NAME- ARPIT MALVIYA

CLASS- B-TECH CIVIL

REGD.NO- 10810418
ROLL NO. - RB5803A06
SUBJECT-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-
II
TOPIC- COLUMN ANALOGY
METHOD
COURSE INSTRUCTOR- MR.AMIT
CHANDRA SIR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am really thankful to my structural analysis teacher Mr.Amit Chandra who

gave this topic of column analogy method

It was great experience working on these topic Different types of

structures in structural analysis as I gained a lot of knowledge and
learnt many things about it.

While preparing this project I took help from my friends, books and
internet.

I am also really very thankful to my teacher Mr.Amit Chandra who also

helped me preparing this project.

I thank all those who helped me during the preparation of this project
and without whom consult this could not be complete this work.
CONTENTS

1- INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN
ANALOGY METHOD
2- SIGN CONVENTION
3- PROPERTIES OF ANALOGOUS
SECTION
4- STIFFNESS & CARRY OVER FACTOR
5- GABLE FRAMES
6- PORTAL FRAMES
7- DESIGN PROCEDURE
8- DESIGN CONSIDERATION
9- SCOPE
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN ANALOGY
METHOD
The column analogy method was also proposed by Prof. Hardy Cross and is a
powerful technique to analyze the beams with fixed supports, fixed ended gable
frames, closed frames & fixed arches etc., These members may be of uniform or
variable moment of inertia throughout their lengths but the method is ideally
suited to the calculation of the stiffness factor and the carryover factor for the
members having variable moment of inertia. The method is strictly applicable to a
maximum of 3rd degree of indeterminacy. This method is essentially an indirect
application of the consistent deformation method.
The method is based on a mathematical similarity (i.e. analogy) between the
stresses developed on a column section subjected to eccentric load and the
moments imposed on a member due to fixity of its supports. *(We have already
used an analogy in the form of method of moment and shear in which it was
assumed that parallel chord trusses behave as a deep beam). In the analysis of
actual engineering structures of modern times, so many analogies are used like
slab analogy, and shell analogy etc. In all these methods, calculations are not
made directly on the actual structure but, in fact it is always assumed that the
actual structure has been replaced by its mathematical model and the calculations
are made on the model. The final results are related to the actual structure
through same logical engineering interpretation.
In the method of column analogy, the actual structure is considered under the
action of applied loads and the redundants acting simultaneously on a BDS. The
load on the top of the analogous column is usually the B.M.D. due to applied loads
on simple spans and therefore the reaction to this applied load is the B.M.D. due
to redundants on simple spans considers the following fixed ended loaded beam.

The resultant of B.M.D’s due to applied loads does not fall on the mid point of
analogous column section which is eccentrically loaded.
Msdiagram = BDS moment diagram due to applied loads.
Mi diagram = Indeterminate moment diagram due to redundants.
If we plot (+ve) B.M.D. above the zero line and (−ve) B.M.D below the zero line
(both on compression sides due to two sets of loads) then we can say that these
diagrams have been plotted on the compression side.
(The conditions from which MA & MB can be determined, when the method of
consistent deformation is used, are as follows). From the Geometry requirements,
we know that
(1) The change of slope between points A & B = 0; or sum of area of moment
diagrams between A & B = 0 (note that EI = Constt:), or area of moment
diagrams of fig.b = area of moment diagram of fig..c.
(2) The deviation of point B from tangent at A = 0; or sum of moment of moment
diagrams between A & B about B = 0, or Moment of moment diagram of fig.
(b) about B = moment of moment diagram of fig.(c) about B. Above two
requirements can be stated as follows.
(1) Total load on the top is equal to the total pressure at the bottom and;
(2) Moment of load about B is equal to the moment of pressure about B),
indicates that the analogous column is on equilibrium under the action of applied
loads and the redundants.

SIGN CONVENTIONS:−
It is necessary to establish a sign convention regarding the nature of the applied
load (Ms − diagram) and the pressures acting at the base of the analogous column
(Mi−diagram.)
1. Load (P) on top of the analogous column is downward if Ms/EI diagram is
(+ve) which means that it causes compression on the outside or (sagging) in
BDS vice-versa. If EI is constant, it can be taken equal to units.
2. Upward pressure on bottom of the analogous column (Mi − diagram) is
considered as (+ve).
3. Moment (M) at any point of the given indeterminate structure (maximum to 3rd
degree) is given by the formula.
M = Ms − Mi,
Which is (+ve) if it causes compression on the outside of members.

Properties of Analogous Column X−section

1. Area of analogous column section, A = L × 1 = L
2. Moment of inertia, I yo yo = L ³/12
3. Location of centroidal column axis, C = L/2

A e’=M = (WL³/6) (L/4) = (WL²)²/24 , ( L/4is distance between axis yo− yo and
the centroid of Ms diagram where the load equal to area of Ms
diagram acts.)
(Mi)a = PA± McI (P is the area of Ms diagram and is acting upwards so negative
C = L/2and I = L³/12

= −WL³/6 . L – WL/4 . L . 12/24 . 2 . L3 (Load P on analogous column is negative)

= − WL²/6 − WL²/4 ( Reaction due to MC/I would be having the same

direction at A as that due to P while at B these

= −2WL² − 3 WL²/12 two would be opposite)

= − 5/12 WL²

(Ms)a = − WL²/2

Ma = (Ms − Mi)a

= − WL²/2 + 5/12 WL²

= − 6 WL² + 5 WL²/12

Ma = − WL²/12

Mb = (Ms − Mi)b

(Mi)b = PA± McI

= − WL³/6 × L + (WL²)² × L × 12/24 × 2 × L³

= −WL²/6 + WL²/4

= − 2WL² + 3 WL²/12

= WL²/12

(Ms)b = 0
Mb = (Ms − Mi)b = 0 − WL²/12 = − WL²/12

STIFFNESS & CARRY-OVER FACTOR

Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a
point, for given support constraint conditions
1/EI

 E = material stiffness (modulus of elasticity)

 I = stiffness of the section based on the geometry of the section (moment of
inertia).

CAUTION: The most common mistake in computing deflection is caused by using

"w" as load per foot instead of load per inch. The derivation of the deflection
formulas uses the unit of inches for all the factors in the formula. Uniformly
distributed beam loads "w" are normally described as load per foot which must be
converted to the proper load per inch value before insertion into the deflection
formula. If "W" is used for the total distributed load instead of the load per unit of
length ("w") this conversion is not necessary.
Note that W = wL; will simplify many of the formulas.

The following are equations for finding the deflection of the more common beam
types and their associated loading. Note how the co-efficient reflects the stiffness
of the system and the loading.
Applying the principle of consistent deformation

3M A
∆ A + RA f AA = 0 → RA = − ↓
2L

M A L R A L2 M A L
θA = + =
EI 2 EI 4 EI

4 EI M A 4 EI
∴M A = θ A ; hence kθ = =
L θA L
 Stiffness factor = kθ = 4EI/L
Carry - over Factor = 1/2
BY PUTING θA EQUAL TO UNITY, MA & MB WILL BE THE
STIFFNESS FACTORS AT THE CORRESPONDING JOINTS”.
STIFFNESS FACTOR IS THE MOMENT REQUIRED TO
PRODUCE UNIT ROTATION.

GABLE FRAMES
A gable frame design is reviewed with regard to the modeling, load
specification, and strength evaluation. It is found that the approximation
used for the boundary conditions at the column bases should adequately
account for the behavior of the foundation and more than one
approximation may be necessary. Uneven loading is shown to very
significant, and it is recommended that gable frames always be designed
for some uneven distribution of load. The question of the correct
effective length for the rafter is examined, and a nonlinear analysis or
an approximate, but conservative, approach is suggested for gables with
significant axial load in the rafter. One method of utilizing a frame
buckling analysis in a conventional AISC evaluation is presented. It is
suggested that if there is significant axial stress in the rafter, caution
should be exercised in the use of specification limitations, which are
based on girder behavior where there may have been no axial stress
considered in the derivation and testing of the specification limitations.
PORTAL FRAMES
Portal frames are the most commonly used structural forms for single-storey
industrial structures. They are constructed mainly using hot-rolled sections,
supporting the roofing and side cladding via cold-formed purlins and sheeting
rails. They may also be composed of tapered stanchions and rafters fabricated
from plate elements. Portal frames of lattice members made of angles or tubes are
also common, especially in the case of longer spans.

The slopes of rafters in the gable portal frames vary in the range of 1 in
10 to 1 in 3. Generally, the centre-to-centre distance between frames is of the
order 6 to
7.5 m, with eaves height ranging from 6 -15 m. Normally, larger spacing of frames
is
used in the case of taller buildings, from the point of economy. Moment-resisting
connections are to be provided at the eaves and crown to resist lateral and gravity
loadings. The stanchion bases may behave as either pinned or fixed, depending
upon rotational restraint provided by the foundation and the connection detail
between the stanchion and foundations. The foundation restraint depends on the
type of foundation and modulus of the sub-grade. Frames with pinned bases are
heavier than those
having fixity at the bases. However, frames with fixed base may require a
moreexpensive foundation.
For the design of portal frames, plastic methods of analysis are mainly used,
which allows the engineer to analyse frames easily and design it economically.
The
basis of the plastic analysis method is the need to determine the load that can be
applied to the frame so that the failure of the frame occurs as a mechanism by the
formation of a number of plastic hinges within the frame. The various methods of
plastic analysis are discussed later.

The most common form of portal frame used in the construction industry is the
pinned-base frame with different rafter and column member size and with
haunches at both the eaves and apex connections Due to transportation
requirements, field joints are introduced at suitable positions. As a result,
connections are usually located at positions of high moment, i.e.
at the interface of the column and rafter members (at the eaves) and also between
the rafter members at the apex (ridge). It is very difficult to develop sufficient
moment capacity at these connections by providing 'tension' bolts located solely
within the small depth of the rafter section. Therefore the lever arm of the bolt
group is usually increased by haunching the rafter members at the joints. This
addition increases the section strength.

GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

The steps in the plastic design of portals, according to SP: 6(6) – 1972, are given
below:
a) Determine possible loading conditions.
b) Compute the factored design load combination(s).
c) Estimate the plastic moment ratios of frame members.
d) Analyse the frame for each loading condition and calculate the maximum
required
plastic moment capacity, Mp
e) Select the section, and
f) Check the design for other secondary modes of failure (IS: 800-1984).
The design commences with determination of possible loading conditions, in which
decisions such as, whether to treat the distributed loads as such or to consider
them as
equivalent concentrated loads, are to be made. It is often convenient to deal with
equivalent concentrated loads in computer aided and plastic analysis methods.
In step (b), the loads determined in (a) are multiplied by the appropriate load
factors.
to assure the needed margin of safety. This load factor is selected in such a way
that the real factor of safety for any structure is at least as great as that decided
upon by the designer. The load factors to be used for various load combinations
are presented in an earlier chapter on Limit states method.
The step (c) is to make an assumption regarding the ratio of the plastic moment
capacities of the column and rafter, the frame members. Optimum plastic design
methods present a direct way of arriving at these ratios, so as to obtain an
optimum value of this ratio. The following simpler procedure may be adopted for
arriving at the ratio.

(i) Determine the absolute plastic moment value for separate loading conditions.
(Assume that all joints are fixed against rotation, but the frame is free to sway).
For beams, solve the beam mechanism equation and for columns, solve the panel
(sway) mechanism equation. These are done for all loading combinations. The
moments thus obtained are the absolute minimum plastic moment values. The
actual
section moment will be greater than or at least equal to these values.
(ii) Now select plastic moment ratios using the following guidelines.
• At joints establish equilibrium.
• For beams use the ratio determined in step (i)
• For columns use the corner connection moments Mp (Col) = Mp (beam)
In the step (d) each loading condition is analysed by a plastic analysis method for
arriving at the minimum required Mp. Based on this moment, select the
appropriate
sections in step (e). The step (f) is to check the design according to secondary
design
considerations discussed in the following sections (IS: 800-1984).
SECONDRY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The 'simple plastic theory' neglects the effects of axial force, shear and buckling on
the member strength. So checks must be carried out for the following factors.

a) Reductions in the plastic moment due to the effect of axial force and shear force.

b) Instability due to local buckling, lateral buckling and column buckling.

c) Brittle fracture.

d) Deflection at service loads.

In addition, proper design of connections is needed in order that the plastic

moments can be developed at the plastic hinge locations.

SCOPE
This method above discussed has very much scope in many structural engineering
applications like designing bridge, building construction.

Bibliography
1-NPTEL.IN
2- CIVIL ENGINEERING PORTAL.COM