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1
Introduction
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material that is predominantly silt sized and has During the past few decades, researches were
little or no plasticity [3]. multiplied seeking different beneficial uses of PG.
The composition and characteristics of PG depend According to the literature [5,6,7], the most
upon the source of rock phosphate and vary a common uses reside from the fact of the valuable
little with the process for manufacturing chemical/physical characteristics of PG among
phosphoric acid as well as the age, location and which we recite the followings:
depth within the stack in which the gypsum is
placed. Agriculture and land uses
As a cheap product, PG can successfully
Physical properties substitute the use of natural gypsum for soil and
agricultural purposes when it is applied in
The raw PG of Sfax is a silt or silty-sand material appropriate quantities and doses according to the
with a median grain size of approximately 77 m. local climate, soil characteristics and the targeted
It is almost free of fine fraction (< 1 m) [4]. crop.
Other physical and engineering properties of PG It has been reported [7] that the PG can be used
are summarized in Table 1. for the followings:
Table 1: Typical physical and engineering as an ameliorant for sodium-affected (sodic)
properties of PG [3]. soils which occur mainly in arid areas,
Property Value as a source of the nutrients calcium (Ca) and
Specific Gravity 2.3 - 2.6 sulfur (S) required by all crops,
Dry Density 1470 - 1670 kg/m3
Optimum as an ameliorant for the subsoil acidity
15 - 20%
Moisture syndrome,
Friction Angle 32°
Cohesion Values 125 kPa as an ameliorant for crust and seal formation at
Permeability 1.3 E-4 - 2.1E-5 cm/sec
the soil surface.
4
HCl, NaOH, H2O2 and ferric solution. The preliminary thermodynamics calculations, it has
analyses concern the leached elements and the been found that CaS and CaO can be produced by
effect of leaching on the residue. Parameters such a thermal reduction of gypsum (CaSO4) with
as the leaching time, temperature, solution plastics (polyethylene, CH2) as shown in Figure 2.
concentration and the liquid/solid ratio will be 4 1 1
CaSO4 CH 2 CaCO3 H 2 S H 2O CO2
investigated. 3 3 3
(4)
Mechano-chemical activation
1 1 1
The mechano-chemical process consists on a ball
CaSO4 CH 2 CaO SO2 H 2 O CO2
3 3 3
mill grinding which permit a partial dehydration, (5)
an increase of the specific surface and an
4 4 4
alteration of the bonded element with host crystal.
CaSO4 CH 2 CaS H 2O CO2
3 3 3
Todorovsky et al. [14] had conducted preliminary (6) The combustion of polyethylene (PE) will
studies for the influence of the mechano- supply the heat necessary for the reaction to occur
activation on the overall solubility of PG in water so that CaS will be formed at a temperature
and diluted acids as well as on the leaching of rare around 800 C and CaO will be formed at a
earths from PG.
1.0
Zhang et al. [15] had investigated on a mechano- CaO
SO2
Equilibrated species / mol
CaSO4
presence of iron in order to recover the nonferrous
0.6
metals or to remove heavy metals from their
contaminated wastes according to the following 0.4 CaCO3, H2S
H2O, CO2
reaction:
0.2 CaS
4MO + 4S +3Fe 4MS + Fe3O4 (M = zn, Pb,
Cd, Cu) (3) In our approach we CO
0.0
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
will be investigating on the same aspects, Temp. / K
however wastes (incineration ash, slag, etc.) will temperature around 1400 C.
be used as the metal source and PG will be used
as a sulfur source.
5
Fig. 3: Thermal processing of PG with plastic waste.
6
We will be following regarding the massive http://www. Evaluation of
the same approach amount of stocked giiexpress.com/pr potential
with PG as gypsum PG, the efforts have to oducts/ros18601; commercial
waste as showed in be multiplied to purify internet; accessed processed for the
Figure 3. or convert it into February 2006. production of
The experimental environmental safe [2] Phosphate sulfuric acid from
conditions such as and commercially industry in phosphogypsum.
temperature PG/PE useful products. Tunisia. Available Publication No. 01-
ratio, atmosphere and The thermal from 002-018 of Florida
reaction time will be reduction, the http://www.cpg.c Institute of
investigated as well as mechano-chemical om.tn/english/wt Phosphate
the resulting products. activation with plastic unisia.htm; Research, FIPR.
The originality of this waste or the landfill internet; accessed [6] Chang, W., F.
idea [16] resides in application seems to October 2005. (1987:
the fact of using be very sound [3] Turner Fairbank Reclamation,
exclusively wastes as approaches Highway Research reconstruction and
source of energy, so (technically/economic Center reuse of
hopefully the waste ally feasible) to (TFHRC):Sulfate phosphogypsum for
disposal problem will attenuate the burden wastes. Available building materials.
be solved, the energy caused by the PG and from http:// Publication No. 01-
source for PG even without a www.tfhrc.gov/hnr2 014-048 of Florida
processing will be significant profit 0/recycle/waste/; Institute of
costless besides the margin, it is internet; accessed Phosphate
gain of valuable and preferable to the huge October 2005. Research, FIPR.
useful products of expense and endless [4] Charfi, F. (1999): [7] Sumner, M.
such reactions. monitoring required Substitution du (1995): Literature
for environmental gypse naturel par le review on gypsum
Conclusion isolation. phosphogypse dans as calcium and
la fabrication du sulfur source for
Previous researches References ciment: doctoral crops and soils in
for PG uses showed
thesis; University of the southeastern
limits for applicability [1] The Economics of
TunisII, faculty of United States.
and yields. These Gypsum &
sciences (in Publication No. 01-
suggestions are Anhydrite, 9th
French). 118-118 of Florida
consuming only a Edition 2004.
[5] Zellars-Williams, Institute of
little portion and Available from
INC. (1981): Phosphate
Research, FIPR. to the of the thermal recovery of
[8] Saylak, D. (1996): phosphogypsum phosphogypsum nonferrous metal
Design , problem? fact-finding forum, oxides in Fly-Ash
construction and Proceedings of the pp. 77-80: by combining MC
evaluation of phosphogypsum Publication No. 01- treatment and
experimental fact-finding forum, 132-117 of Florida flotation.
stabilized gypsum pp. 81-84: Institute of proceedings of the
roadbases. Publication No. 01- Phosphate 8th International
Proceedings of the 132-117 of Florida Research, FIPR. Symposium on East
phosphogypsum Institute of [13] Shieh, Ch.: Asian Resources
fact-finding forum, Phosphate Application of Recycling
pp. 93-98: Research, FIPR. Phosphogypsum in Technology
Publication No. 01- [11] Lukens, R. Landfills. Available (November 9-15,
132-117 of Florida (1996) from http:// 2005, Beijing,
Institute of Phosphogypsum reform. China), 258-261.
Phosphate and artificial reefs: house.gov/ [16] Ueda, S.,
Research, FIPR. an artificial reef UploadedFiles/S Hatakeyama, Y.,
[9] Moussa, D., management HIEH Statement Yamaguchi, K.,
Crispe, J. J. l, perspective on Nakamura, I. and
Legrand, Cl. and Proceedings of the phosphogypsum.p Okura, T.: (2006)
Thenoz, B. (19 phosphogypsum df; internet; Recovery of CaO and
Laboratory study of fact-finding forum, accessed November CaS from CaSO4 and
the structure and pp. 73-76: 2005. waste plastics (to be
compactibility of Publication No. 01- [14] Todorovsky, D., published for Shigen
Tunisian 132-117 of Florida Terziev, A. and to Sozai, in Japanese).
phosphogypsum Institute of Milanova, M.
(SFAX) for use in Phosphate (1997): Influence of
embankment Research, FIPR. mechanoactivation
construction. [12] Wilson, Ch. on rare earths
Resources and (1996): Preliminary leaching from
Conservation 11 evaluation of the phosphogypsum.
(2), 95-116. use of Hydrometallurgy,
[10] Burnett, W. phosphogypsum for 45, 13-19.
(1996): the reef substrate in the [15]Zhang, Q. W.,
Merseberg Process gulf of Mexico Wang, J. and Saito,
– a partial solution region. Proceedings F. (2005): Non-