Khunsa Fatima

Khunsa@igis.nust.edu.pk
OUTLINE

 Definition

 Objective

 Introduction

 Types of Land Use Planning

 Levels of Land Use Planning
 History of Land Use Planning
 History of Land Use Planning
DEFINITION

Land-use planning is the general term used for a branch of

urban planning encompassing various disciplines which seek to
order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus
preventing land-use conflicts.
Governments use land-use planning to manage the development
of land within their jurisdictions.
OBJECTIVE

 Land use planning creates the preconditions required to achieve a type of

land use that is environmentally sustainable, socially just and desirable and
economically sound.
 Land use planning is a systematic and iterative procedure carried out in
order to create an enabling environment for sustainable development of land
resources which meet people’s needs and demands. It accesses the physical,
socio-economic, institutional and legal potential and constraints with
respect to a sustainable use of land resources, and empowers people to make
decisions about how to allocate those resources (FAO and UNEP 1999)
INTRODUCTION
• Land use planning is analogous to regional planning, community planning,
urban planning, and any other planning exercise that ultimately plays a role
in defining how land is used.
• Planning ideas start from consensus on a general concept
• Over the time, planning incorporate
– Public Participation
– Environmental Protection
– Growth Management
– Fiscal Responsibility
– Effective Implementation under turbulent conditions
• To meet these challenges, new type of plans arose
TYPES OF PLANNING
Six main typologies of planning, as defined by David Walters in his book, Designing Communities (2007):
 Traditional or Comprehensive Planning: Common in the US after WWII, characterized by politically
neutral experts with a rational view of the new urban development. Focused on producing clear statements
about the form and content of new development.
 Systems planning (1950s–1970s):, resulting from the failure of comprehensive planning to deal with the
unforeseen growth of post WWII America. More analytical view of the planning area as a set of complex
processes, less interested in a physical plan.
 Democratic planning (1960s): Result of societal loosening of class and race barriers. Gave more citizens a
voice in planning for future of community.
 Advocacy and equity planning (1960s & 70s): Strands of democratic planning that sought specifically to
address social issues of inequality and injustice in community planning.
 Strategic Planning (1960s-present): Recognizes small-scale objectives and pragmatic real-world
constraints.
 Environmental planning (1960s-present): Developed as many of the ecological and social implications of
global development were first widely understood.

Today, successful planning involves a balanced mix of analysis of the existing conditions and constraints;
extensive public engagement; practical planning and design; and financially and politically feasible strategies
for implementation.
TYPES OF PLANNING

Smart growth: Since the 1990s, the activist/environmentalist approach to

planning has grown into the smart growth movement, characterized by the
focus on more sustainable and less environmentally damaging forms of
development
Smart growth supports the integration of mixed land uses into communities as
a critical component of achieving better places to live. Putting uses in close
proximity to one another has benefits for transportation alternatives to driving,
security, community cohesiveness, local economies, and general quality of life
issues. Smart growth strives to provide a means for communities to alter the
planning context which currently renders mixed land uses illegal in most of the
country.
LEVELS OF LAND USE PLANNING
 Government splits into administrative levels based on their roles and responsibilities:
 National

 Provincial

 District

 Tehsil

 Municipal / Union Council

 E.g. Pak China Economic Corridor is being handled by national government, war on terror by
national government, infrastructure like bridges, transportation by provincial government
(metro bus and orange train in Punjab, police reforms in KPK), streets development and
construction by union council nazims
 Degree of decentralization (Local body elections in 2015 after 2001 Local Government
Ordinance)
 Approach to resolve issues
 National – macro perspective
 Provincial – meso perspective
 Municipal – micro perspective
LEVELS OF LAND USE PLANNING

 National Level:
 focus on strategic aspect
 General laws and regulations
 Assigning budgets to projects
 Provincial Level:
 Linkage function between national strategic planning and implementation at local level
 Direct participation by interested groups
 Identify land use objectives of provincial interest (ensuring urban water supply)
 Municipal Level:
 Very detailed planning
 Direct participation of end users / citizens in the decision making process
 In municipal land use planning process, existing sector planning (agriculture, forestry,
tourism)are reflected
Comprehensive Plan: It is required by the state law to be used as a guide to
decision making about the natural and build environment. A guide to use in the
planning process.

Zoning Ordinance: The Zoning Ordinance regulates the type, scale and intensity
of development which may occur in the specific zoning districts.
To fully understand how a parcel of land can be used, you first need to know how
the land is planned in the Comprehensive Plan, and then determine how the land is
zoned.
HISTORY OF LAND USE
PLANNING
The Family Tree of Land Use Plan

• The general plan (consensus practice) at midcentury is represented by the main

trunk
• Since 1970, the traditional ‘land use design plan’ is joined by various branches
– Verbal policy planning
– Land classification plan
– Growth Management Plan
• The branches combine into a contemporary, hybrid comprehensive plan integrating
policy, classification, and management, represented by the foliage at the top of the
tree
The Family Tree of Land Use Plans
Roots of the Family Tree – The First 50 Years
• Edward in his book The Master Plan (1938) argued
that plan should have seven elements:
– Streets
– Parks
– Sites for Public buildings
– Public Reservation
– Routes for Public Utilities
– Pier-Head and Bulkhead Lines
– Zoning districts for private land
Contemporary Plans: Incorporating New
branches
• By 1970s, a number of new ideas had taken roots
• The Land Use Design:
– A detailed mapping of future land use arrangements

• The Land Classification Plan:

• A more general map of growth policy areas rather than a detailed land use pattern
• Common among metropolitan areas or regions that want to encourage urban growth
in the designated development areas, and to discourage growth in the conservation
or rural areas
• The Verbal Policy Plan:
– De-emphasize mapper policy and focuses on verbal action policy statements, usually
quite detailed, sometimes called strategic plan
• The Development Management Plan:
– Lays out a specific program of actions to guide development such as
• A public investment program,
• A development code
• A program to extent infrastructure or services
Zoning Map
Contemporary Hybrid Plans: Integrating Design,
Management and policy
• Integrate useful parts of each of the separate prototypes
• For example, it combines land use design (specifying residential, commercial and
industrial areas, community facilities and public lands) with an overlay of land
classification districts (developed, developing, rural, conservation), and also
includes standards and procedures for issuing development permits (a development
code)
• Prepared by considerable participation by public and interested groups
• The states that manages growth have created new land use governance
 Contemporary Hybrid Plans: Integrating Design,
Management and policy

• DeGrove identifies common elements of these systems:

– Consistency – intergovernmental and internally (i.e. between plan and
regulations)
– Concurrency – between infrastructure and new development
– Compactness – of urban growth, to limit sprawl
– Affordability – of new housing
– Economic Development or ‘managing to grow
– Sustainability – of natural system
REFERENCES

 Edward J. Kaiser, David R. Godschalk (1995). Twentieth Century Land Use

Planning – A Stalwart Family Tree. APA Journal
 Land use planning: Concepts, Tools and Applications by Federal Ministry of
Economic Cooperation and Development