Review of Related Literature

According Rashmi, K. & Rohit., the studies of microbial tolerance to chemicals are

significant with respect to biotechnological applications. Interestingly, microbes encounter

chemicals in their environment as stressors as well as carbon sources. There are a number of

reports where bacteria in the presence of chemicals (like toluene) have expressed a stress

response transcript network together with expression of genes for biodegradation.

Therefore, pollutants (chemicals) released to the surrounding environment create microbial

biodegradation under stress conditions. Adaptation of microbes under various stressful

environmental conditions is through adjustments in their metabolic network. Metabolites,

substrates, and their impurities can disrupt biological processes; several microbial bioprocesses

related to production of chemicals or fuels are encountered by stress due to them. These

objectives stimulate new synthetic biological approaches and detailed knowledge of stress-

related genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, efflux pumps, membrane fluidity, energy,

and detoxification pathways. This understanding of chemical tolerance assists in the

development of stress-resistant microbes with industrial and environmental biodegradation

prominence. Therefore, the present chapter focuses on the physiological changes and stress

responses of bacteria to chemical stress.

Rashmi, K. & Rohit. (2014). Microbiological Metabolism under Chemical Stressed

 As stated by Brown, L.D., Cologgi, D.L., Gee, K.F., & Ulrich, A.C. ,Bioremediation can be a

viable mechanism for treating soils contaminatedwith petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioremediation

strategies range from encouraging natural biodegradation processes (biostimulation), to

supplementing the existing system with microorganisms able to degrade

the contamination (bioaugmentation), to monitoring and verifying natural processes (natural

attenuation). Application of bioremediation technologies are customized to specific site

characteristics, as contaminated soil may be excavated for on- or off-site treatment at surface

facilities (ex situ) or treated in place (in situ). In situ technologies are often cost-effective, but

delivery and mixing of stimulants with the microorganisms and contaminants is challenging. Ex

situ technologies allow for greater process control, but soil excavation is costly, disruptive, and

increases exposure to contaminants. Microorganisms capable of degrading petroleum

hydrocarbons have been found to be prolific in the subsurface. Environmental conditions can

also be paramount for effective biodegradation; temperature, pH, salinity, nutrients, moisture,

and redox condition may be altered to enhance or accelerate treatment. Biosurfactants may also

provide an additional means of improving treatment by increasing the surface area of

hydrophobic hydrocarboncompounds, thus increasing exposure to microorganisms.

Bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons provides a flexible, cost-

effective, environmentally sustainable treatment strategy that can be tailored to site-specific

conditions and requirements.

Brown, L.D., Cologgi, D.L., Gee, K.F., & Ulrich, A.C. (n.d) .Bioremediation of Oil Spill on Land.
Slow sand filtration is a proven and sustainable technology for drinking water treatment in small

communities. Multi stage filtration which consist of roughing filtration followed by slow sand
filtration can provide a robust treatment alternative for surface water sources of variable water

quality in northern climates, which usually experience 2 degrees Celsius of water temperature.

The process, however could lead to decreased biological treatment, and high water-turbidity

levels that can lead to premature clogging of the filter and frequent cleaning requirements ,

resulting in increased risk of pathogen breakthrough.

Overall, multistage filtration is vital and sustainable as well as cost-effective technology. The

study might be safe and reliable alternative treatment for small and non-municipal water systems

in North America and to the developing places around the world, however, based on its

performance with challenging influent water quality and low-degree water conditions, the

multistage filtration is dependent on surface water sources of variable water quality and

temperatures but do promises the water security for small communities. ( Cleary, S., 2005)

Cleary, S., 2005. Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities Using Multistage

Slow Sand Filtration.