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A Review of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Based on Vibration

Article  in  International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing · December 2011

DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0151-3

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 1129-1141 DECEMBER 2011 / 1129
DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0151-3

A Review of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Based

on Vibration
Heung Soo Kim1, Joo-Hyong Kim2 and Jaehwan Kim3,#
1 Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 26 Pil-dong 3-Ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea, 100-715
2 Department of Electronic Engineering, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, South Korea, 501-759
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-ku, Incheon, South Korea, 402-751
# Corresponding Author / E-mail: jaehwan@inha.ac.kr, TEL: +82-32-860-7326, FAX: +82-32-832-7325

KEYWORDS: Energy Harvesting, Piezoelectric, Vibration, Energy generation, Micro Power

This paper reviews energy harvesting technology from mechanical vibration. Recent advances on ultralow power portable
electronic devices and wireless sensor network require limitless battery life for better performance. People searched for
permanent portable power sources for advanced electronic devices. Energy is everywhere around us and the most important
part in energy harvesting is energy transducer. Piezoelectric materials have high energy conversion ability from mechanical
vibration. A great amount of researches have been conducted to develop simple and efficient energy harvesting devices from
vibration by using piezoelectric materials. Representative piezoelectric materials can be categorized into piezoceramics and
piezopolymers. This paper reviews key ideas and performances of the reported piezoelectric energy harvesting from
vibration. Various types of vibration devices, piezoelectric materials and mathematical modeling of vibrational energy
harvestings are reviewed.

Manuscript received: October 25, 2011 / Accepted: November 8, 2011

1. Introduction harvesting plants generate kW or MW level power, it is called

Energy harvesting is defined as capturing minute amounts of
energy from one or more of the surrounding energy sources,
accumulating them and storing them for later use. Energy
harvesting is also called as power harvesting or energy scavenging.
With recent advances on wireless and MEMS technology, energy
harvesting is highlighted as the alternatives of the conventional
battery. Ultra low power portable electronics and wireless sensors
use the conventional batteries as their power sources, but the life of
the battery is limited and very short compared to the working life of
the devices. The replacement or recharging of the battery is
inefficient and sometimes impossible. Therefore, a great amount of
researches have been conducted about the energy harvesting
technology as a self-power source of portable devices or wireless
sensor network system.
In the view point of energy conversion, human beings have
already used energy harvesting technology in the form of windmill,
watermill, geothermal and solar energy. The energy came from
natural sources, called renewable energy, is emerged as future
power source due to limited fossil fuel and nuclear power instability
such as Fukusima nuclear crisis. Since the renewable energy
macro energy harvesting technology. On the contrast, micro energy
harvesting technology is focused on the alternatives of the
conventional battery. Micro energy harvesting technology is based
on mechanical vibration, mechanical stress and strain, thermal
energy from furnace, heaters and friction sources, sun light or room
light, human body, chemical or biological sources, which can
generate mW or µW level power. In this paper, the energy
harvesting is limited to micro energy harvesting.
Since piezoelectric material can convert mechanical vibration
into electrical energy with very simple structure, piezoelectric
energy harvesting is highlighted as a self-power source of wireless
sensor network system.1 Piezoelectricity represents pressure
electricity and is a property of certain crystalline materials such as
quartz, Rochelle salt, tourmaline, and barium titanate that develop
electricity when pressure is applied.2 This is called the direct effect.
On the other hand, these crystals undergo deformation when an
electric field is applied, which is termed as the converse effect.
Converse effect can be used as an actuator and direct effect can be
used as a sensor or energy transducer. The coupled electro-
mechanical behavior of piezoelectric materials can be modeled by
two linearized constitutive equations.2

© KSPE and Springer 2011

 1130 / DECEMBER 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6

Table 1 Piezoelectric characteristics2

Fig. 1 Comparison of the energy density for the three types of

mechanical to electrical energy converters9

Direct piezoelectric effect:

Di = eijσ E j + dimd σ m

Converse piezoelectric effect:

ε k = d cjk E j + Skm
E
σm

where vector D is the dielectric displacement in N/mV or C/m2,

Fig. 2 Exploded view showing integration of piezo shoe10
i

ε k is the strain vector, E is the applied electric field vector in

j

volts/meter, and σ m is stress vector in N/m2. The piezoelectric

constants are the piezoelectric coefficients d imd and d cjk in m/V or
C/N, the dielectric permittivity eσ in N/V2 or F/m, and S km
ij
E
is the
2
elastic compliance matrix in m /N. The superscripts c and d refer to
the converse and direct effects, respectively, and the superscript σ
and E indicate that the quantity is measured at constant stress and
constant electric field, respectively.
(a) 31-Mode
Representative piezoelectric materials can be categorized into
piezoceramics and piezopolymers. Piezoceramics have large
electro-mechanical coupling constants and provide high energy
conversion rate, but they are too brittle to use general shape energy
transducer. On the other hand, piezopolymers have smaller electro-
mechanical coupling constants compared to the piezoceramics, but
they are very flexible. Table 1 shows material characteristics of
(b) 33-Mode
representative piezoceramics (PZT-5H, PZT-8) and piezopolymer
(polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF). Based on direct piezoelectricity,
many research works have been conducted for piezoelectric energy
harvesting from mechanical vibration.3-8 This paper reviews
piezoelectric energy harvesting technology from mechanical (c) Compression strain along 3-axis
vibration.
Fig. 3 Conventional axis definition for a PZT material11

2. Energy harvesting with piezoceramics
In this section, vibrational energy harvesting with
piezoceramics are reviewed. Various types of vibration devices,
single crystal piezoelectric materials and mathematical modeling of
vibrational energy harvestings are described in the followings.
Priya9 provided a review of a comprehensive coverage of the
piezoelectric energy harvesting using low profile transducers and
the results for various energy harvesting prototype devices. He also
gave a brief discussion on selection of piezoelectric materials for on
and off resonance applications. According to his theoretical
calculation, the energy density of piezoelectric energy harvesting
devices is 3-5 times higher than electrostatic and electromagnetic
devices (Fig. 1).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6 DECEMBER 2011 / 1131

Paradiso et al.10 proposed parasitic power harvesting from

piezoelectric shoes using unimorph strip made from piezoceramic
composite material and a stave made from a multilayer laminate of
PVDF foil that periodically broadcasts a digital RFID as the bearer
walks (Fig. 2). They further explored the harnessing of parasitic
energy from piezoelectric shoes and used simple mechanical
structures and flexible piezoelectric materials which results a
comfortable piezoelectric shoe design (Fig. 3).11
Fig. 4 A two-layer bender mounted as a cantilever15

2.1 Cantilever type

A cantilever type vibration energy harvesting has very simple
structure and can produce a large deformation under vibration.
Flynn and Sander12 imposed fundamental limitations on PZT (lead
zirconate titanate) material and indicated that mechanical stress
limit is the effective constraint in typical PZT materials. They
reported that a mechanical stress-limited work cycle was 330W/cm3
at 100 kHz for PZT-5H.
Elvin et al.13 proposed a theoretical model by using a beam
element and performed experiment to harvest power from PZT
material. They showed that a simple beam bending can provide the
self-power source of the strain energy sensor.
Wright et al. presented series of vibrational energy harvesting
devices.14-17 First, they indicated low-level vibrations occurring in
common household and office environments as a potential power
source and investigated both capacitive MEMS and piezoelectric
converters.14 The simulated results showed that power harvesting
using piezoelectric conversion is significantly higher. They
optimized a two-layer cantilever piezoelectric generator and
validated by theoretical analysis (Fig. 4).15 They also modeled a
small cantilever based devices using piezoelectric materials that can
scavenge power from low-level ambient vibration sources and
presented new design configuration to enhance the power
harvesting capacity.16 It used axially compressed piezoelectric
bimorph in order to decrease resonance frequency up to 24%. They
found that power output to be 65–90% of the nominal value at
frequencies 19–24% below the unloaded resonance frequency.17
Inman’s group presented more than 10 papers related to
vibrational energy harvesting using PZT, bimorph Quick Pack (QP)
actuator and micro fiber composite (MFC). Sodano et al.18
investigated monolithic piezoelectric (PZT) and MFC and estimated
the efficiency of both the materials. They also investigated three
types of piezoelectric devices experimentally, a monolithic PZT,
bimorph QP and MFC energy harvesting devices to determine their
capacity to recharge a discharged battery.19
Shen et al.20 proposed a PZT piezoelectric cantilever with a
micromachined Si proof mass for a low frequency vibration energy
harvesting application. The average power and power density were
0.32 W and 416 W/cm3. Liu et al.21 developed an array of power
generator based on thick-film piezoelectric cantilevers in order to
improve frequency flexibility and power output. They reported an
improved performance of 3.98 mW effective electrical power and
3.93 DC output voltage to resistance load. Choi et al.22 developed
an energy harvesting MEMS device using thin film PZT to enable
self-supportive sensors. Resonating at specific frequencies of an
(a) Cantilever type
(b) Cymbal type24
Fig. 5 Conventional piezoelectric energy harvesters
external vibrational energy source can create electrical energy via
the piezoelectric effect. The effect of proof mass, beam shape and
damping on the power generating performance were modeled to
provide guideline for maximum power harvesting from
environmentally available low frequency vibrations.
2.2 Cymbal type
Cymbal structure can produce a large in-plane strain under a
transverse external force, which is beneficial for the micro energy
harvesting. Kim et al.23 reported that piezoelectric energy
harvesting showed a promising results under pre-stress cyclic
conditions and validated the experimental results with finite
element analysis. Li et al.24 presented a two ring-type piezoelectric
stacks, one pair of bow-shaped elastic plates, and one shaft that pre-
compresses them (Fig. 5). The reported that flex-compressive mode
piezoelectric transducer has the ability to generate more electric
voltage output and power output as compared to conventional flex-
tensional mode.
2.3 Stack type
Stack type piezoelectric transducer can produce a large
electrical energy since it uses d33 mode of piezoelectric materials
and has a large capacitance because of multi-stacking of
piezoelectric material layers. Adhikari et al.25 proposed a stochastic
approach using stack configuration rather than cantilever beam
harmonic excitation at resonance and analyzed two cases, with
inductor in the electrical circuit and without inductor. Lefeuvre et
 1132 / DECEMBER 2011
Fig. 6 Model of a vibrating structure including a piezoelectric
element26
Fig. 7 Curved PZT unimorph excited in d31-mode by a normal
distributed force27
al.26 proposed a synchronized switch damping (SSD) in vibrational
piezoelectric energy harvesting (Fig. 6). They claimed that SSD
increases the electrically converted energy resulting from the
piezoelectric mechanical loading cycle. This stack type can be weak
under mechanical shocks.
2.4 Shell type
Since shell structure can generate larger strain than flat plate, it
can improve the efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Yoon
et al.27 employed a curved piezoceramic to increase the charge
because of mechanical strain (Fig. 7). They optimized the analytical
model using shell theory and linear piezoelectric constitutive
equations to develop a charge generation expression. Yoon et al.28
investigated a ring-shaped PZT-5A element exposed to gunfire
shock experimentally using pneumatic shock machine. They found
dependence of piezoelectric constant on load-rate, the shock-aging
of piezoelectric effect, and the dependence of energy-transfer
efficiency on the change in normalized impulse. Chen et al.29
analyzed circular piezoelectric shell of polarized ceramics under
torsional vibration to harvest electric output. The proposed structure
harvested electrical energy from torsional vibration.
2.5 Modeling and theory
Theoretical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices
should include not only its structure but also piezoelectric coupling
effect as well as electrical behavior. Erturk and Inman30 proposed
an improved mathematical model and made an attempt to correct
the oversimplified issues related to mathematical formulation like
piezoelectric coupling, physical modeling, low fidelity models and
base motion modeling. They also proposed correction factors for
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6
single degree of freedom base excitation model and examined that
the single degree of freedom harmonic base excitation relations
which are commonly used by a number of researcher for harvesting
energy using mechanical vibration.31 They also reported a closed-
form analytical solutions of bimorph cantilever configurations with
series and parallel connections of piezoceramic layers.32
Marqui et al.33 presented a electromechanically coupled finite
element (FE) plate model based on Kirchhoff plate assumptions that
also account the effect of conductive electrodes to predict the
electrical power output of piezoelectric energy harvester plates. The
FEA simulation results are validated with the experimental and
analytical solution for a unimorph cantilever beam.
Renno et al.34 optimized the piezoelectric vibration-based
energy harvester by using an inductor and a resistive load and it is
concluded that the addition of a inductor in the circuit enhances the
power harvesting capacity.
Pouline et al.35 compared an electromagnetic system made of a
magnet in translation within a coil and piezoelectric system which
is a PZT ceramic bar embedded at one end and constrained at the
other end. They predicted a strong similarity and duality in signal
level.
Ajitsaria et al.36 anticipated analytical approach based on Euler–
Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam equations for the
generation of voltage and power. They showed that the comparison
between the experimental results and simulation were satisfactory.
Hu et al.37 proposed a modeling of a piezoelectric harvester as
an integrated electro-mechanical system, by characterizing the
interaction between the harvesting structure and the storage circuit
with a nonlinear rectifier. They showed that the power density can
be maximized by varying the non-dimensional inductance for a
fixed non-dimensional aspect ratio together with a fixed non-
dimensional end mass.
Shu and Lien38 calculated the energy conversion efficiency
under steady state condition for a rectified piezoelectric power
harvester. They found that optimization criteria depend upon the
relative strength of the electromechanical coupling.
Marzencki et al.39 proposed a passive, wideband adaptive
system by employing mechanical nonlinear strain stiffening. They
reported experimentally verified frequency adaptability of over
36% for a clamped–clamped beam device at 2 g input acceleration.
They claimed that the proposed solution was perfectly suited for
autonomous industrial machinery surveillance systems, where high
amplitude vibrations are abundant.
Dietl et al.40 proposed a Timoshenko model of transverse
piezoelectric beam to overcome the over predicted parameter values
in Euler–Bernoulli beam models. They reported the exact
expressions for the voltage, current, power, and tip deflection of the
piezoelectric beam. They also optimized the shapes of beam for
harvesting power using heuristic optimization code and the
attributes of this optimal beam was validated with the experimental
results.41
Gammaitoni et al.42 modeled piezoelectric harvesting oscillator
dynamics with nonlinear stochastic differential equation and
highlighted the benefit of noise and non-linearity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6
Gao et al.43 analyzed a piezoelectric unimorph cantilever with
unequal piezoelectric and nonpiezoelectric lengths for vibration
energy harvesting theoretically. They found that for a fixed
vibration frequency, the maximum open circuit induced voltage
occurred when nonpiezoelectric-to-piezoelectric length ratio is
greater than unity while the maximum power occurred when
nonpiezoelectric-to-piezoelectric length ratio is unity.
Knight et al.44 presented a guideline to extract an optimal
energy harvesting for interdigitated piezoelectric MEMS unimorph
cantilever beams. They showed that poling behavior was the key
factor to investigate the real losses associated with non-uniform
poling. A parametric study in terms of electrode patterns,
piezoelectric layer dimensions, and electrode dimensions was
carried out to examine their effect on the percent poling factor.
They proposed design guidelines to help ensure that piezoelectric
MEMS devices are developed to obtain optimum energy harvesting
or tuning performance.
Ly et al.45 developed a piezoelectric cantilever bending model
of 31-effect under the assumption of the Euler–Bernoulli Beam
Theory. The equations of motion for the global system were
established by using Hamilton’s principle and solved by using the
modal decomposition method. They provided the mathematical
model to enhance the conversion of mechanical energy into
electrical energy by using direct piezoelectric effect. They showed
that second mode of resonant frequency provided the voltage and
the bandwidth much larger than the first mode.
Richards et al.46 emphasized on the efficiency of power
conversion and developed a formula to predict the power
conversion efficiency of different piezo generators.
2.6 Single crystal
Erturk et al.47 analyzed single crystal piezoelectric ceramic lead
magnesium niobate–lead zirconate titanate (PMN-PZT) power
generation and shunt damping performance with the help of
experiment and validated the results analytically.
Karami et al.48 examined different configuration of three types
of piezoelectrics (single crystal PMN-PZT, polycrystalline PZT-5A,
and PZT-5H-type monolithic ceramics) in a unimorph cantilevered
beam to find the best design configuration for lightweight energy
harvesting devices for low-power applications. They concluded that
single-crystal energy harvesters produced superior power compared
with polycrystalline devices.
Rakbamrung et al.49 attempted performance comparison
between two common piezoelectric compositions, PZT + 1 mol%
Mn and PMN–25PT, obtained from sintering piezoelectric powders.
The PMN–PT showed higher coupling coefficient than the PZT-
based sample, making such a composition a better choice for energy
harvesting purposes at a first glance. Although PMN–PT-based
harvester effectively allowed harvesting approximately twice the
power of PZT-based device when using a classical electrical
interface, the use of a nonlinear approach for enhancing the
conversion abilities of piezoelectric elements dramatically reduced
the difference between the considered micro-generators.
Bedekar et al.50 fabricated piezoelectric bimorph samples using
DECEMBER 2011 / 1133
Fig. 8 Geometry and position of the neutral axis of PCGE-A55
conventional piezoceramic processing methods corresponding to
high energy density piezoelectric composition 0.9Pb(Zr0.56
Ti0.44)O3–0.1Pb[(Zn0.8/3 Ni0.2/3)Nb2/3]O3 + 2 mol% MnO2
(PZTZNN) and 0.8[Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3]–0.2[Pb(Zn1/3 Nb2/3)O3]
(PZTPZN). They concluded that power harvesting largely depended
upon piezoelectric strain constant and the piezoelectric voltage
constant.
Ren et al.51 presented a multilayer structure used as the
resonance-based vibration energy-harvesting device based on
0.71Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3–0.29PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystal. They
found a high output power of 4.94 mW and a corresponding peak
voltage of 3.14 V measured at 1.4 kHz which highlighted the
potential of the material for energy harvesting.
Moon et al.52 presented the piezoelectric energy harvesting
performance of a Zr-doped PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PZT)
single crystal beam. The energy harvesting capability of a PMN-
PZT beam cantilever structure under a state of vibration was
calculated and compared with experimental result of frequency
response of cantilever device.
2.7 New materials
Jeong et al.53 investigated piezoelectric ceramics with
microstructure texture experimentally prepared by tape casting of
slurries containing a template SrTiO3 (STO), under external
mechanical stress. They concluded that STO-added specimens
showed excellent power over the STO-free specimen when a high
stress was applied to the specimen.
Elfrink et al.54 analyzed aluminum nitride (AlN) as a
piezoelectric material for piezoelectric energy harvesters because of
their high resulting voltage level. They reported a maximum output
power of 60 µW for an unpackaged device at an acceleration of 2.0
g and at a resonance frequency of 572 Hz.
Tien and Goo55 analyzed a piezocomposite composed of layers
of carbon/epoxy, PZT ceramic and glass/epoxy to harvest energy
(Fig. 8). They reported that piezocomposite have potential to
harvest energy subjected to vibration after numerical and
experimental validation.
 1134 / DECEMBER 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6

2.8 Others
Fang et al.56 proposed micro piezoelectric power generator
containing a composite cantilever with nickel metal mass. They
fabricated the proposed device by RIE dry etching, wet chemical
etching and UV-LIGA. The proposed generator produced about
0.89V AC peak–peak voltage output to overcome germanium diode
rectifier toward energy storage, and its power output was in
microwatt level of 2.16 mW.
Twiefel et al.57 investigated the piezoelectric flexural
transducers for harvesting power experimentally. They employed Fig. 9 A piezoelectric film-based power generator60
working frequency and electrical load as boundary conditions for
the development of the generator in analytical model.
Isarakorn et al.58 focused on the fabrication and evaluation of
vibration energy harvesting devices by utilizing an epitaxial PZT
thin film. The experimentally investigation and analytical
calculations were compared and the epitaxial PZT harvester
exhibited high power and current with usable voltage. These results
indicated the potential of epitaxial PZT thin films for the
improvement of the performances of energy harvesting devices.
In summary, many configurations of energy harvesting devices
made with piezoceramics have been developed to improve the
efficiency and power generation. Modeling of the piezoceramic
energy harvesting devices is well established. Single crystal
piezoelectric materials are promising for energy harvesting since it Fig. 10 Schematic of the backpack with piezoelectric straps61
has high coupling coefficients.

3. Energy harvesting with piezopolymers

Mateu and Moll59 analyzed several bending beam structures

using piezo films suitable for shoe inserts and walking-type
excitation, and obtained the resulting strain for each type in
function of geometrical parameters and material properties. By
comparing the energy harvested, the optimum configuration can be
determined. They developed piezoelectric film inserts inside a shoe
based on their first work (Fig. 9).60 In this paper, they analyzed
different factors, such as piezoelectric type, magnitude of excitation,
required energy and voltage, and magnitude of the capacitor, to find
an appropriate choice of storage capacitor and voltage intervals.
Farinholt et al.61 developed a novel energy harvesting backpack
that can generate electrical energy from the differential forces
between the wearer and the backpack by using PVDF (Fig. 10).
They also proposed an energy harvesting comparison of PVDF and
the ionically conductive ionic polymer transducer to examine the
effectiveness of electro-mechanical conversion properties.62
Analytical models using spring-mass-damper for each material
assuming axial loading and simulation results were compared with
experimental results.
Kuwano et al.63 used AlN thin films on Si substrates with
diverse bottom electrode materials of Pt/Ti, Au/Cr, Al, and Ti to
fabricate microgenerators by the micromachining process for
converting environmental vibration energy into electric energy (Fig.
11). They also studied the effect of the air damping on the vibration
of energy harvesting PVDF generators in three measurement
Fig. 11 (a) Schematic view, (b) general FE-SEM image, and (c)
lateral FE-SEM image of A1N microgenerator63
conditions.64 They found that the output power of generators
‘‘unpackaged in vacuum’’ was almost twice that of generators
‘‘packaged in air’’ at 0.5g acceleration. And also with the increase
in vibration acceleration, the output power of generators
‘‘unpackaged in vacuum’’ rapidly increased in a quadratic
relationship with the acceleration at low acceleration level, and then
the increasing ratio decreased at high acceleration.
Lallart et al.65 evaluated the energy scavenging abilities of
electrostrictive terpolymer composite filled with 1 vol% carbon
black poly(vinylidene – fluoride – trifluoroethylene –
chlorofluoroethylene). They also demonstrated that the carbon-
filled terpolymer outperformed other investigated compositions,
exhibiting a figure of merit as high as 2000 times higher than pure
polyurethane. They extended their work to the ac-dc conversion for
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6 DECEMBER 2011 / 1135

energy harvesting using electrostrictive polymer P(VDF-TrFE-

CFE) to make the practical application of such material for self-
powerd devices more realistic.66 Their theoretical and experimental
analysis showed that an energy harvesting module with ac-to-dc
conversion using a bias electric field of 10V/µm and a transverse
strain of 0.2% is much more efficient than most of piezo-based
harvesters.
Shah et al.67 compared micropower obtained by harvesting
generators using piezoelectric ceramic (PZT), PVDF
(polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane and PP (polypropylene) foam
polymer. They also evaluated the voltage response of ceramic based
piezoelectric fiber composite structures (PFCs) and polymer based
piezoelectric strips, PVDF, when subjected to various wind speeds
and water droplets in order to investigate the possibility of energy Fig. 12 Energy conversion efficiency of a piezoelectric PVDF
generation from these two natural renewable energy sources for nanogenerator72
utilization in low power electronic devices.68 They showed that
piezoelectric polymer materials can generate higher voltage/power
than ceramic based piezoelectric materials and it was possible to
produce energy from renewable sources such as rain drops and
wind by using piezoelectric polymer materials.
Sohn et al.69 adopted FEM to evaluate the power harvesting
capacity of piezofilm that were under the action of a blood pressure
and analyzed theoretically for square and circular configuration.
Hu et al.70 proposed a corrugated PVDF bimorph power
harvester with the harvesting structure fixed at the two edges in the
corrugation direction and free at the other edges. In order to keep
the harvester operating at the optimal state, they adjusted the
resonant frequency by changing the geometrical configuration or
the span length. They reported that the adaptability of a harvester to
the operating system could be improved greatly by designing the
harvesting structure with adjustable resonant.
Liu71 presented an active energy harvesting approach which Fig. 13 A prototype tree-shaped wind power system77
used switch-mode power electronics to control the voltage and/or
charge on a piezoelectric device relative to the mechanical input for found that it increased with increasing strain, which was favorable
optimized energy conversion. In these experiments, the active for vibration energy harvesting.
energy harvesting approach increased the harvested energy by a Chang75 modeled and analyzed Piezo-elastica energy harvester
factor of five for the same mechanical displacement compared to an in computer hard disk drives. Numerical finite element simulations
optimized diode rectifier-based circuit. and laboratory measurements showed that about 25% of the power
Chang et al.72 used near-field electrospinnings to direct-write consumed by disk drive’s voice coil motor could be harvested by
PVDF nanofibers with in situ mechanical stretch and electrical the proposed design. He suggested the possibility of scavenging and
poling characteristics to produce piezoelectric properties (Fig. 12). converting flex cable’s mechanical vibrations and dynamics into
They found that under mechanical stretching, nanogenerators electrical form for power conservation inside computer hard disk
showed repeatable and consistent electrical outputs with energy drives.
conversion efficiency, an order of magnitude higher than those Liu et al.76 proposed a miniature energy harvesting device for
made of PVDF thin films. medical microrobot devised working in blood vessel, specifically
Hansen et al.73 developed hybrid energy scavenging device focusing on fabrication of co-axial nanofibers as converting
consisted of a piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber generator for components from a high efficient piezoelectric material PVDF.
harvesting biomechanical and biochemical energy. They found that Oh77 demonstrated an experimental investigation of a tree-
two type of energy harvesting worked simultaneously or shaped wind power system using piezoelectric material (Fig. 13).
individually, thereby boosting output and life time. PVDF was used to make the leaf element, whereas PZT was applied
Miyabuchi et al.74 modeled the piezoelectric vibration energy to the trunk portion of the tree requiring rather strong winds to
harvester and found that the figure of merit was proportional to the generate any power.
square of the effective transverse piezoelectric coefficient e31. They Koyama and Nakamura78 studied electric power generation
measured e31 coefficient by using the substrate bending method and using vibration of a polyurea thin film. The conversion efficiency
 1136 / DECEMBER 2011
(a) Parallel-flow stalk-leaf (b) Cross-flow stalk-leaf
Fig. 14 Motion sketch of two different structures79
Fig. 15 A schematic diagram of the piezoelectric generator in a
flow field and the concept of placing an elastic beam into the
vortex street to induce vibration80
from mechanical to electrical energy was calculated by using finite
element analysis of the cantilever configuration. Higher conversion
efficiency was obtained using a thinner and shorter cantilever
configuration with increased resonance frequency.
Li79 proposed a bioinspired piezo-leaf architecture which was in
dangling cross-flow stalk that converted wind energy into electrical
energy by wind-induced fluttering motion (Fig. 14). This kind of
architecture amplified the vibration by an order of magnitude
compared with conventional flow- parallel fluttering devices.
Akaydin et al.80 investigated flexible piezoelectric cantilever
beams placed inside turbulent boundary layers and wakes of
circular cylinders at high Reynolds numbers and developed three-
way coupled interaction simulation to validate the experimental
results (Fig. 15).
In summary, the use of piezopolymers for vibrational energy
harvesting is advantageous since piezopolymers are ductile,
resilient to shock, deformable and lightweight. The applications of
piezopolymer based energy harvesters for wind, backpack and
flower demonstrate its possibility in real life. Recently developed
piezopaper based on cellulose may be another possibility for energy
harvesting.81,82
4. Energy harvesting circuit
The optimized method of vibrational energy harvesting with
piezoelectric materials is very essential to develop a scavenging
energy device. In nature, vibrational piezoelectric energy harvesting
devices is based on the induced power from mechanical vibrations
with varying amplitude, resulting induce output voltage with
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6
(a)
(b)
Fig. 16 (a) Full wave-bridge type rectifying circuit for vibrational
piezoelectric energy harvester, (b) Synchronous charge extraction
circuit with an inductor L and a switch S26
alternating current (AC) from the piezoelectric elements. Early
attempt to utilize the piezoelectric energy harvester, power
production must be designed with a rectifier. Many different
rectifiers have been suggested and studied: e.g. vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, silicon based switches and solid state diodes.
However, the simplest way to rectify the alternating input is to
connect the piezoelectric harvester with a P-N junction diode which
can work only in half input wave.83 To obtain full-wave
rectification of vibrating piezoelectric device, a bridge-type with 4
diodes is required. In order to improve power harvesting circuit
efficiency, there are many attempts to modify the rectifying circuit.
Using a buck-boost DC-DC converter which can track the power
generator’s dependence with acceleration and vibration frequency
of piezoelectric device, the high efficiency of 84% was reported.84
Also, to improve the conversion efficiency of the bridge-type
rectifying circuit, the synchronized charge extraction technique with
inductor was introduced,26 resulting the increase of the harvested
power by factor 4 (Fig. 16).
4.1 Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor
Guyomer et al.85 analyzed the real energy flow that lay behind
several energy conversion techniques like parallel Synchronized
Switch Harvesting on Inductor (SSHI) and series SSHI for
piezoelectric vibration energy scavenging and introduced
pyroelectric effect which extracts energy due to temperature
variation (Fig. 17). Minazara et al.86 proposed energy generation
using a mechanically excited unimorph piezoelectric membrane
transducer under dynamic conditions and envisaged a new SSHI to
enhance the power harvested by the piezoelectric transducer up to
1.7 mW which was sufficient to supply a large range of low
consumption sensors.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6
(a) Example of electromechanical structures
(b) Spring-mass damper model85
Fig. 17 Electromechanical structure and model
4.2 Circuits and storages
Ayers et al.87 conducted experiments on PZT ceramics to
collect electrical energy and summarized governing equations for
piezoelectric. The energy storage using both capacitor and
rechargeable batteries was also investigated and findings were made
for feasibility and efficiency of battery recharging.
Guan and Liao88 investigated leakage resistances of the energy
storage devices which are the most dominant factor that influences
the charging or discharging phenomena. They proposed a quick test
method to experimentally study the charge/discharge efficiencies of
the energy storage devices using super capacitors which were
suitable and more desirable than the rechargeable batteries.
Wickenheiser et al.89 investigated the effects of varying degrees
of electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric power harvesting
systems undergoing base excitation on the dynamics of charging a
storage capacitor. They predicted the charging behavior of the
system with nonlinear simulation.
Recently, a rectifier free piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit
has been suggested by Kim et al. (Fig. 18).90 The suggested circuit
was a simple and scalable, which could reach 71% of high
conversion efficiency. Very recently, for ultralow input
piezoelectric voltage, Peters et al.91 suggested two stage concept
including passive stage and only one active diode, resulting in
successful rectification of tens of mV with very high efficiency over
90% (Fig. 19). Other approach using a bias-flip rectifier with an
inductor was presented in the range of µW, which is greater than
4X power extraction compared to conventional full bridge
rectifier.92
However, due to the fundamental limitation of diode type
rectification, built-in voltage in diode, to minimize the voltage drop
to diminish the rectified output voltage from rectifying circuit in
diode is the critical issue. At room temperature, the built-in voltage
of Si and Ge based P-N junction diodes are about 0.7 V and 0.4 V,93
respectively. Therefore the induced vibrational input must be larger
DECEMBER 2011 / 1137
Fig. 18 Rectifier-free piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit90
Fig. 19 Two stage rectifying circuit for ultra low input piezoelectric
voltage91
than built-in voltage of diode to scavenge the vibrational based
piezoelectric input. To minimize the built-in voltage and improve
the efficiency in rectifying circuit, Schottky diode with low turn-on
voltage - e. g. HSMS 2822 (VF=0.34V) and Villard voltage doubler
were suggested.93
The application of piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting
devices contains many parameters which can be optimized to
improve the efficiency such that wireless sensors and electronics
can be self-powered. Development of low power consumed
electronic circuitry is necessary.
5. Summary and outlook
Piezoelectric energy harvesting technologies from vibration
were reviewed in this paper. Principles of piezoelectric energy
harvesting, various types of piezoelectric harvesting devices and
piezoelectric materials were investigated. Vibrational energy
harvesting technology is highlighted as a permanent power source
of portable electronic devices and wireless sensor network.
There have been many novel ideas for vibration-based
piezoelectric energy harvesters. Device ideas in conjunction with
design technology are likely matured. However, real applications of
the vibration-based energy harvesters are still limited. There are
three issues that limit the broad technological impact of the
vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters. Firstly,
development of high coupling coefficient piezoelectric materials is
essential to improve the performance of piezoelectric energy
harvesters. Once the coupling coefficient is twice increased, then
the energy conversion efficiency can be four times improved. Thus,
the advent of new piezoelectric materials with high coupling
coefficient will bring a new era of piezoelectric energy harvesters.
Secondly, the energy harvesters should be able to sustain under
 1138 / DECEMBER 2011
harsh vibrations and shocks. Fatigue and crack of the energy
harvesting devices are crucial for real application. Thus,
development of flexible and resilient piezoelectric materials is
necessary. Thirdly, development of efficient electronic circuitry for
energy harvesters is necessary. Since the obtained electrical energy
from vibration is small, rectification and energy storing circuits
should be able to activate in such a low power condition. Vibration
is everywhere, and vibration-based energy harvesters will come to
our real life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the Energy Efficiency & Resources
of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and
Planning (KETEP) grant founded by the Ministry of Knowledge
Economy, Republic of Korea (no. 2010201010094A) and Creative
Research Initiatives (EAPap Actuator) of NRF/MEST.
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