Lars Andersson Non-conventional

ABB Switzerland Instrument

Transformers: CP3

Summer Workshop of Swiss Chapter of IEEE PES, 05-06-02

All rights reserved. - 1 -
© Copyright 2004 ABB.

06/06/2005
 ELK 3 GIS
Um = 550 kV
In = 4000 A
BIL = 1550 kV
63 kA Breaking
current
© Copyright 2004 ABB
-2-
 Voltage Transformer ELK PI3
© Copyright 2004 ABB
-3-
 Current Transformer ELK CB3
© Copyright 2004 ABB
-4-
 Why Non-conventional Instrument Transformers?

Only one multi-purpose ECT/EVT for all applications

Feeder and station protection
Revenue metering
Wide dynamic range
No project specific dimensioning and manufacturing
Cost reduction
Lower cost
No CT/VT specific engineering cost
Higher availability of the primary equipment
Higher safety
© Copyright 2004 ABB
-5-
 ELK-CP3
Combined electronic voltage and
current transducer (EVT/ECT)
according to IEC 60044-7 and IEC
60044-8. Two fully independent
measurement systems, each with
protection and metering data.

Current: 100A – 4000A

0.2S / 5P TPE

Voltage: 330 ... 550 kV/√3

0.2 / 3P

BW: 1000 Hz (-3 dB), fulfills

IEC 60044-8 power metering
© Copyright 2004 ABB
-6-
 ELK-CP3 components
ELK-CP3 consists of 3 main components
A single phase primary converter
containing two independent sets of voltage
sensors and Rogowski coils
Two redundant secondary converters
mounted directly on the primary converter,
containing signal acquisition, signal
processing and digital transmission circuits.
Merging units to merge and time correlate
the data from 3 / 9 sensor units. Output
interface on Ethernet link, according to
IEC61850-9-1 / 9-2.
(Separate devices for Metering and
Control & Protection applications)
© Copyright 2004 ABB
-7-
 Metering System
LC

Metering
Merging Unit
LB

LA

IEC 61850-9-1
to the Meters

Two
© Copyright 2004 ABB

One CP3 per phase independent

measurement
chains
-8-
 Protection System
LC

Protection
Merging Unit
LB

LA

IEC 61850-9-2
to Control and
Protection

Two
© Copyright 2004 ABB

One CP3 per phase independent

measurement
chains
-9-
 Protection layout example
Example: 1½ Breaker, 6 CTs per Diameter Example: DBB, 2 CTs per Breaker
Cost-optimized Layout Cost-optimized Layout
BZ51

BZ11 BZ61
CP replacing CT and VT Q01
BZ13
CP BZ12
I-BZ13 BZ2 BZ2
ShR
BZ31
Q03
CP
BZ23
CP I-BZ1
BZ32 I-BZ1
I-BZ13
CP
Y
Y

TR-Neut
BZ1
∆

BZ22 Y
Q02 ∆
Y
ShR
TR-NeutOpS TR-3rdW
ShR, SVC, ShC BZ21
© Copyright 2004 ABB

TertBranch
TR-OpS
CT positioning old layouts CT positioning old layouts
- 10 -
 Reliability

ABB has installed since 1998 about 350 combined voltage and
current sensors, mainly in hybrid GIS (PASS) substations in
Australia (Powerlink Queensland)
No primary converter failures
MTBF (Major Failures) >1400 service device-years

Substation Braemar,
90 Combined current and
voltage sensors
Redundant busbar and feeder
protection with digital optical
inputs
© Copyright 2004 ABB

Commissioning date
2000-08-30
- 11 -
 Example of Actuator: Motor Breaker Drive

One moving part only

Controlled Motion =>

Lower Mechanical Stress

Self supervision

Micro-motion: Built in
function test
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 12 -
 Trends and Vision

Facts: Today we have some sensors and actuators with

a mix of standardised and proprietary connections to the
protection and control devices

Trends: Tomorrow we will have an increasing amount of

sensors and actuators with standardised links to
protection and control based on IEC61850

Vision: In the future we will have yet more sensors and

actuators, connected to the protection and control via
an IEC61850 based network
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 13 -
ABB
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 15 -

Spare slides
 ELK-CP3 Sectional View
Secondary Converter

Voltage Sensor
Electrode

Rogowski Coil
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 16 -
 Key Data
CP 3 is a combined electronic voltage and current transducer
(EVT/ECT) according to IEC 60044-7 and IEC 60044-8.
Current transducer
Accuracy class 0.2S / 5TPE (120 ms)
Nominal current 100 A ... 4000 A
Voltage transducer
Accuracy class 0.2 / 3P
Nominal Voltage 330 ... 550 kV/√3
Bandwidth 1000 Hz (-3 dB), fulfills
IEC 60044-8 power
metering
Ambient temperature
primary/secondary converter -40°C ... +40°C
Ambient temperature
merging unit -5°C ... +55°C
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 17 -
 IEC 61850: More than a Protocol (1)

IEC 61850 defines communication requirements that

all devices have to comply with

IEC 68150 defines Conformance Tests and

Engineering support

IEC 61850 defines general device requirements, e.g.

environmental requirements
© Copyright 2004 ABB

IEC 61850 defines strong extension rules

- 18 -
 Digital Interfaces IEC 61850-9-2LE
Ethernet Interface 100BaseFx
Simultaneous transmission of two data streams
80 * fr: 4000 Hz (fr= 50 Hz); 4800 Hz (fr= 60 Hz) for Metering
20 * fr: 1000 Hz (fr= 50 Hz); 1200 Hz (fr= 60 Hz) for Protection
256 * fr: for power quality metering
Variable delay time (max. 3 ms), additional PPS signal where
required
Can be transmitted on process busses carrying other IEC 61850-8-1
telegrams.
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 19 -
 System Architecture with IEC 61850-9-2
Control Center HMI Engineering

IEC 61850-8-1
Router

Ethernet Ring with Switches

IEC 61850-9-2

Bay Relay Relay

Relay Bay Relay Relay
Relay
Controller X1 X2 Y Controller X1 X2 Y

MU XMU with MU MU with

© Copyright 2004 ABB

Conventional with Conventional X with

Switchgear NCITs
NCITs Switchgear NCITs
NCITs
- 20 -
 Cigré 2004

Ethernet IEC 61850-8-1

Switch (MMS, GOOSE)

Main X Main Y Main Z Bay

Protection Protection Protection Controller

IEC 61850-9-2 IEC 61850-9-2/8-1

(SAV) (GOOSE, SAV, MMS)

IEC 61850-9-2 IEC 61850-9-2

(SAV) (SAV)
Merging Merging
Unit Unit
3rd Fibre
Simulator
Areva
Sensor Trips
© Copyright 2004 ABB

IEC 61850-8 IEC 61850-8-1

IEC 61850-9 (GOOSE)
- 21 -
© Copyright 2004 ABB
- 22 -

ELK 3 GIS

VT

CT
 Voltage Sensor

Principle Equivalent circuit

Enclosure u1
(Ground)
C1 C1 SF6 gas
Kapton foil capacitor

Sensor
electrode
C2 R1 u2

SF6
Foil Precision
C2 capacitor resistor
High voltage VISHAY
R1 u2 conductor u1 VH202 (Z-Foil)
© Copyright 2004 ABB

du 1
u 2 = RC1 1 for f <<
dt 2πRC 2
- 23 -
 Current Sensor
The current sensor consists of a toroidal Rogowski coil,
wound on an epoxy core. The coil is completely enclosed in an
epoxy cast and electrically shielded by the enclosure.

Rc Lc

B1 di1
M R
R dt

i1
Paramagnetical
Core
di1
uind = M
© Copyright 2004 ABB

dt
- 24 -
 Klaus Bohnert ABB FOCS
contribution presented by
Hubert Brändle Fiber-Optic Current
ABB Switzerland Sensor
Summer Workshop of Swiss Chapter of IEEE PES, 05-06-02
© ABB Group - 1 -
6-Jun-05
 ABB FOCS - Fiber-optic current sensor

FOCS for high-voltage FOCS for electrochemical

substations industry
© ABB Group - 2 -
6-Jun-05
 Optical Current Sensor in HV Substations

Merits

„ No magnetic saturation
„ Small size and low weight
„ Integration into circuit breakers, bushings, etc
„ Smaller installation costs
„ High accuracy, large dynamic range
„ High bandwidth
„ Substation electronics isolated from high voltage
„ No risk of catastrophic failure (explosion)
© ABB Group - 3 -
6-Jun-05
 Fiber-Optic Current Sensor (FOCS)

Orthogonal linear
y light waves
x Left and right
circular light waves

retarder
Fiber
Light source, detection,
signal processor
Reflector
Current
out
conductor

∆φ Sensing
F fiber coil

∆φ F = 4V N ∫ H • ds
© ABB Group - 4 -

Current-induced phase shift:

6-Jun-05

∆φF = 4 V N I
 Fiber Quarterwave Retarder

sensing fiber
elliptical- core
fiber λ/4 retarder

L B/4
.5 mm
~1
45° splice

elliptical-core fiber

circular
45°
polarization

λ /4
fiber core
linear
polarization
© ABB Group - 5 -
6-Jun-05
 Temperature Compensation of Faraday Effect
retardation ρ

1.04 effect of temperature dependent retarder, ρ = 100.4°

Reflective current sensor -4 -1
-40°C with (1/ρ) δρ/δT = -2.2x10 °C
1.02
Normalized Scale Factor

Normalized Scale Factor

1.03
90°C
combined contributions
1.01
1.02 contribution from
temperature-dependent Verdet constant
-4 -1
(1/V) δV/δT = 0.7x10 °C
1.01
1.00

1.00 80 90 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Retardation (deg) Temperature (°C)
© ABB Group - 6 -
6-Jun-05
 FOCS for HV Circuit Breaker

Optical fiber
coil

Current
conductor

Light source &

signal processor
Fiber cable

Output
© ABB Group - 7 -
6-Jun-05
 FOCS for HV Circuit Breaker
Conventional current
measurement
Circuit breakers
SF6 gas
Circuit breaker

Sensing fiber coil

Current

Fiber cable
Sensor
electronics
© ABB Group - 8 -
6-Jun-05
 FOCS for HV Circuit Breaker
Conventional 170 kV current Sensor installation
transformers in 170 kV breaker

Current sensor
© ABB Group - 9 -
6-Jun-05
 FOCS for Electrochemical Industry
Aluminum smelting (Hall-Heroult
process)
- Al2O3 is dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6)

- Pure Al is produced by electrolysis:

2Al2O3 + 3C ---> 4Al + 3CO2

Total smelter current: up to 500 kA

Energy use: 15.7 kWh / kg Al

World production in 2002: 21.2 Million tons

(110 smelters)
© ABB Group - 10 -
6-Jun-05

Carbon anodes
 Hall Effect Based DC Current Transformers

400 kA
© ABB Group - 11 -
6-Jun-05
 Fiber-Optic Current Sensor

cu
rre
nt
© ABB Group - 12 -
6-Jun-05
 Fiber-Optic Current Sensor
© ABB Group - 13 -
6-Jun-05
© ABB Group - 14 -
6-Jun-05

FOCS for Power Rectifier

 Signal vs Current

Relative error (%)

±1%
1
100
Signal (kA)

10 -1

-2
10 100
© ABB Group - 15 -

Current (kA)
6-Jun-05
 Sensor Signal vs Fiber Coil Temperature

1.008
Constant current
experiment
Signal (normalized)

1.004
theory
±0.1%

1.000

0.996

0.992
-20 0 20 40 60 80
Coil temperature (°C)
© ABB Group - 16 -
6-Jun-05
 Signal vs Time

Signal at constant current

24 h period 50 day period

1.004 1.004
I = 7693 A DC, 1 fiber loop
±0.1 % ±0.1 %
1.002

Signal (normalized)
1.002
Signal (normalized)

1.000 1.000

0.998 0.998

Data points with 1s averaging

0.996 0.996
0 6 12 18 24 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (hours) Time (days)
© ABB Group - 17 -
6-Jun-05
 Signal vs Conductor Position

1.002
Fiber coil
±0.1 % Conductor
Signal (normalized)

1.001

1.000

0.999
I = const

0.998
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
© ABB Group - 18 -

Conductor position
6-Jun-05
 FOCS Calibration
Reproducibility at repeated sensor head
assembly and disassembly
1.002
Constant current
+/-0.1%
1.001
Normalized signal

1.000

0.999

0.998
© ABB Group - 19 -

1 2 3 4
Repetition number
6-Jun-05
 Sensor Insensitive to Vibration
Vibration-induced signal versus acceleration

Signal in terms of equivalent current (Arms) Coil

15 vibration frequency = 50 Hz
housing

vibration direction : Vibration

10
coil
housing

5 Sensor for high-voltage

substation

0
© ABB Group - 20 -

0 2 4 6 8 10
Acceleration (g)
6-Jun-05
 ABB Fiber-Optic Current Sensor

Nominated for Swiss Technology Award 2005, Hermes Award 2005

© ABB Group - 21 -
6-Jun-05