Quantum University, Roorkee School of Technology: Strength of Materials Lab Manual

QUANTUM UNIVERSITY, ROORKEE
SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT.NO.: CE/ SOM/EX- ISSUE NO: ISSUE DATE :26.07.2019
REV. NO. : REV. DATE : - PAGE: 1/20
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
INTRODUCTION
Determination of yield stress, Ultimate stress, Percentage elongation and plot
the stress strain diagram and compute the value of young's modulus on mild
steel
OBJECTIVE:
Plot the stress strain diagram of mild steel
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Universal Testing Machine, Extensometer, Side calipers, Mild steel rod.
PRINCIPLE:
PREPARED BY APPROVED BY
Vikash Sundriyal Mr. Karan Babbar

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
From O to P, the strain is linearly proportional to stress. This region is called ‘elastic
region’. The Hook’s law is applicable for this region. After point P, the stress-strain
relationship deviates from the linear relationship, and the material exhibit more strain for
a given stress. Point E in the curve is called ‘elastic limit of the material’. When a ductile
material is subjected to a tensile stress corresponding to its elastic limit, and then the
load is removed, the material comes back to its original length without any permanent
deformation left in the material. Point Y is called ‘yield point’. At yield point, material
yields i.e. it undergoes considerable strain without any increase in stress. Brittle materials
do not exhibit a characteristic yield point. Point U refers to ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
of the material. This is the maximum stress that a material (both ductile and brittle) can
undergo without fracture.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the length (L) and diameter (d) of the given specimen.
2. Mark the center of the specimen using a dot punch.
3. Mark two points P and Q at a distance of 150mm on either side of the center mark
so that the distance between P and Q will be equal to 300mm
4. Mark two points A and B at a distance of 2.5 times the rod distance on the either
side of the center mark so that the distance between A and B will be equal to 5
times the rod diameter and is known as initial gauge length of the rod (li).
5. Insert the specimen in the middle cross head and top cross head grip of the
machine so that the two points A and B coincide with the grips.
6. Apply the load gradually and continue the applications of load. After sometime,
there will be slightly pause in the increase of load. The load at this point is noted
as yield point (Py).
7. Apply the load continuously till the specimen fails and note down the ultimate load
(Pa) and breaking load (Pb).

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
8. Remove the specimen rom the machine and join the two pieces of the specimens.
9. Measure the distance between the two points A and B. the distance is known as
final gauge length of the specimen.
10. Measure the diameter of the rod at the neck (dn).
11. Determine the yield stress, ultimate stress, nominal breaking stress, actual
breaking stress. Percentage elongation in length and percentage elongation in
area using the formulas.
12. Plot the stress strain diagram and compute the value of young’s modulus of mild
steel.
OBSERVATIONS:
Material of the specimen =
Length of the specimen =
Diameter of the specimen =
Initial gauge length of the specimen (li) =
Final Gauge length of the specimen (lf) =
RESULT:
1. Modulus of Elasticity =
2. Yield Strength =
3. Ultimate Strength =

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
4. Elongation Percentage =
5. Draw stress-strain diagram…
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Take the reading carefully.
2. Calibrate the UTM precisely.
3. Use mild steel of proper length and cross section.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
INTRODUCTION
Testing of HYSD Steel
OBJECTIVE:
Testing of HYSD Steel

Universal Testing Machine, Extensometer, Side calipers, HYSD bar.
PRINCIPLE:
From O to P, the strain is linearly proportional to stress. This region is called ‘elastic
region’. The Hook’s law is applicable for this region. After point P, the stress-strain
relationship deviates from the linear relationship, and the material exhibit more strain for

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
a given stress. Point E in the curve is called ‘elastic limit of the material’. When a ductile
material is subjected to a tensile stress corresponding to its elastic limit, and then the
load is removed, the material comes back to its original length without any permanent
deformation left in the material. Point Y is called ‘yield point’. At yield point, material
yields i.e. it undergoes considerable strain without any increase in stress. Brittle materials
do not exhibit a characteristic yield point. Point U refers to ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
of the material. This is the maximum stress that a material (both ductile and brittle) can
undergo without fracture.
PROCEDURE:
13. Measure the length (L) and diameter (d) of the given specimen.
14. Mark the center of the specimen using a dot punch.
15. Mark two points P and Q at a distance of 150mm on either side of the center mark
so that the distance between P and Q will be equal to 300mm
16. Mark two points A and B at a distance of 2.5 times the rod distance on the either
side of the center mark so that the distance between A and B will be equal to 5
times the rod diameter and is known as initial gauge length of the rod (li).
17. Insert the specimen in the middle cross head and top cross head grip of the
machine so that the two points A and B coincide with the grips.
18. Apply the load gradually and continue the applications of load. After sometime,
there will be slightly pause in the increase of load. The load at this point is noted
as yield point (Py).
19. Apply the load continuously till the specimen fails and note down the ultimate load
(Pa) and breaking load (Pb).
20. Remove the specimen rom the machine and join the two pieces of the specimens.
21. Measure the distance between the two points A and B. the distance is known as
final gauge length of the specimen.
22. Measure the diameter of the rod at the neck (dn).

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
23. Determine the yield stress, ultimate stress, nominal breaking stress, actual
breaking stress. Percentage elongation in length and percentage elongation in
area using the formulas.
24. Plot the stress strain diagram and compute the value of young’s modulus of mild
steel.
OBSERVATIONS:
Material of the specimen =
Length of the specimen =
Diameter of the specimen =
Initial gauge length of the specimen (li) =
Final Gauge length of the specimen (lf) =
RESULT:
6. Modulus of Elasticity =
PRECAUTIONS:
4. Take the reading carefully.
5. Calibrate the UTM precisely.
6. Use mild steel of proper length and cross section.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
INTRODUCTION
Determination of Young's modulus of elasticity for steel wire with searl's
apparatus.
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of Young's modulus of elasticity for steel wire with searl's apparatus.

Searl’s apparatus, two long wires of same length and diameter, a meter scale, a screw
gauge, 8 half kg slotted weights, 1 kg hanger.
PRINCIPLE:
Two wires of the same material,

length and area of cross section,
suspended from a rigid support
carry at their lower ends, two
rectangular metal frames as shown
in the figure. One of the wires is
called experimental wore and the
other wire is called reference wire /
compensating wire. The frame
attached to the reference wire
carries a constant weight to keep
the wire stretched without any
kinks. The frame attached to the
experimental wire carries a hanger,

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
over which slotted weights can be slipped as required. A spirit level is hinged with one
end to to the frame attached to the reference wire and rests horizontally on the tip of a
micrometer screw which can be worked in the frame attached to the experimental wire
along a vertical scale marked in millimeter.
PROCEDURE:
1. A suitable load is kept on the hanger so that the experimental wire is straight without
kinks.
2. The micrometer screw is adjusted so that the air bubble in the spirit level comes in the
centre. The reading of the micrometer screw is noted.
3.Half a kilogram weight is then slipped into the hanger. This elongates the experimental
wire. The frame attached to the experimental wire moves down relative to the other
frame and the air bubble shifts to one side.
The micrometer screw is now adjusted to take back the air bubble to the centre and the
micrometer screw reading is noted.
4. The experiment is repeated at least five times every time increasing the load by half a
kilogram weight. Readings of the micrometer screw are noted while increasing and
decreasing the load and mean reading is found.
5. The difference between the first and second readings gives the increase in length or
extension produced in the experimental wire when the load is increased by half a
kilogram weight. The difference between the first and third readings gives the extension
for a load of one kilogram weight. Similarly, the extensions for 1 1/2 , 2 kg wt are found.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
6. A graph is plotted between the load and extension. The graph is a graph is a straight
line and gives the elongation e for a load Mg.
7. The radius, r, of the experimental wire is found by using a screw gauge and measuring
the diameter at 6 or 7 places of the wire. The length, L, of the experimental wire is
measured with the help of a meter scale.
8.
OBSERVATIONS:

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
Mean observed diameter (d0) = (d1+d2+d3)/3

Mean extension (l) = (l1+l2 +l3 )/3
RESULT:
Modulus of Elasticity =
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The support may yield when the load is attached at the lower end of the experimental
wire and the measured value of increase in length may not be correct .

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
2) While the experiment is carried out temperature may change which causes some
increase in length. The measured value of increase in length becomes incorrect.
Both the errors are minimized by using the reference wire. The yield of support or the
change of temperature affects both the experimental and reference wires. The relative
increase of the experimental wire with respect to the reference wire will give correct
increase in length.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
INTRODUCTION
Determination of modulus of rupture of a concrete beam
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of modulus of rupture of a concrete beam.

Three point flexure test instrument, concrete beam
PRINCIPLE:

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
When an object formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or a steel rod, is bent
(Fig. 1), it experiences a range of stresses across its depth (Fig. 2). At the edge of the
object on the inside of the bend (concave face) the stress will be at its maximum
compressive stress value. At the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be at its
maximum tensile value. These inner and outer edges of the beam or rod are known as
the 'extreme fibers'. Most materials generally fail under tensile stress before they fail
under compressive stress, so the maximum tensile stress value that can be sustained
before the beam or rod fails is its flexural strength
In this test method, the entire load is applied at the center of the beam’s span length.
Here the flexural strength or modulus of rupture is higher than the modulus of rupture of
the third point loading test. The maximum stress is present only at the center of the
beam.
PROCEDURE:
1. A concrete beam is cast of the desired strength and curing is
done
2. Its dimensions are measured.
3. The beam is fitted on the Centre point loading test instrument
and the load is applied till the rupture of the concrete at a
loading rate indicated by the instructor.
Load at which rupture occurs =……………………………

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
RESULT:
Stress at rupture =
PRECAUTIONS:
7. Casting of the beam should be done properly.
8. The apparatus should be used carefully.
9. The reading should be taken carefully.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
INTRODUCTION
Determination of maximum deflection and young’s modulus of elasticity in a
simply supported beam with load at middle third point.
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of maximum deflection and young’s modulus of elasticity in a simply
supported beam with load at middle third point.

A simply supported beam set up, some loads, dial gauge.
PRINCIPLE:

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
When an object formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or a steel rod, is bent, it
experiences a range of stresses across its depth. At the edge of the object on the inside
of the bend (concave face) the stress will be at its maximum compressive stress value. At
the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be at its maximum tensile value.
These inner and outer edges of the beam or rod are known as the 'extreme fibers'. Most
materials generally fail under tensile stress before they fail under compressive stress, so
the maximum tensile stress value that can be sustained before the beam or rod fails is its
flexural strength.
PROCEDURE:
4. Measure the dimensions of the beam.
5. Set up the material in the instrument.
6. Apply five different loads to the beam and measure each
deflection by the load with the help of dial gauge.
RESULT:
Where, W = the loads applied.

l = the length of the beam
= the deflection
I = the second moment of area of the beam

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The measurements should be taken properly.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
INTRODUCTION
Verification of forces in a framed structure.
OBJECTIVE:
Verification of forces in a framed structure.

A frame set up, some loads, dial gauge.
PRINCIPLE:
Castigliano's first theorem – for forces in an elastic structure

Castigliano's method for calculating forces is an application of his first theorem, which
states:
If the strain energy of an elastic structure can be expressed as a function of
generalized displacement qi then the partial derivative of the strain energy with
respect to generalized displacement gives the generalized force Qi.
In equation form,
where U is the strain energy
PROCEDURE:
1. Place a load on the hanger to activate the member and treat this as the initial
position for measuring deflections.

SEMESTER : III
CE 1342
2. Fix the dial gauges for measuring horizontal and vertical deflections.
3. Place the additional loads at the steps mentioned in the table below for each case
and tabulate the values of dial gauge reading against the applied loads.
RESULT: Plot the load vs deflection graph to show that the structure is in elastic range.
PRECAUTIONS:
10. The measurements should be taken properly.
12. The loads should be applied gradually.

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QUANTUM UNIVERSITY, ROORKEE

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT.NO.: CE/ SOM/EX- ISSUE NO: ISSUE DATE :26.07.2019

REV. NO. : REV. DATE : - PAGE: 1/20

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT.NO.: CE/ SOM/EX- ISSUE NO: ISSUE DATE :26.07.2019

REV. NO. : REV. DATE : - PAGE: 2/20

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT.NO.: CE/ SOM/EX- ISSUE NO: ISSUE DATE :26.07.2019

REV. NO. : REV. DATE : - PAGE: 3/20

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

Length of the specimen =

Diameter of the specimen =

Initial gauge length of the specimen (li) =

Final Gauge length of the specimen (lf) =

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

Length of the specimen =

Diameter of the specimen =

Initial gauge length of the specimen (li) =

Final Gauge length of the specimen (lf) =

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT.NO.: CE/ SOM/EX- ISSUE NO: ISSUE DATE :26.07.2019

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Two wires of the same material,

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB

Mean observed diameter (d0) = (d1+d2+d3)/3

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL