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Units:
J/KgCo , cal/gCo , Btu/slug Fo ….
Q = mc∆T Note:
1J = 2.39x10-4Kcal
Where: 1Btu = 252 cal = 1.055KJ = 778.2ftlb
m = mass of the substance
∆T = change in temperature
= the final temperature of the substance minus its initial
temperature before the heat was added or removed
The calorie is defined as the amount of energy
required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree.
(This energy is slightly dependent upon the temperature of the water,
so the temperature change is usually defined from 14.5 degrees to
15.5 degrees Celsius.)
Ans: 3.5C°
EXAMPLES:
2.) You wish to take a bath and will
need to warm 160Kg of water by
14oC. How much heat is
required?
CH20 = 4180 J/KgCo
Ans: Q = 9.4x106J
EXAMPLES:
3.) A 30Kg child has a temperature
of 39oC. How much heat must be
removed from the child’s body to
lower his temperature to 37oC?
EXAMPLES:
4.) A 60 Kg person consumes about
2000Kcal of food in one day. If
10% of this food energy is
converted to thermal energy and
cannot leave the body, calculate
the temperature change of the
person.
EXAMPLES:
5.) An insulated aluminum can whose mass
is 0.2Kg contains 0.3Kg of water at 25oC.
A 0.1Kg metal block whose
temperature is 80oC is lowered into the
water. The final temperature of the
water, can & block is 30oC. What is the
specific heat capacity of the metal
block?
Cal=900J/KgCo
CH20=4180J/KgCo
Ans: T = 27.6°C
EXAMPLES:
7.) A 150g insulated aluminum
calorimeter containing 250g of
water is initially at 20oC. A 200g
metal block at 60oC is added to
the water, resulting in the final
temperature of 22.8oC. Calculate
the specific heat capacity of the
block.
EXAMPLES:
8.) An insulated bowl containing
0.3Kg of soup at 40oC is cooled by
adding 10oC water. Calculate the
mass of the water that must be
added so that the mixture has a
final temperature of 35oC. Ignore
the heat transfer to the bowl.
Csoup = 3,800J/kgC°
3,800J/kgC°
2.) LATENT HEAT OF FUSION (Lf)
– the amount of heat needed to melt or freeze a
substance at its melting or freezing
temperature.
To melt a solid:
Where:
Q = heat needed to melt or
Q = mLf freeze a substance
Lf = latent heat of fusion
To freeze a liquid: m = mass of the substance
Units:
J/Kg , cal/g , Btu/slug ….
Q = -mLf Note: a substance does not change temperature
while it is melting or freezing, thus the
melting or freezing temperature of a
substance are the same.
Heat Fusion of Some Substances:
Substances Lf (kJ/kg)
Water 335
Ethanol 1042
Hydrogen (H2) 58.6
Oxygen (O2) 13.8
Nitrogen (N2) 25.7
Aluminum 398.4
Copper 134
Iron 272.1
Phase changes of water as heat is added:
Ans: 93 cal/g
EXAMPLES:
2. Suppose that you are camping in the
mountains. You need to melt 1.50 kg of snow at
0.0
0.0°°C and heat it to 70.0
70.0°°C to make hot cocoa.
How much heat will be needed?
Cwater = 4180J/kgCo , Lfwater = 334kJ/kg
Ans: 940 kJ
EXAMPLES:
3. How much heat is absorbed by 100 g of ice at
-20.0
20.0°°C to become water at 0.0 0.0°°C?
Cice = 2060J/kgCo , Lfwater = 334kJ/kg
EXAMPLES:
4. Your 500mL soda is at 20°20°C so you add 100g of
ice from the -20
20°°C freezer. What is the final
temperature?
Cice = 2090J/kgCo , Lfwater = 333kJ/kg
Cwater = 4190J/kgCo
3.) LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (Lv)
– the amount of heat needed to vaporize a
substance at its boiling temperature.
Units:
J/Kg , cal/g , Btu/slug ….
4.) LATENT HEAT OF CONDENSATION (Lc)
– the amount of heat needed to condense a
substance at its condensation temperature.
Where:
To condense a gas:
Q = heat needed to condense
a substance
Lf = latent heat of condensation
Q = -mLc m = mass of the substance
Units:
J/Kg , cal/g , Btu/slug ….
Ans: 562 kJ
EXAMPLES:
2. How much heat is needed to change 300g of ice
at 30.0°
30.0°C to steam at 130.0°
130.0°C?
Ans: 940 kJ
EXAMPLES: