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Most imp post by me so far.

On your request I have compiled most of my notes and ans given by


me under various posts so must read them before ur exm and
remember me in your prayers .. go0d luck all
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hypokalemia✔ in vomiting with gastric outlet obs.
The vomiting of HCL results in #hypochloraemic alkalosis but,
#initially, #sodium and #potassium levels may be relatively #normal.
However, as dehydration progresses, Later the urine has a low
chloride and high bicarbonate content, reflecting the primary
metabolic abnormality. This #bicarbonate is excreted along with
#sodium and so, with time, the patient becomes progressively
#hyponatraemic and more profoundly dehydrated.
Because of the #dehydration, a phase of #sodium_retention follows
and #potassium and #hydrogen are excreted in preference. This
results in the urine becoming paradoxically acidic and #hypokalaemia
.
So initially.. ⬇️H+⬇️CL⬆️hco3
Later... ⬆️hco3⬆️Na in urine
Causes ..hyponatremia
Thn .. Na retension
In the end.. ⬆️k in urine along with H+
Results... hypokalemia
As que asking #chronic vomiting A✔ is best
#Dr_waqar_younis
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About chemical thermogenesis both thyroxine and NE produce it ..
But #Guyton says thyroid will take time, several weeks exposure to
cold which will cause thyroid gland hypertrophy and thn #excess
thyroxine will release and generates energy.
Whereas by sympathetic activity via nor-epinephrine and
epinephrine it cause #immediate increase...
Ref. Guyton
In #chartterjae also #excess thyroxine is mentioned as physical
uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation..
So among thyroid and nor epi..
i'll cho0se Nor-epinephrine✔ ..
But between excess/inc thyroxine and nor epinephrine i'll cho0se ...
Excess thyroxine✔
Remember when 2 correct options given u have to cho0se best..
In the end choice is urs 😊
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding aphasia..
👉Wernicke’s + Broca’s areas lesion in dominant hemisphere results
in..
➡️global aphasia.
👉lesion in Wernicke’s area in the dominant hemisphere involving
Brodmann’s areas 22, 37, 39, and 40 results..
➡️ sensory, receptive, fluent aphasia.
👉lesion in Broca’s area (Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45) of dominant
cerebral hemisphere results...
➡️motor, expressive, nonfluent aphasia
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Increase prolactin and homonymous hemianopia
Optic track,✔ for me .
Inc prolactin doesn't necessarily means prolactinoma it could be coz
of any other reason and cpsp put it in stem jst to confuse u people or
may b Its po0r recalled bcq ..
Optic chiasm lesion doesn't cause
#Homonymous hemianospia instead causes #heteronymous
hemianospia
Though the word high prolactin is confusing thts why said its po0r
recall coz ⬆️prolactin means prolactinoma which causes compression
of #central/middle fibers of optic chiasm and hence heteronymous
hemiansopia
Ref. Txt book of neuro
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding tonsillectomy..
Common cause of bleeding
➡️External palatine vein
Vein involve➡️external pataine vein
Artery involve➡️internal carotid artery
Nerve involve ➡️glossopharyngeal
Ref. KLM
#Dr_waqar_younis
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REGARDING GASTRECTOMY..
👉Partial gastrectomy..
Iron deficiency anemia
👉Total gastrectomy..
Pernicious anemia
👉Early days..
iron deficiency anemia
👉After 6 month..
Pernicious anemia
as body has large reserve of B12
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding transfusion ..
👉Look #antigen of donor and #antibody of recipient. If both r same
#reaction will occur..so they must not match
A has antigen A and antibody B
B has antigen B and antibody A
Ab has antigen A & B and none antibody
O has No antigen and both A & B antibodies
👉O- is universal donor can donate to all
👉AB+ is universal recipient can receive from all.
👉Rh - can donate to both rh+ nd -
👉Rh + can only donate to rh+
👉Transfuse A #with O. Here O is donor
👉Transfuse A #to O. Here A is donor
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding bone tumours..
Osteoblastoma➡️spine(vertebra)
Osteoid osteoma➡️ long bones
Osteochondroma➡️metaphysis
Osteosarcoma➡️metaphysis
Ewing sarcoma➡️diaphysis
Giant cell in teenage➡️metaphysis
Giant cell in adults➡️meta + epiphysis
Ref. Robbins
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding chromosomes
Turner.. 45x0
Klinfilter.. 47xxy
True hermophrodite .. xx )) xx/xy )) xxy
Pseudo hermophrodite .. 46xy or 45x0
Complete mole.. 46xx
Partial mole ... 69 xxy
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Blood transfusion in erythriblastosis fetalis
Ok listen erythroblastosis fetalis occur when mother is Rh - and
father is rh + and also baby is rh+ ..
So mother anti d antibodies goes inside baby and starts destruction ..
To prevent this we replace baby blood with rh neg as per rule we can
transfuse rh- to rh+ .. hence mothers anti d antibodies will not harm
baby anymore 😊 and after few months these anti d antibodies
which came from mother in baby body will disappear .. and after
almost again 6 weeks .. baby own rh+ blood will be back to normal ..
Ref Guyton..
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Type 1 respiratory failure..
Po2⬇️
Pco2 normal or ⬇️
Due to V/Q defects ..
Causes...
Shunts
Embolism
Pneumonia
⬆️altitude
👉Type 2 respiratory failure..
Po2⬇️
Pco2⬆️
Ph⬇️
Due to respiratory muscle problems or airway obstruction
Causes...
Asthma
Copd
Drugs
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding nerve fibers..
Preganglionic autonomic... B fibers
Postganglionic autonomic.. c fibers
Fast pain.. A delta
Slow pain/temp.. c fibers
Muscle spindle afferent.. Ia
Golgi tendon organ.. Ib
For Cold.. Krause
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Features of hemolysis..
👉Extravascular hemolysis..
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Less likely ⬇️serum heptaglobin
Splenomegaly
👉Intravascular hemolysis...
Hemoglobinemia
Hemoglobinuria
Hemosiderinuria
⬇️serum heptaglobin
⬆️free hb and heptaglobin binding
Ref. Robbins
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Body response to cold..
Hunger
⬆️voluntary activity
⬆️epi and norepinephrine
⬇️heat loss
⬆️cutaneous vasoconstriction
Shivering
Horripilation
👉Body response to heat...
⬆️heat loss
⬆️cutaneous vasodilation
Sweating
Inc respiration
⬇️heat production
Anorexia
Apathy & inertia
Ref. Goljan
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding 2 point discrimination..
👉method used to test tactile discrimination.
👉In this test, two needles are pressed lightly against the skin at the
same time,and the person determines whether two points of
stimulus are felt separately or one point.
👉On the tips of the fingers, a person can distinguish two separate
points even when the needles are as close together 1-2mm
millimeters.
👉on the person’s back, the needles must usually be as far apart as
30-70mm.
So max diff at back 😊
Ref. Guyton
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding vertical diplopia...
👉Its trochlear nerve lesion
👉Paralysis of superior oblique
👉Affecting #ipsilateral muscle
👉And causing vertical diplopia
👉Most prominent while descending downstairs or reading bo0k
👉Person tries to correct it by tilting the head to #unaffected_side
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Structure involved in hematoma..
👉Subdural hemorrhage..
Superior cerebral vein
👉Extradural hemorrhage..
Middle meningeal artery
👉Subarachnoid hemorrhage..
Aneurysum on the circle of willis
Ref. Snell
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Lipoprotein..
Rich in cholesterol👉LDL
Rich in triglyceride👉chylomicron
if not present cho0se VLDL
Rich in protein👉HDL
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Vitamins required for absorptions..
B7/Biotin for 👉 fatty acids
B2/Riboflavin for👉 proteins
B1/Thiamine for 👉carbohydrate
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Spinal cord in adults..
Snell👉 L1
Rj last👉 L1 or L2
Grays👉 between L1 and L2
Neuro txt👉 between L1 and L2
So i'll prefer ..
Lower border of L1
Upper border of L2
If nothing mentioned.. simply L1✔
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding cns tumors ...
👉most common In adults..
malignant➡️gliomas
benign➡️meningioma
👉most common In childs...
malignant➡️Medulloblastoma
benign➡️astrocytoma
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding ligamentum arteriodum..
Snell👉pulmonary trunk
Rj last👉left pulmonary
KLM👉 left pulmonary
Grays👉pulmonary trunk
I prefer Rj more. Ur choice
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding active transport..
👉Simple active transport asked .
Cho0se uphill ✔
👉Primary active transport asked..
Cho0se breakdown of Atp
👉Secondary active transport asked..
Indirectly utilize energy or carrier proteins ..
These are best ans among multiple correct options.. acc to me
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Factor causing turbulence ...
⬆️ velocity
⬆️density
⬆️diameter
⬆️reynolds no 3000
⬇️Viscosity
Ref. Ganong
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Regarding R ventricular pressure
Systolic➡️25 mmhg
Diastolic➡️0-1 mmhg
👉Valve open pressure exceeds.. pulmonary➡️8mmhg
Aortic➡️80mmhg
Ref. Guyton.
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Regarding liver abscess..
#HI... Hydated➡️immunology
#AS.. Ameobic➡️serology
#PC.. pyogenic➡️ CT
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Abt lung apex/base...
At apex..
V👉⬇️
Q👉⬇️⬇️
V/Q👉⬆️
At base...
V👉⬆️
Q👉⬆️⬆️
V/Q👉⬇️
👉So ventilation is high at base low at apex
👉Blood flow lowest at apex and highest at base
👉V/Q ratio high at apex and low at base
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding GFR..
🔹️Measured by 👉 inulin
🔹️Estimated by 👉 creatinine clearance
🔹️Clinically 👉 creatinine clearance
🔹️⬇️Gfr estimated by👉⬆️ plasma creatinine>>⬇️creatinine clearance
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Spinal cord in In neonates ...
At l3...
Can extend upto L4..
But best ans L3✔
Ref. Grays and neuro txt bo0ks
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Regarding basal ganglia...
🔹️Corpus straitum can be...
Straitum + globus pallidus
Stratium + paleostraitum
Caudate + putamen + globus pallidus
🔹️Lenitform is ...
Globus pallidus + putamen
🔹️Striatum is ..
Cuadate + putamen
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Normally surfactant ...
⬆️compliance
⬇️surface tension
⬇️lung recoil
Hence prevents collapse
So here surfactant deficiency will leads to ⬇️compliance
Ref. 1st aid
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Regarding sperm/semen...
🔹️Quantity of semen ejaculated during each coitus➡️3.5 ml
🔹️In each ML of semen➡️120milions sperm
🔹️Total sperm in ejaculate➡️400milions
🔹️No of sprem in ech ml Necessary for fertility➡️20milions
🔹️Sperm can lives for weeks in male genital ducts
🔹️Once ejaculated their life span at normal body temp➡️24-48 hrs
🔹️Semen can be stored for weeks and sperm for years when frozen
at temp below➡️ -100c
🔹️Normal sperm velocity➡️1-4 mm/min
Ref. Guyton
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding EEG waves ...
Awake eyes open➡️beta
Awake eyes close ➡️alpha
N1➡️theta
N2➡️sleep spindles
N3➡️delta
REM➡️beta
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Cardiac enzymes ...
👉Earliest to appear.. myoglobin
👉Least specific ... myoglobin
👉Most sensitive in 1st hour.. myoglobin
👉Cardiosensitive... trop T
👉Cardiospecific ... trop I
👉Cardiospecific in 1 hour.. ckmb(cpsp demo)
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding gangrene...
Dry...
Simple complication of Dm
Results from ischemia
Coagulative necrosis
Wet...
Superinfection
Complicated dry gangrene
Liquefactive necrosis
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding fatty liver..
🔹️Malnutrition is one of major cause of fatty liver..
🔹️Obesity and fatty intake is an other cause of fatty liver ..
🔹️alcohol is most famous cause of fatty liver..
🔹️So when it asked in our country or underdeveloped countries ...
As we have malnutrition more thn obesity ...
👉So prefer Malnutrition >> obesity
🔹️When asked most imp cause overall or in world or in advanced
countries..
👉Prefer alcohol >> obesity
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding spastic bladder
Remember..
4 "s"
S. #Sympathetic injury
S. #Spastic bladder.
S. #Sky.. means above sacral injury
S. #Sphincter relaxation and bladder constriction
Hence ⬆️micturation
Urge incontinence
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Renal transplant..
Cho0se HLA for 👉
Most imp
Single most imp
Prerequisite
Cho0se AB0 for👉
Initial test/investigation
Sample required 👉Wbc
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Sensitivity..
🔹️Detects people with disease
🔹️Detects TRUE positive
🔹️Rules out disease {SNOUT}
👉Specificity...
🔹️Detects people without disease
🔹️Detects TRUE NEGATIVE
🔹️Rules in disease {SPIN}
Ref. High yield
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Colories requirement..
These are books values so prefer closest to these in exam
Fat👉20 to 35%
Carbohydrate👉55 to 65%
Protein👉10 to 30%
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Statisticals tests..
🔹️Z-Test
(known as t-test) tests difference between #two_sample_means for
continuous data
🔹️Chi-square Test
tests difference between #proportions or tests for #association
between
#categorical_data
🔹️Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
an extension of the Z/t-test which compares #mean values from
#three_or_more groups simultaneously on one or more factors
one-way ANOVA - compares 3 or more groups on #one_factor
two-way ANOVA - compares 3 or more groups on #two or more
factors
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding lesion site ..
When lesion same side of body and face means un crossed
hemiplegia..
UMNL.. site.. internal capsule
When opposite face and body . It means crossed hemiplegia. LMNL.
And site PONS..
Mouth always deviate opposite side of lesion.. e.g. if mouth deviate
to L means lesion or weakness on R side of face and vice versa.
Where as mandible always deviate to same side of lesion..
E.g. if mandible deviate to L means lesion or weakness is L side of
face and vice versa ..
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding R ventricle pressure
Systolic .. 25 mmhg
Diastolic... 0 mmhg
Valve open when it exceeds.. 8mmhg
Ref. Guyton.
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Replicating organelle...
Question is actually like this. Student observed an organelle in
dividing phase of cell→Centrioles. As centrioles are not normally
visualized, but could be visualized during cell division
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Incubation period.
Mumps .. 15-24 days
Influenza .. 1-3 days
Rubella.. 15-20 days
Measles.. 6-19 days
Chicken pox.. 11-20 days
Ref. Davidson
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Inc in c02 will cause ..
Will dec ph
Inc h ions
Secrete acidic urine
Inc hco3 blood level to compensate elevated h ions(co2)
Ref. Guyton
#Dr_waqar_younis
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About muscles fibers ..
muscle spindle..
detects muscle length and changes in muscle length,
Goligi tendon organ...
detects muscle tension as reflected by the tension in itself.
Ref. Guyton
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Reagarding Heat loss..
RADIATION..
The heat generated from within the body is given-off to the
surrounding atmosphere in the form of infrared rays
EVAPORATION..
When you sweat or when your skin or clothing gets wet, the
evaporation of that liquid (i.e., the change from liquid to vapour
form) promotes heat loss, and the natural result is a cooling effect.
CONVECTION..
process of air or water flowing by the skin and carrying away body
heat. It’s convective heat loss that you try to prevent by staying as
still as possible in the water.
CONDUCTION..
The body conducts heat to whatever the skin is in direct contact with
e.g chair or table.
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding CNS tumors..
Most common malignant ..
In adults... gliomas [glioblastoma]
In childs... meduloblastoma
Most common benign...
In adults... meningioma
In childs.. astrocytoma
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Erythropoiesis occur in all except...
Kidney is correct...
>Explanation...
Erythropoiesis is the process which produces red blood
cells(erythrocytes).
In early embryonic life >>yolk sac. During middle trimester of
gestation >>liver is the main organ for production of red blood cells,
but reasonable numbers are also produced in the spleen and lymph
nodes.
during the last month of gestation and after birth>> bone marrow.
>kidneys, secrete the hormone erythropoietin. No rbc formation
occur here..
Ref. Guyton
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Example of co transport..
Na-glucose
Na- amino acid
Example of counter transport..
Na-H
Na-calcium
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Imp info Regarding TB...
Definitive👉AFB
Microscopic 👉caseous necrosis
Granulomatous👉epitheloid cell
Histology👉caseating granuloma
Margin👉undermined
Antibodies👉cell bound
Hypersensitivity 👉Type IV
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Stagnant hypoxia ..
if asked hypoxia causes..
cho0se polycythemia
And if asked hypoxia seen in..
cho0se cardiogenic shock or infarction ..
As cardiogenic shock or infarction induces stagnant ( ischemic )
hypoxia..
In response to hypoxia kidney secrete more erythropoietin hence inc
red cell mass and polycythemia occur ...
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding uterus support ..
Prevent prolapse..
Uterosacral-cardinal complex ..
But if u have to cho0se one cho0se uterosacral..
When aksed about..
Strongest ligament..
Cardinal or transverse cervical
Dynamic support..
Pelvic diaphragm
#Dr_waqar_younis
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How to Measure GFR/RPLF
Best way to measure GFR..Inulin
Best way to estimate GFR.. creatinine
Best way to measure renal plasma flow..PAH
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding ossification centres.
Primary .. diaphysis(middle of shaft)
Secondary .. epiphysis (ends of bone)
Ref. Rj last
#Dr_waqar_younis
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During 2nd stage of labour..
>If asked during 2nd stage of labour which #substance is helpful ?
Ans. Oxytoicn
>If asked most imp in 2nd stage of labour ?
Ans. Abdominal muslces contraction
Normally 2nd stage of labour is physiological and occur by propulsive
contractions by abdominal muscles.
But which #substance is helpful in case of prolong(complicated) 2nd
stage that is oxytocin ...
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding SLE investigation.
Most #sensitive for sle..
Ana is 100% sensitive
Most #specific for sle..
Anti-sm 100%
anti-dsDNA 99%
Ana 80%
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding defecation..
When asked defecation #mainly by ?
Mass movements ..
When asked about defecation #reflex ?
Rectoanal reflex
When asked about in #kids ??
Gastrocolic reflex
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Muscles of thorax
►Muscle of Q / Insp → Diaphragm > External Intercostal
►Muscle of Q / Exp →NO MUSCLE INVOLVED , Its Passive activity
►Muscle of Deep Insp → External intercostal,Scalene , SCM, LC, SP
superior, Diaphragm
►Muscle of Deep Exp → NO MUSCLE INVOLVED , Its Passive
activity
►Muscle of Forced Insp → All the muscle of Deep insp + LS,
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Pectorals, SA
►Muscles of Forced Expiration • QL,Internal intercostals ,
Abdominal Recti, TT, SP inferior.
►Abdominal Recti (important abdominal muscle in forced expiration
with other abdominal muscle playing also part but important most
are recti)
#Dr_waqar_younis
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In the average young man, the diffusing capacity under resting
conditions
O2👉21 ml/min/mm Hg.
CO👉17ml/min/mm Hg.
CO2👉 400-450ml/min/mm Hg.
Ref. Guyton
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Post transplant common tumour..
#Skin tumors are most common after transplantation among skin
squamous cell>>basal cell... but these occur almost after 10 years
2nd best #PTLD..
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder due to abnormal
proliferation of B cells in response to EBV.. they can occur early
Ref. Bailey & love
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Carcinoma of colon spread...
Stage1.. inside the wall
Stage2.. through the wall
Stage3.. into LN
Stage4.. distant metastasis
So if asked #1st metastasized cho0se.. LN
If asked most commonly metastasized to which organ.. cho0se liver
cos of #portal system drainage into colon .. route of spread...
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Hepatitis..
Hep #A 👉 #Acute
Hep #B👉 #Blood born
Hep #C👉 #chronic
Hep #D👉 #Deadly
Hep #E👉 #Endemic
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding endocarditis...
👉Overall most common➡️Viridans
Ref. Robbins
👉Acute➡️Staph aureus
Ref. Davidson
👉subacute➡️viridans
Ref. Davidson
👉Prostethic valve➡️epidermidis
Ref. Robbins
👉 IV drug abusers➡️staph aureus
👉Damaged valves➡️viridans
Ref. Robbins
👉Healthy valves➡️staph aureus
Ref. Robbins
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding fatty acid absorption
Long chain➡️jejunum
Short chain➡️colon
Very long chain➡️peroxisomes
#Dr_waqar_younis
Regarding Oesophageal opening ...
Its controversial..
But here i'll give edge to Right crus
Why ??.
Snell ➡️ right
Klm➡️ right
Rj ➡️ says from left. But a sling from #right crus loop around it
Final choice is urz. 😊
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Hypothalamic nuclei..
Satiety center👉medial
Hunger center👉lateral
Response to heat👉anterior
Response to cold👉posterior
Adh👉supraoptic
Oxytocin👉paraventricular
Circadian rhythums👉suprachiasmatic
Ref. Snell neuro
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Vagus nucleus..
#GVA..means sensory nucleus lies.
In lower part of nucleus solitarius
#GVE.. motor nucleus lies in nucleus ambiguus..
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Microscopic feature for...
premalignant condition>> inc N/c ratio
Premalignant lesion>> pleomorphism
Premalignant malignancy>>invasion
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding collagen ...
Imp in wound healing.. type III
laid 1st in healing ... type III
scar formation.. type I
strength of wound.. type I
#Dr_waqar_younis
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How to solve Heat loss questions...
Contact with something .. conduction
Only humidity mention.. convection
Only temp mention.. radiation
Uncovered .... radiation
ETT inserted .. evaporation
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding barr bodies ...
Heterochromatin
Have x chromosome
Seen under light microscope.
Absent in ... turner.
Scanty in... turner.
Diagnostic for ... klinefelter
Present in ... klinefelter
1 barr body.. klinefelter
Ox.. no barr body.
Xx.. 1 barr body
Xxx.. 2 barr bodies
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding blood vessels..
Highest resistance in arterioles
Highest cross section area in capillaries
Highest velocity in arteries
Highest blood volume in veins
Blood in arteries cotain stressed blood
Blood in veins conatin unstressed blood
Nutrients exchange occur in capillaries
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding Glucose renal threshold ..
Transport max for glucose.. 375mg/min
Filtered load of glucose .. 125mg/min
when glucose starts to appear in urine..
When plasma glucose conc rises above 200mg/100ml
And filtered load above 250mg/min
This point is termed as renal threshold for glucose..
So from now on if mentioned ..
Plasma glucose conc .. click.. 200mg/100ml
Filtered load .. click.. 250mg/min
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding lesions.
Most common premalignant lesion...
leukoplakia
Most lethal premaliganant lesion..
erythroplakia
Most common premaliganant condition..
oral submucus fibrosis
Most lethal premalignant condition..
linchen planus
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Typhoid fever investigations ..
1st week.. blood culture
2nd week.. antobody/widal + blood culture
3rd week.. stool
4th week.. urine culture
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉During exercise ...
🔹️Which organ doesn't receive enough blood➡️kidney
🔹️Which organ doesn't receive enough oxygen➡️skeletal muscles.
🔹️Blood supply to which organ is not or least effected➡️ brain
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉Regarding nerve fibers..
🔹️Preganglionic autonomic➡️B fibers
🔹️Postganglionic autonomic➡️c fibers
🔹️Fast pain➡️A delta
🔹️Slow pain/temp➡️c fibers
🔹️Muscle spindle afferent➡️Ia
🔹️Golgi tendon organ➡️Ib
🔹️For Cold➡️krause
#Dr_waqar_younis
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👉water loss in normal conditions ...
🔹️Insensible loss from skin..
300-400 ml/day
🔹️Insensible loss from resp/lungs..
300-400ml/day
👉Total insensible loss..600-800 ml/day
🔹️ Loss from sweating..100ml/day
🔹️Loss from feces.. 100ml/day
🔹️Loss in urine.. 1400ml/day
👉Overall total loss.. 2300ml/day
#Dr_waqar_younis
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In obstructive lung diseases ...
FEV1.. ⬇️⬇️
FVC... ⬇️
Hence ratio FEV1/FVC... ⬇️
FRC.. ⬆️
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding urethra rupture..
Pus..
penile urethra... scrotum
Bus..
bulbar urethra..superficial pouch
Mud..
membranous/prostatic urethra.. deep pouch
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding alterations..
Virus causes malignant lesion/cancer BY... oncogene
Virus causes malignant lesion/cancer BY ALTERATION in..
Proto oncogene>>protein >>DNA
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding immunoglobulin..
Smallest.. IgG
Largest...lgM
Most abundant... IgG
Least concentration.. lgE
Most produced..lgA
Protects Git...lgA
Crosses placenta...igG
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding dead space...
Breathing pattern has no effect on dead space but if asked choose..
Shallow breathing ..
Dead space inc with inc in length of airway...e.g
Standing, ETT placement,Smoking ,bronchitis, emphysema, and
asthma. Other causes include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary
hypotension, COPD
Dead space dec with dec in length of airway...e.g
Supine position,bronchoconstriction
Tracheostomy, atelectasis
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding blood supply..
Head of humerus..
Arcuate >>anterior circumflex >>axillary
Neck of humerus..
Posterior circumflex humoral
Head of femur in adults..
Retinacular
Head of femur in childs..
Obturator.
Neck of femur..
Medial n lateral circumflex femoral
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding ear

》Semicircular canals ..

Circular movement

》Utricle ...

Linear horizontal
E.g moving car or train

》saccule..

Linear vertical
E.g. elevator
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding fo0t injuries..
Most common..
Inversion injury due to high heal strain and damage lateral ligament
Less common Eversion injury..
Mostly in fo0tballers damage deltoid ligament
Pt unable to stand on toes after injury..
Rupture Achilles tendon
Pt able to stand/painfull standing..
Rupture plantaris tendon
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding arterial pressure control ..
Most potent.. CNS ischemic response
Fastest.. baroreceptors
Long term.. renal /renin angiotensin
Maximum feedback.. renal /renin angiostensin
#Dr_waqar_younis
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About cruciate ligament ..
Anterior cruciate ligament ..
Prevents posterior dislocation of femur on tibia
Prevents anterior dislocation of tibia on femur
Posterior cruciate ligament ..
Prevents anterior dislocation of femur on tibia.
Prevents posterior dislocation of tibia on femur..
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding foreign body aspiration..
>While supine...
Apical/superior R lower lobe
>While sitting/standing...
Posteriobasal R lower lobe
>While R sided position ...
Posterior segment of R upper lobe
>Most commonly aspiration...
Apical /superior R lower lobe
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Penetrating injuries..
4th intercostal space L of sternum...
Intercostal membrane
5th intercostal space L of sternum..
Intercostal muscle
6th intercostal space R of sternum..
R atria
#Dr_waqar_younis
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Regarding cervical changes..
Dysplasia.. HPV >> IUCD
Metaplasia ... multiparty >> IUCD
#Dr_waqar_younis
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