasi hubungan antara
pengungkapan CSR dan kinerja keuangan. Pengujian dilakukan pada 151
perusahaan high profile tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia yang melakukan
pengungkapan CSR pada laporan tahunan dan laporan keberlanjutan
perusahaan selama periode 2010-2012 dengan menggunakan analisis model
struktural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengungkapan CSR dipengaruhi
corporate governance dan strategi managerial entrenchment, namun tidak
dipengaruhi oleh board diversity. Temuan lain menunjukkan intangible
resource berpengaruh positif dalam memediasi hubungan antara
pengungkapan CSR dan kinerja keuangan pada satu dan dua tahun ke
depan. Implikasi penelitian ini mengarah pada peran krusial pendekatan
stakeholder model dalam corporate governance sebagai pilar penting bagi
tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan yang berkelanjutan. Tantangan bagi
korporasi untuk mampu mengintegrasikan tujuan entitas bisnis dengan
tuntutan keberlanjutan dengan menginternalisasikan tanggung jawab sosial
perusahaan yang tidak hanya mampu menciptakan keunggulan kompetitif
dan menegaskan brand differentiation perusahaan untuk perbaikan kinerja
keuangan, namun juga perbaikan kinerja keberlanjutan perusahaan dalam
jangka panjang.
3. Metoda Penelitian
3.1. Populasi dan Sampel
Populasi penelitian ini adalah perusahaan publik di BEI yang melakukan
pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan pada periode 2010-2012.
Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dengan kriteria sebagai berikut :
(1) perusahaan publik nonkeuangan yang terdaftar di BEI periode 2010- 2012; (2)
perusahaan tergolong sebagai industri high profile, yaitu industri yang berhubungan
dengan lingkungan, masyarakat, dan regulasi; (3) perusahaan menyajikan
pengungkapan CSR dalam laporan tahunan, laporan keberlanjutan tersendiri, atau
website perusahaan selama tahun pengamatan dan (4) variabel-variabel yang diteliti
tersedia dengan lengkap dalam laporan tahunan 2010-2012, laporan keberlanjutan dan
website perusahaan. Sebanyak 151 perusahaan sampel diperoleh, yang
merepresentasikan sekitar 34% dari perusahaan publik di BEI.
3.2. Variabel dan Pengukuran
3.2.1.Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
Pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan adalah informasi mengenai
tanggungjawab sebuah organisasi terhadap dampak-dampak dari keputusan-keputusan
dan kegiatan-kegiatannya pada masyarakat dan lingkungan yang diwujudkan dalam
bentuk perilaku transparan dan etis yang sejalan dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan
dan kesejahteraan masyarakat; mempertimbangkan harapan pemangku kepentingan,
sejalan dengan hukum yang ditetapkan dan norma-norma perilaku internasional; serta
terintegrasi dengan organisasi secara menyeluruh (Guidance on Social Responsibility,
2010). Indikator pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan menggunakan Global
Reporting Initiatives (GRI G3.1) yang diperoleh dari website www.globalreporting.org.
Pedoman GRI G3.1 terdiri dari 4 kategori yaitu ekonomi (9 indikator), lingkungan (30
indikator), praktik ketenagakerjaan dan lingkungan kerja (15 indikator), hak asasi
manusia (11 indikator), kemasyarakatan (8 indikator) serta tanggung jawab produk (9
indikator). Skor dari setiap items pengungkapan dijumlahkan dan dibagi dengan total
items pengungkapan yang diharapkan untuk setiap indikator sehingga diperoleh skor
pengungkapan per indikator untuk setiap perusahaan.
3.2.2. Managerial Entrenchment
ME.MT
Management
Entrenchement IR.IN IR.HC
ME.MO
BD.BS
Intangible
CFP.ROA
Resource
BD.BG
Board Corporate Financial
CSR Disclosure CFP.ROE
Diversity Performance
BD.BA
CFP.ROS
BD.BT
Keterangan:
Managerial Entrenchment (ME), direfleksikan dengan indikator :
ME.MT = Managerial Tenure dan ME.MO = Managerial Ownership
Board Diversity (BD), direfleksikan dengan indikator :
BD.BA = Board Age; BD.BT = Board Tenure; BD.BG = Board Gender; BD.BS =
Board Size; dan BD.BI = Board Independency
Corporate Governance (CG), dibentuk oleh indikator :
CG.RS = Right of Shareholder; CG.ET = Equitable Treatment of Shareholder;
CG.RO = Role of Stakeholder in Corporate Governance; CG.DT = Disclosure and
Transparency; CG.BR = Board Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSR), dibentuk oleh indikator :
CSR.EC = Economic Performance; CSR.EN = Environment Performance; CSR.LA
= Labor Practices Performance; CSR.HR = Human Rights Performance; CSR.SO
= Society Performance; CSR.PR = Product Responsibility Performance
Intangible Resource (IR), direfleksikan dengan indikator :
IR.IN = Inovasi; IR.HC=Human capital
Corporate Financial Performance, direfleksikan dengan indikator :
CFP.ROE = Return on Equity; CFP.ROA = Return on Asset; CFP.ROS = Return on
Sales
4. Hasil dan Pembahasan
4.1. Hasil Pengujian Model Pengukuran, Model Struktural dan Goodness of Fit
Hasil pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian telah memenuhi pengujian asumsi
linieritas terhadap hubungan antar variabel penelitian dan menunjukkan nilai
signifikansi kurang dari 0,05 sehingga asumsi linearitas pada analisis Generalized
Structural Component Analysis (GSCA) telah terpenuhi. Indikator yang merefleksikan
dan membentuk kontruks telah memenuhi nilai outer loading diatas 0,50 dan dan nilai
critical ratio signifikan (CR*>1,96), serta nilai AVE (Average Variance Extracted)
lebih besar dari 0,50 yang mengindikasikan variabel laten memiliki discriminant
validity yang baik. Berikut ini ringkasan hasil goodness of fit dari model 1 (t), model 2
(t+1) dan model 3 (t+2) :
Lampiran
Nilai FIT dan AFIT pada ketiga model menunjukkan nilai di atas 0,59 yang berarti
kemampuan prediksi model cukup baik, sedangkan nilai GFI dan SRMR, pada ketiga
model menunjukkan nilai GFI> dari cut off point 0,90 yang berarti telah memenuhi
kriteria model yang baik. Model 1, 2 dan 3 memiliki nilai SRMR < cut-off point 0,08.
Berdasarkan kriteria nilai SRMR, maka nilai SRMR yang berkisar antara 0,05-0,08
menunjukkan bahwa model sesuai (good fit). Ringkasan hasil pengujian model
struktural untuk masing-masing hipotesis beserta analisis sensitivitas disajikan pada
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Lampiran
Dependent Variable: CS R
Model Sum mary Param eter Estimates
Equation R Square F df1 df2 Sig. b1 b2 b3
Linear .222 128.914 1 452 .000 .023
Logarit hmic .348 241.426 1 452 .000 .150
Inverse .355 248.687 1 452 .000 .308
Quadratic .382 139.093 2 451 .000 .058 -.002
Cubic .503 151.798 3 450 .000 .104 -.008 .000
Compound a . . . . . .000
Powera . . . . . .000
Sa . . . . . .000
Growtha . . . . . .000
Ex ponentiala . . . . . .000
Logistica . . . . . .000
The independent variable is ME.
a. The dependent variable (CS R) c ontains non-posit ive values. The m inim um value is .00. Log transform cannot
be applied. The Com pound, Power, S , Growt h, E xponential, and Logis tic m odels c annot be calculated for thi
variable.
Model 2 (t +1)
Model Fit
FIT 0.602
AFIT 0.595
GFI 0.960
SRMR 0.061
NPAR 35
Measurement Model
Structural Model
Path Coefficients
Estimate SE CR
ME->CSR -0.095 0.074 1.28
BD->CSR -0.004 0.079 0.05
CG->CSR 0.644 0.045 14.19*
CSR->IR 0.605 0.055 11.05*
CSR->CFP 0.196 0.081 2.43*
IR->CFP 0.118 0.058 2.03*
CR* = significant at .05 level
Model 3 (t + 2)
Model Fit
FIT 0.600
AFIT 0.593
GFI 0.953
SRMR 0.074
NPAR 35
Measurement Model
Structural Model
Path Coefficients
Estimate SE CR
ME->CSR -0.092 0.083 1.11
BD->CSR -0.002 0.080 0.02
CG->CSR 0.642 0.050 12.72*
CSR->IR 0.606 0.048 12.52*
CSR->CFP -0.258 0.126 2.05*
IR->CFP 0.149 0.075 1.99*
CR* = significant at .05 level