UTRACON GROUP

Dutility and
Moment Redistribution

Presented by: NGUYEN Manh Cuong

Designation: DGM_UVCO
UVCO Internal Workshop

28th-29th June 2019

DUCTILITY

DEFINITION
The term of “ductility” in structural
design is the ability to undergo large
deformations in the postelastic
range without a substantial
reduction in strength.
Reasons for ductility consideration in
design:
• To prevent brittle failure
• To redistribute moment
• To survive severe earthquake
and blast loading
DUCTILITY

CLASSIFICATION
DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY
DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY

Ductility versus Malleability

Ductility: property to stretch Malleability: property to deform

under tensile stress under compressive stress
DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY

Concrete
- Ductility: Highly brittle under tension. Fck (MPa) 20 30 40 55 70 90
- Malleability: Represented by total compressive
deformation concrete before fracture. c1 (‰) 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8
The higher compressive strength is, the lower cu1 (‰) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.8
“ductility” is.

Engineering stress-strain relationship of unconfined concrete – EC2

DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY

Concrete
- Ductility: Highly brittle under tension. Fck (MPa) 20 30 40 55 70 90
- Malleability: Represented by total compressive
deformation concrete before fracture. c1 (‰) 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8
The higher compressive strength is, the lower cu1 (‰) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.8
“ductility” is.

Idealized stress-strain relationship of concrete – EC2

DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY

Concrete - The effect of confinement on concrete ductility

The critical compressive failure of concrete is likely to depend on tensile rather than
compressive stress: c = t   Where  is poisson ratio

Engineering stress-strain relationship of confined concrete – EC2

DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY

Reinforcing steel Ductility

Steel ductility is measured from first yielding
strain to fracture strain.
yk = fyk/Es - depending on steel strength
uk and ft/fyk – depending on steel class

Steel A B C
class
ft/fyk  1.05  1.08 
1.15;<1.35
Engineering stress-strain relationship of
uk (%)  2.5 5  7.5 reinforcing steel – EC2
DUCTILITY

MATERIAL DUCTILITY

Prestressing steel
Adequate ductility of prestressing steel
is specified in EN 10138
Adequate ductility in tension maybe
assumed if:
fpk/fp0.1k ≥ k - where recommended
value of k is 1.1

Stress-strain relationship of prestressing steel – EC2

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY

Ductility of section can be expressed in term of curvature ductility factor.

  = u / y
Where u is the moment curvature at fracture state
y is the moment curvature at yielding state

DUCTILITY
SITUATION SECTION NAME
PROPERTY
Concrete fails Over-reinforced/
BAD
before steel yields Compression controlled
Steel yields right as
BAD Balanced reinforcing
concrete fails
A typical moment – curvature curve
Steel yields before Under-reinforced/
GOOD
concrete fails Tension controlled
Steel fractures right
BAD Minimum reinforcing
as concrete cracks
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY

Section ductility control:

• ACI 318-95: Control steel content   0.75bal
• ACI 318-14/R21.2.2: Control strain of steel s  0.005
• EC2/5.5(4): Control ratio of neutral axis depth xu/d
xu/d  0.448 for fck  50MPa (equivalent to s  0.0043)
xu/d  0.368 for fck  50MPa (equivalent to s  0.0035)
• RAPT recommendation:
xu/d  0.58 (equivalent to s  0.0025 for fck  50MPa)
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
Verification of RC section ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
Verification of RC section ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:

- EC2: xu/d  0.448 => xmax = 425.6mm - RAPT: xu/d  0.58 => xmax = 551mm

Asmax=0.81 xmaxb (fck/C)/(fys/S)=18490 mm (~µ%=1.85%) Asmax=0.81 xmaxb (fck/C)/(fys/S)=23938 mm (~µ%=2.39%)

Section balancing at fracture point Section balancing at fracture point

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY

Verification of RC section ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:

,EC2 = u/ y = 1.87
,RAPT = u/ y = 1.2
(For fys = 400MPa, Es = 200000MPa)
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY

Verification of RC section ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY

Verification of RC section ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:

- EC2: xu/d  0.448 => xmax = 425.6mm - RAPT: xu/d  0.58 => xmax = 551mm

Asmax=0.81 xmaxb (fck/C)/(fys/S)=14792mm (~µ%=1.48%) Asmax=0.81 xmaxb (fck/C)/(fys/S)=19150mm (~µ%=1.92%)

Section balancing at fracture point Section balancing at fracture point

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
Verification of section RC ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:
,EC2 = u/ y = 1.57
,RAPT = u/ y = 1.01
(For fys = 500MPa, Es = 200000MPa)
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
Verification of RC sectzon ductility following EC2 and RAPT recommendation:

 = 1.2  = 1.01
 = 1.87  = 1.57

fys=400MPa, Es=200GPa fys=500MPa, Es=200GPa

The higher the limitation of N.A. depth ratio, the higher the section capacity but the lower the section ductility
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
 = u/ y

Where u is the moment curvature at fracture state

y is the moment curvature at yielding state

Reinforcement yielding state or strand yielding state?

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
Section parameter:
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
- Reinforcement area at a specified N.A depth:
Asmax = (C - Tp) / (fys/S)
Where C = 0.81 xmaxb (fck/C)
Tp = min[(p,ins+p)Ep, fpy/ P
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
1. Affect of tendon quantity - np:

np = 5;  = 1.867

np = 5;  = 1.867 np = 15;  = 1.867

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
2. Affect of tendon instant strain - ins:

p,ins = 0.006;  = 1.867

p,ins = 0;  = 1.974 p,ins = 0.003;  = 1.966

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
3. Affect of tendon location - dp:

dp = 950mm;  = 1.867

dp = 500;  = 1.906 dp = 700mm;  = 1.883

DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY
The impact of pre-stress on section ductility:
4. Yielding point control – dp or ds

xmax = 0.448ds = 425.6mm xmax = 0.448dp = 224mm

dp = 700mm; s = 4.67 ; s = 1.74

dp = 500;  = 1.906
DUCTILITY

SECTION DUCTILITY

CONCLUSION:
- The higher the limitation of N.A. depth ratio, the higher the section capacity but the lower the
section ductility.
- For pre-stress concrete, N.A depth ratio should be calculate by xu/ds. (Ignore tendon yielding
point).
- Tendon initial strain should be considered in both strength and ductility design.
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

DEFINITION
Moment redistribution permits designers to use
the bending moment diagram computed be elastic
behavior analysis and modify it to account for
plastic behavior.
Usually, moment redistribution reduces the
negative moment at first plastic hinge region, with
corresponding changes in the positive moments
required by equilibrium.
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

ALLOWABLE MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION FOLLOWING EC2

EC2 – Section 5.5 Why N.A. depth
=>xu/d ≤ (-0.44)/1.25 ratio affects
=>xu/d ≤ (-0.54)/k4 moment
redistribution ratio?
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

PLASTIC HINGE AND ROTATION CAPACITY

Plastic hinges start at locations where the hinge moment
capacity (My) is reached.
With further increase in applied load, these hinges
continue to rotate until the rotation capacity is reached.

Where ap is Rotation capacity

Lp is effective length of plastic hinge
Lp  0.6h EC2 – Section 5.6.3 (1)
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUCTILITY AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION

Consider a span of continuous beam and using the moment area method:

Percentage of moment redistribution:  = 100(Me-Mu)/Me

Plastic hinge rotation:
Rotation capacity:
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUCTILITY AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION

Consider a span of continuous beam and using the moment area method:

Rotation capacity must be equal or greater than plastic hinge rotation - ap ≥ dp

=> =>

Curvature ductility factory:  = u/ y
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUCTILITY AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION

Consider a span of continuous beam and using the moment area method:

Curvature ductility factory:  = u/ y

𝑊𝐿2/12
=> 𝛿 = 100 × 1 − 2𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑒 𝐿 × 𝜇 − 1 + 1
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION – PLASTIC HINGE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUCTILITY AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION

Example: Consider a continuous beam with L = 15m

For EC2 = 70% => xu/d ≤ 0.208

Me = WL2/12
𝑊𝐿2/12
⇒ 𝛿 = 100 × = 73.9%  = 5.42
2𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑒 𝐿 × 𝜇 − 1 + 1