Iec 62305 4

Technical reference
Technical reference
BS EN/IEC 62305 standard series 268-283
BS EN 50164 standard series 284-285
Earthing standards 286
UL96, UL 467 & NFPA standards 287
Overvoltage protection to BS 7671 288
BS EN 61643 standard series 289
Lightning protection of 290-291
hazardous areas
Guide to BS EN/IEC 62305 Introduction
BS EN/IEC 62305
Lightning protection General
Principles
standard
BS EN/IEC 62305-1
The BS EN/IEC 62305 Standard for lightning protection
was originally published in September 2006, to
supercede the previous standard, BS 6651:1999.
For a finite period, BS EN/IEC 62305 and BS 6651
ran in parallel, but as of August 2008, BS 6651 has
been withdrawn and now BS EN/IEC 62305 is the
recognised standard for lightning protection.
The BS EN/IEC 62305 standard reflects increased
scientific understanding of lightning and its effects
over the last twenty years, and takes stock of the
Risk
growing impact of technology and electronic systems
on our daily activities. More complex and exacting Management
than its predecessor, BS EN/IEC 62305 includes four
distinct parts - general principles, risk management, BS EN/IEC 62305-2
physical damage to structures and life hazard, and
electronic systems protection.
These parts to the standard are introduced here. In
2010 these parts underwent periodic technical review,
with updated parts 1, 3 and 4 released in 2011.
Updated part 2 is currently under discussion and is
expected to be published in late 2012.
Key to BS EN/IEC 62305 is that all considerations for
lightning protection are driven by a comprehensive Protection Electronic
and complex risk assessment and that this assessment of the Systems
not only takes into account the structure to be
protected, but also the services to which the structure Structure Protection
is connected. In essence, structural lightning protection BS EN/IEC BS EN/IEC
can no longer be considered in isolation, protection 62305-3 62305-4
against transient overvoltages or electrical surges is
integral to BS EN/IEC 62305.
Structure of BS EN/IEC 62305 Part 3: Physical damage to structures and

The BS EN/IEC 62305 series consists of four parts, life hazard
all of which need to be taken into consideration. BS EN/IEC 62305-3 (part 3) relates directly to the major
These four parts are outlined below: part of BS 6651. It differs from BS 6651 in as much that
this new part has four Classes or protection levels of
Part 1: General principles LPS, as opposed to the basic two (ordinary and
BS EN/IEC 62305-1 (part 1) is an introduction to the high-risk) levels in BS 6651.
other parts of the standard and essentially describes
Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems
how to design a Lightning Protection System (LPS) in
within structures
accordance with the accompanying parts of the
standard. BS EN/IEC 62305-4 (part 4) covers the protection of
electrical and electronic systems housed within
Part 2: Risk management structures. It embodies what Annex C in BS 6651
BS EN/IEC 62305-2 (part 2) risk management approach, conveyed, but with a new zonal approach referred to
does not concentrate so much on the purely physical as Lightning Protection Zones (LPZs). It provides
damage to a structure caused by a lightning discharge, information for the design, installation, maintenance &
268
but more on the risk of loss of human life, loss of testing of a Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse (LEMP)
service to the public, loss of cultural heritage and protection system (now referred to as Surge Protection
economic loss. Measures - SPM) for electrical/electronic systems within
a structure.
Furse, Wilford Road, Nottingham, NG2 1EB • Tel: +44 (0)115 964 3700 • Email: enquiry@furse.com • Web: www.furse.com
Key points Guide to BS EN/IEC 62305
The following table gives a broad outline as to the key variances between the previous standard,
BS 6651, and the BS EN/IEC 62305.
BS 6651 standard (withdrawn August 2008) BS EN/IEC 62305 standard

Document structure
118 page document, including 9 pages devoted to Over 470 pages in 4 parts, including over 150 pages
risk assessment devoted to risk assessment (BS EN/IEC 62305-2)
Focus on Protection of Structures against Lightning Broader focus on Protection against Lightning including
the structure and services connected to the structure
Specific tables relating to choice and dimension of Specific tables relating to sizes and types of conductor
LPS components and conductors and earth electrodes.
LPS components - specifically related to BS EN 50164/
IEC 62561 testing regimes
Annex B - guidance on application of BS 6651 BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Annex E - extensive guidance given
on application of installation techniques complete with
illustrations
Annex C - general advice (recommendation) for BS EN/IEC 62305-4 is devoted entirely to protection of
protection of electronic equipment with separate risk electrical and electronic systems within the structure
assessment (integral part of standard) and is implemented through
single separate risk assessment (BS EN/IEC 62305-2)
Definition of risk
Risk (of death/injury) level set at 1 in 100,000 3 primary risk levels defined (BS EN 62305):
(1 x 10-5) based on comparable exposures R1 loss of human life 1 in 100,000 (1 x 10-5)
(smoking, traffic accidents, drowning etc) R2 loss of service to the public 1 in 10,000 (1 x 10-4)
R3 loss of cultural heritage 1 in 10,000 (1 x 10-4)
Protection measures
Mesh arrangement is promoted as the commonly Mesh arrangement, protective angle method, catenary
used means of air termination network system, extensive use of air finials, all form part of or all
of air termination network
2 levels of Lightning Protection mesh design: 4 sizes of mesh defined according to structural class
(20 m x 10 m; 10 m x 5 m) of Lightning Protection System:
Class I 5mx5m Class II 10 m x 10 m
Class III 15 m x 15 m Class IV 20 m x 20 m
2 levels of down conductor spacing: 4 levels of down conductor spacing dependent on
20 m & 10 m structural class of Lightning Protection System:
Class I 10 m Class II 10 m
Class III 15 m Class IV 20 m
Use of bonds promoted to minimise side flashing Extensive sections/explanations provided on
equipotential bonding
10 ohm overall earthing requirement, achieved by 10 ohms overall earthing requirement achieved either
10 x number of down conductors by Type A arrangement (rods) or Type B arrangement
(ring conductor)
Requirement to bond all metallic services, (gas, water, Requirement to bond all metallic services to main
electricity etc) to main earth terminal along with external equipotential bonding bar. ‘Live’ electrical conductors
down conductor (e.g. power, data, telecoms) bonded via Surge
Protective Devices (SPDs)
Rolling sphere concept on structures over 20 m tall: 4 sizes of rolling sphere concept defined according to
20 m sphere used on highly flammable contents/ structural class of Lightning Protection System: 269
electronic equipment within building Class I 20 m Class II 30 m
60 m sphere all other buildings Class III 45 m Class IV 60 m
Guide to BS EN/IEC 62305 BS EN/IEC 62305-1
BS EN/IEC 62305-1 General principles

This opening part of the BS EN/IEC 62305 suite of standards serves as an introduction to the further parts
of the standard. It classifies the sources and types of damage to be evaluated and introduces the risks or
types of loss to be anticipated as a result of lightning activity.
Furthermore, It defines the relationships between damage and loss that form the basis for the risk
assessment calculations in part 2 of the standard.
Lightning current parameters are defined. These are used as the basis for the selection and
implementation of the appropriate protection measures detailed in parts 3 and 4 of the standard.
Part 1 of the standard also introduces new concepts for consideration when preparing a lightning
protection scheme, such as Lightning Protection Zones (LPZs) and separation distance.
Damage and loss Point of strike Source of Type of Type of

damage damage loss
BS EN/IEC 62305 identifies four main sources of
damage: Structure S1 D1 L1, L4**
D2 L1, L2, L3, L4
S1 Flashes to the structure D3 L1*, L2, L4
S2 Flashes near to the structure
Near a S2 D3 L1*, L2, L4
S3 Flashes to a service structure
S4 Flashes near to a service Service S3 D1 L1, L4**

connected to D2 L1, L2, L3, L4
Each source of damage may result in one or more of
the structure D3 L1*, L2, L4
three types of damage:
Near a service S4 D3 L1*, L2, L4
D1 Injury of living beings due to step and
* Only for structures with risk of explosion and for hospitals or other
touch voltages structures where failures of internal systems immediately endangers
D2 Physical damage (fire, explosion, mechanical human life.
** Only for properties where animals may be lost.
destruction, chemical release) due to lightning
current effects including sparking Table 5: Damage and loss in a structure according to different points of
D3 Failure of internal systems due to Lightning lightning strike (BS EN/IEC 62305-1 Table 2)
Electromagnetic Impulse (LEMP)

The following types of loss may result from damage Scheme design criteria
due to lightning:
The ideal lightning protection for a structure and its
L1 Loss of human life connected services would be to enclose the structure
L2 Loss of service to the public within an earthed and perfectly conducting metallic
shield (box), and in addition provide adequate
L3 Loss of cultural heritage bonding of any connected services at the entrance
L4 Loss of economic value point into the shield.
The relationships of all of the above parameters are This in essence would prevent the penetration of the
summarised in Table 5. lightning current and the induced electromagnetic
Figure 12 on page 271 depicts the types of damage field into the structure.
and loss resulting from lightning. However, in practice it is not possible or indeed cost
For a more detailed explanation of the general effective to go to such lengths.
principles forming part 1 of the BS EN 62305 standard, This standard thus sets out a defined set of lightning
please refer to our full reference guide ‘A Guide to current parameters where protection measures,
BS EN 62305.’ Although focused on the BS EN adopted in accordance with its recommendations, will
standard, this guide may provide supporting reduce any damage and consequential loss as a result
information of interest to consultants designing to the of a lightning strike. This reduction in damage and
IEC equivalent. Please see page 283 for more details consequential loss is valid provided the lightning strike
about this guide. parameters fall within defined limits, established as
Lightning Protection Levels (LPL).
270
BS EN/IEC 62305-1 Guide to BS EN/IEC 62305
Lightning Protection Levels (LPL) LPL I II III IV
Four protection levels have been determined Maximum 200 150 100 100
based on parameters obtained from previously current (kA)
published technical papers. Each level has a fixed Minimum 3 5 10 16

set of maximum and minimum lightning current current (kA)
parameters. These parameters are shown in
Table 6: Lightning current for each LPL based on
Table 6.
10/350 µs waveform
The maximum values have been used in the design of
products such as lightning protection components and
Surge Protective Devices (SPDs).
For a more detailed explanation of Lightning
The minimum values of lightning current have been Protection Levels and maximum/minimum current
used to derive the rolling sphere radius for each level. parameters please see the Furse Guide to BS EN 62305.
S1 Flash to the structure Fire and/or explosion due to the hot S3 Flash to a
lightning arc itself, due to the resultant service connected
ohmic heating of conductors, or due to arc to the structure
erosion ie. melted metal (Source S1)
Fire and/or explosion triggered by sparks
caused by overvoltages resulting from resistive
and inductive coupling and to passage of part
of the lightning current (Source S1)
Fire and/or explosion triggered by sparks due to
overvoltages and lightning currents transmitted
through the connected service (Source S3)
LEMP
Lightning
current LEMP
Immediate mechanical
damage (Source S1)
Induced
overvoltage
S4 Flash near a
service connected
to the structure
Injury to people by step Injury to people due to touch

and touch voltages resulting voltages inside the structure
from resistive and inductive caused by lightning currents
coupling (Source S1) transmitted through the
connected service (Source S3)
Induced
Failure or malfunction of internal overvoltage
systems due to overvoltages induced
on connected lines and transmitted
to the structure (Source S3 & S4)
or by LEMP (Source S1 & S2)
LEMP
S2 Flash near to
the structure
LEMP
271
Figure 12: The types of damage and loss resulting from a lightning
strike on or near a structure
Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) In general the higher the number of the zone (LPZ 2;
LPZ 3 etc) the lower the electromagnetic effects
The concept of Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) expected. Typically, any sensitive electronic equipment
was introduced within BS EN/IEC 62305 should be located in higher numbered LPZs and be
particularly to assist in determining the protection protected against LEMP by relevant Surge Protection
measures required to establish protection Measures (‘SPM’ as defined in BS EN 62305:2011).
measures to counter Lightning Electromagnetic SPM were previously referred to as a LEMP Protection
Impulse (LEMP) within a structure. Measures System (LPMS) in BS EN/IEC 62305:2006.
The general principle is that the equipment requiring Figure 13 highlights the LPZ concept as applied to
protection should be located in an LPZ whose the structure and to SPM. The concept is expanded
electromagnetic characteristics are compatible with the upon in BS EN/IEC 62305-3 and BS EN/IEC 62305-4.
equipment stress withstand or immunity capability.
Selection of the most suitable SPM is made using the
The concept caters for external zones, with risk of direct risk assessment in accordance with BS EN/IEC 62305-2.
lightning stroke (LPZ 0A), or risk of partial lightning
current occurring (LPZ 0B), and levels of protection
within internal zones (LPZ 1 & LPZ 2).
Air termination network

Rolling sphere radius
LPZ 0A
Direct flash, full lightning
current, full magnetic field
SPD 0B/1
LPZ 1
No direct flash, partial
LPZ 0B lightning or induced SPD 0B/1
No direct flash, current, damped
partial lightning magnetic field
or induced current, LPZ 2
full magnetic field No direct flash,
induced currents,
further damped
magnetic field SPD 0B/1
LPZ 3
Down conductor
network
LPZ 0B
SPD 0B/1
Equipotential bonding
by means of SPD
Earth termination network
272
Figure 13: The LPZ concept
BS EN/IEC 62305-2 Risk management

BS EN/IEC 62305-2 is key to the correct
implementation of BS EN/IEC 62305-3 and
BS EN/IEC 62305-4. The assessment and
management of risk is now significantly more in
depth and extensive than the approach of BS 6651.
BS EN/IEC 62305-2 specifically deals with making a risk
assessment, the results of which define the level of
Lightning Protection System (LPS) required. While
BS 6651 devoted 9 pages (including figures) to the
subject of risk assessment, BS EN/IEC 62305-2 currently
contains over 150 pages.
The first stage of the risk assessment is to identify
which of the four types of loss (as identified in
BS EN/IEC 62305-1) the structure and its contents can
incur. The ultimate aim of the risk assessment is to
quantify and if necessary reduce the relevant primary
risks i.e.:
R1 risk of loss of human life
R2 risk of loss of service to the public
R3 risk of loss of cultural heritage
R4 risk of loss of economic value
For each of the first three primary risks, a tolerable risk
(RT) is set. This data can be sourced in Table 7 of
IEC 62305-2 or Table NK.1 of the National Annex
of BS EN 62305-2.
Each primary risk (Rn) is determined through a long
NO
series of calculations as defined within the standard. If R n < RT
the actual risk (Rn) is less than or equal to the tolerable
risk (RT), then no protection measures are needed. If
the actual risk (Rn) is greater than its corresponding
YE
YES
tolerable risk (RT), then protection measures must be
instigated. The above process is repeated (using new
values that relate to the chosen protection measures)
until Rn is less than or equal to its corresponding RT.
It is this iterative process as shown in Figure 14 that
Figure 14: Procedure for deciding the need for protection
decides the choice or indeed Lightning Protection Level (BS EN/IEC 62305-1 Figure 1)
(LPL) of Lightning Protection System (LPS) and Surge
Protective Measures (SPM) to counter Lightning
Electromagnetic impulse (LEMP).
StrikeRisk risk management
software
An invaluable tool for those involved in undertaking
the complex risk assessment calculations required by
BS EN 62305-2, StrikeRisk facilitates the assessment of
risk of loss due to lightning strikes and transient
overvoltages caused by lightning.
Quick & easy to use, with full reporting capability,
StrikeRisk automates risk assessment calculations and
delivers results in minutes, rather than the hours or
days it would take to do the same calculations 273
by hand.
Contact Furse for more details about StrikeRisk.
BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Physical damage

to structures and life hazard
This part of the suite of standards deals with An external LPS consists of:
protection measures in and around a structure ● Air termination system
and as such relates directly to the major part of
● Down conductor system
BS 6651.
● Earth termination system
The main body of this part of the standard gives
guidance on the design of an external Lightning These individual elements of an LPS should be
Protection System (LPS), internal LPS and maintenance connected together using appropriate lightning
and inspection programmes. protection components (LPC) complying (in the case of
BS EN 62305) with BS EN 50164 series (note this BS EN
series is due to be superceded by the BS EN/IEC 62561
Lightning Protection System (LPS) series). This will ensure that in the event of a lightning
BS EN/IEC 62305-1 has defined four Lightning current discharge to the structure, the correct design
Protection Levels (LPLs) based on probable minimum and choice of components will minimize any
and maximum lightning currents. These LPLs equate potential damage.
directly to classes of Lightning Protection System (LPS).
The correlation between the four levels of LPL and LPS Air termination system
is identified in Table 7. In essence, the greater the LPL, The role of an air termination system is to capture the
the higher class of LPS is required. lightning discharge current and dissipate it harmlessly
to earth via the down conductor and earth termination
LPL Class of LPS system. Therefore it is vitally important to use a
I I correctly designed air termination system.
II II BS EN/IEC 62305-3 advocates the following, in any
combination, for the design of the air termination:
III III
● Air rods (or finials) whether they are free standing
IV IV
masts or linked with conductors to form a mesh on
Table 7: Relation between Lightning Protection Level (LPL) the roof
and Class of LPS (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 1)
● Catenary (or suspended) conductors, whether they
are supported by free standing masts or linked
The class of LPS to be installed is governed by the with conductors to form a mesh on the roof
result of the risk assessment calculation highlighted
in BS EN/IEC 62305-2. ● Meshed conductor network that may lie in direct
contact with the roof or be suspended above it (in
the event that it is of paramount importance that
External LPS design considerations the roof is not exposed to a direct lightning
The lightning protection designer must initially discharge)
consider the thermal and explosive effects caused at The standard makes it quite clear that all types of air
the point of a lightning strike and the consequences to termination systems that are used shall meet the
the structure under consideration. Depending upon positioning requirements laid down in the body of the
the consequences the designer may choose either of standard. It highlights that the air termination
the following types of external LPS: components should be installed on corners, exposed
● Isolated points and edges of the structure.
● Non-isolated The three basic methods recommended for
determining the position of the air termination
An Isolated LPS is typically chosen when the structure is
systems are:
constructed of combustible materials or presents a risk
of explosion. ● The rolling sphere method
Conversely a non-isolated system may be fitted where ● The protective angle method
no such danger exists. ● The mesh method
274
These methods are detailed over the following pages.
The rolling sphere method Tip of air termination Height of an air

A termination rod
The rolling sphere method is a simple means of
above the reference
identifying areas of a structure that need protection, plane of the area
taking into account the possibility of side strikes to the Protective to be protected
structure. The basic concept of applying the rolling angle
sphere to a structure is illustrated in Figure 15.
h
Air termination
required Reference
plane
Rolling Radius of
protected area
sphere
radius
Figure 16: The protective angle method for a single air rod
Varying the protection angle is a change to the simple

45º zone of protection afforded in most cases in
Figure 15: Application of the rolling sphere method
BS 6651. Furthermore the new standard uses the
height of the air termination system above the
reference plane, whether that be ground or roof level
The rolling sphere method was used in BS 6651, the (See Figure 18).
only difference being that in BS EN/IEC 62305 there are ˚
80
different radii of the rolling sphere that correspond to 70
the relevant class of LPS (see Table 8). 60
50
Class of LPS Rolling sphere radius
40
(m)
30
I 20 20 I
Class of LPS
II III IV
10
II 30
0
0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60
III 45 h(m)
IV 60 Note 1 Not applicable beyond the values marked with

Only rolling sphere and mesh methods apply in these cases
Table 8: Maximum values of rolling sphere radius corresponding Note 2 h is the height of air-termination above the reference plane of the area to be protected
Note 3 The angle will not change for values of h below 2m
to the Class of LPS
Figure 17: Determination of the protective angle
This method is suitable for defining zones of (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 2)
protection for all types of structures, particularly
those of complex geometry. The protective angle method is suitable for simple
shaped buildings. However this method is only valid up
to a height equal to the rolling sphere radius of the
The protective angle method appropriate LPL.
The protective angle method is a mathematical
simplification of the rolling sphere method. The
h1
protective angle (a) is the angle created between the 1
2
tip (A) of the vertical rod and a line projected down to
the surface on which the rod sits (see Figure 16).
h2
The protective angle afforded by an air rod is clearly a
h
three dimensional concept whereby the rod is assigned
a cone of protection by sweeping the line AC at the
angle of protection a full 360º around the air rod.
The protective angle differs with varying height of
the air rod and class of LPS. The protective angle
afforded by an air rod is determined from Table 2 of 275
BS EN/IEC 62305-3 (see Figure 17). Figure 18: Effect of the height of the reference plane on the
protection angle
The mesh method Non-conventional air

This is the method that was most commonly used termination systems
under the recommendations of BS 6651. Again, within A lot of technical (and commercial) debate has raged
BS EN/IEC 62305 four different air termination mesh over the years regarding the validity of the claims
sizes are defined and correspond to the relevant class made by the proponents of such systems.
of LPS (see Table 9).
This topic was discussed extensively within
Class of LPS Mesh size the technical working groups that compiled
(m) BS EN/IEC 62305. The outcome was to remain with
the information housed within this standard.
I 5x5
BS EN/IEC 62305 states unequivocally that the volume
II 10 x 10
or zone of protection afforded by the air termination
III 15 x 15 system (e.g. air rod) shall be determined only by the
IV 20 x 20 real physical dimension of the air termination system.
Table 9: Maximum values of mesh size corresponding to

This statement is reinforced within the 2011 version of
the Class of LPS BS EN 62305, by being incorporated in the body of the
standard, rather than forming part of an Annex
This method is suitable where plain surfaces require (Annex A of BS EN/IEC 62305-3:2006).
protection if the following conditions are met: Typically if the air rod is 5 m tall then the only claim for
● Air termination conductors must be positioned at the zone of protection afforded by this air rod would
roof edges, on roof overhangs and on the ridges of be based on 5 m and the relevant class of LPS and not
roof with a pitch in excess of 1 in 10 (5.7º) any enhanced dimension claimed by some non-
● No metal installation protrudes above the air conventional air rods.
termination system There is no other standard being contemplated to run
Modern research on lightning inflicted damage has in parallel with this standard BS EN/IEC 62305.
shown that the edges and corners of roofs are most
susceptible to damage. Natural components
So on all structures particularly with flat roofs, When metallic roofs are being considered as a natural
perimeter conductors should be installed as close to air termination arrangement, then BS 6651 gave
the outer edges of the roof as is practicable. guidance on the minimum thickness and type of
material under consideration.
BS EN/IEC 62305-3 gives similar guidance as well as
Concealed
Vertical air additional information if the roof has to be
conductor
termination considered puncture proof from a lightning discharge
(see Table 10).
Thickness(1) Thickness(2)
Class of LPS Material
t (mm) t’ (mm)
Lead - 2.0
Steel (stainless,
4 0.5
galvanized)
Titanium 4 0.5
I to IV
Copper 5 0.5
Down conductor
Aluminium 7 0.65
Figure 19: Concealed air termination network
Zinc - 0.7
As in BS 6651, the current standard permits the use of
(1) Thickness t prevents puncture, hot spot or ignition.
conductors (whether they be fortuitous metalwork or (2) Thickness t’ only for metal sheets if it is not important to prevent
dedicated LP conductors) under the roof. Vertical air puncture, hot spot or ignition problems.
rods (finials) or strike plates should be mounted above Table 10: Minimum thickness of metal sheets or metal pipes in air
the roof and connected to the conductor system termination systems (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 3)
beneath. The air rods should be spaced not more than
276 10 m apart and if strike plates are used as an
alternative, these should be strategically placed over
the roof area not more than 5 m apart.
Down conductors
Down conductors should within the bounds of
practical constraints take the most direct route from
the air termination system to the earth termination
system. The greater the number of down conductors
the better the lightning current is shared between
them. This is enhanced further by equipotential
bonding to the conductive parts of the structure.
Lateral connections sometimes referred to as coronal
bands or ring conductors provided either by fortuitous
metalwork or external conductors at regular intervals
are also encouraged. The down conductor spacing
should correspond with the relevant class of LPS (see
Table 11).
Class of LPS Typical distances (m)
I 10
II 10
III 15
IV 20
Steel reinforcement within
Table 11: Typical values of the distance between down conductors concrete (rebar)
according to the Class of LPS (BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Table 4)
Clamped cable to rebar

There should always be a minimum of two down connection
conductors distributed around the perimeter of the
structure. Down conductors should wherever possible
be installed at each exposed corner of the structure as Stranded copper cable
research has shown these to carry the major part of the (70 mm2 PVC insulated)
lightning current.
Natural components
BS EN/IEC 62305, like BS 6651, encourages the use of Cast in
fortuitous metal parts on or within the structure to be non−ferrous
incorporated into the LPS. bonding
point
Where BS 6651 encouraged an electrical continuity when
using reinforcing bars located in concrete structures, so
too does BS EN/IEC 62305-3. Additionally, it states that
reinforcing bars are welded, clamped with suitable
connection components or overlapped a minimum of 20 Bonding conductor
times the rebar diameter. This is to ensure that those
reinforcing bars likely to carry lightning currents have Figure 20: Typical methods of bonding to steel reinforcement
secure connections from one length to the next. within concrete
When internal reinforcing bars are required to be

connected to external down conductors or earthing can be decided at the early construction stage by using
network either of the arrangements shown in dedicated reinforcing bars or alternatively to run a
Figure 20 is suitable. If the connection from the dedicated copper conductor from the top of the
bonding conductor to the rebar is to be encased in structure to the foundation prior to the pouring of the
concrete then the standard recommends that two concrete. This dedicated copper conductor should be
clamps are used, one connected to one length of rebar bonded to the adjoining/adjacent reinforcing bars
and the other to a different length of rebar. The joints periodically.
should then be encased by a moisture inhibiting If there is doubt as to the route and continuity of the
compound such as Denso tape. reinforcing bars within existing structures then an
If the reinforcing bars (or structural steel frames) are to external down conductor system should be installed.
be used as down conductors then electrical continuity These should ideally be bonded into the reinforcing 277
should be ascertained from the air termination system network of the structures at the top and bottom of
to the earthing system. For new build structures this the structure.
Earth termination system Foundation earth electrodes

The earth termination system is vital for the This is essentially a type B earthing arrangement. It
dispersion of lightning current safely and effectively comprises conductors that are installed in the concrete
into the ground. foundation of the structure. If any additional lengths
In line with BS 6651, the new standard recommends a of electrodes are required they need to meet the same
single integrated earth termination system for a criteria as those for type B arrangement. Foundation
structure, combining lightning protection, power and earth electrodes can be used to augment the steel
telecommunication systems. The agreement of the reinforcing foundation mesh.
operating authority or owner of the relevant systems
should be obtained prior to any bonding taking place.
A good earth connection should possess the following
characteristics:
● Low electrical resistance between the electrode
and the earth. The lower the earth electrode
resistance the more likely the lightning current will
choose to flow down that path in preference to
any other, allowing the current to be conducted
safely to and dissipated in the earth
● Good corrosion resistance. The choice of material
for the earth electrode and its connections is of
vital importance. It will be buried in soil for many
years so has to be totally dependable
The standard advocates a low earthing resistance A sample of Furse high quality earthing components.
requirement and points out that it can be achieved
with an overall earth termination system of 10 ohms
or less.
Separation (isolation) distance of
Three basic earth electrode arrangements are used. the external LPS
● Type A arrangement A separation distance (i.e. the electrical insulation)
● Type B arrangement between the external LPS and the structural metal
● Foundation earth electrodes parts is essentially required. This will minimise any
chance of partial lightning current being introduced
internally in the structure.
Type A arrangement This can be achieved by placing lightning conductors
This consists of horizontal or vertical earth electrodes, sufficiently far away from any conductive parts that
connected to each down conductor fixed on the have routes leading into the structure. So, if the
outside of the structure. This is in essence the earthing lightning discharge strikes the lightning conductor, it
system used in BS 6651, where each down conductor cannot `bridge the gap’ and flash over to the
has an earth electrode (rod) connected to it. adjacent metalwork.
Type B arrangement
This arrangement is essentially a fully connected ring
earth electrode that is sited around the periphery of
the structure and is in contact with the surrounding
soil for a minimum 80% of its total length (i.e. 20%
of its overall length may be housed in say the
basement of the structure and not in direct contact
with the earth).
BS EN/IEC 62305 recommends a single

integrated earth termination system for a
278
structure, combining lightning protection,
power and telecommunication systems.
Internal LPS design considerations

The fundamental role of the internal LPS is to ensure Bonding can also be accomplished by the use of surge
the avoidance of dangerous sparking occurring within protective devices (SPDs) where the direct connection
the structure to be protected. This could be due, with bonding conductors is not suitable.
following a lightning discharge, to lightning current Figure 21 (which is based on BS EN/IEC 62305-3 fig
flowing in the external LPS or indeed other conductive E.43) shows a typical example of an equipotential
parts of the structure and attempting to flash or spark bonding arrangement. The gas, water and central
over to internal metallic installations. heating system are all bonded directly to the
Carrying out appropriate equipotential bonding equipotential bonding bar located inside but close to
measures or ensuring there is a sufficient electrical an outer wall near ground level. The power cable is
insulation distance between the metallic parts can bonded via a suitable SPD, upstream from the electric
avoid dangerous sparking between different meter, to the equipotential bonding bar. This bonding
metallic parts. bar should be located close to the main distribution
board (MDB) and also closely connected to the earth
termination system with short length conductors. In
Lightning equipotential bonding larger or extended structures several bonding bars may
Equipotential bonding is simply the electrical be required but they should all be interconnected with
interconnection of all appropriate metallic each other.
installations/parts, such that in the event of lightning
The screen of any antenna cable along with any
currents flowing, no metallic part is at a different
shielded power supply to electronic appliances being
voltage potential with respect to one another. If the
routed into the structure should also be bonded at the
metallic parts are essentially at the same potential then
equipotential bar.
the risk of sparking or flashover is nullified.
Further guidance relating to equipotential bonding,
This electrical interconnection can be achieved by
meshed interconnection earthing systems and SPD
natural/fortuitous bonding or by using specific
selection can be found in the Furse guidebook.
bonding conductors that are sized according to Tables
8 and 9 of BS EN/IEC 62305-3.
Electricity
SPD Structural lightning Central heating system
meter N
protection system
Consumer unit/
fuseboard
Neutral bar
ON Equipotential
bonding bar
OFF
Live bar
Electronic appliances
Meter
Screen of antenna cable
Power from utility

Meter
Gas
Water
279
Figure 21: Example of main equipotential bonding
BS EN/IEC 62305-4 Electrical and

electronic systems within structures
Electronic systems now pervade almost every aspect of
our lives, from the work environment, through filling
the car with petrol and even shopping at the local
supermarket. As a society, we are now heavily reliant
on the continuous and efficient running of such
systems. The use of computers, electronic process
controls and telecommunications has exploded during
the last two decades. Not only are there more systems
in existence, the physical size of the electronics
involved has reduced considerably (smaller size means
less energy required to damage circuits).
BS EN/IEC 62305 accepts that we now live in the
electronic age, making LEMP (Lightning
Electromagnetic Impulse) protection for electronic and
electrical systems integral to the standard through
part 4. LEMP is the term given to the overall
electromagnetic effects of lightning, including
conducted surges (transient overvoltages and currents)
and radiated electromagnetic field effects.
LEMP damage is so prevalent such that it is identified
as one of the specific types (D3) to be protected
against and that LEMP damage can occur from ALL
strike points to the structure or connected services -
direct or indirect - for further reference to the types of
damage caused by lightning see Table 5 on
page 270. This extended approach also takes into conductor creates a magnetic field in which energy is
account the danger of fire or explosion associated with stored. When the current is interrupted or switched
services connected to the structure, e.g. power, off, the energy in the magnetic field is suddenly
telecoms and other metallic lines. released. In an attempt to dissipate itself it becomes a
high voltage transient.
Lightning is not the only threat… The more stored energy, the larger the resulting
transient. Higher currents and longer lengths of
Transient overvoltages caused by electrical switching conductor both contribute to more energy stored
events are very common and can be a source of and also released!
considerable interference. Current flowing through a
This is why inductive loads such as motors,
transformers and electrical drives are all common
causes of switching transients.
Significance of BS EN/IEC 62305-4

Previously transient overvoltage or surge protection
was included as an advisory annex in the BS 6651
standard, with a separate risk assessment. As a result
protection was often fitted after equipment damage
was suffered, often through obligation to insurance
companies. However, the single risk assessment in
BS EN/IEC 62305 dictates whether structural and/or
LEMP protection is required hence structural lightning
protection cannot now be considered in isolation from
transient overvoltage protection - known as Surge
280 Protective Devices (SPDs) within this new standard. This
in itself is a significant deviation from that of BS 6651.
Motors create switching events
Indeed, as per BS EN/IEC 62305-3, an LPS system can no Within a structure a series of LPZs are created to have,
longer be fitted without lightning current or or identified as already having, successively less
equipotential bonding SPDs to incoming metallic exposure to the effects of lightning.
services that have “live cores” - such as power and Successive zones use a combination of bonding,
telecoms cables - which cannot be directly bonded shielding and coordinated SPDs to achieve a significant
to earth. Such SPDs are required to protect against reduction in LEMP severity, from conducted surge
the risk of loss of human life by preventing currents and transient overvoltages, as well as radiated
dangerous sparking that could present fire or electric magnetic field effects. Designers coordinate these
shock hazards. levels so that the more sensitive equipment is sited in
Lightning current or equipotential bonding SPDs are the more protected zones.
also used on overhead service lines feeding the The LPZs can be split into two categories - 2 external
structure that are at risk from a direct strike. However, zones (LPZ 0A, LPZ 0B) and usually 2 internal zones
the use of these SPDs alone “provides no effective (LPZ 1, 2) although further zones can be introduced for
protection against failure of sensitive electrical or a further reduction of the electromagnetic field and
electronic systems”, to quote BS EN/IEC 62305 part 4, lightning current if required.
which is specifically dedicated to the protection of
electrical and electronic systems within structures.
Lightning current SPDs form one part of a coordinated
External zones
set of SPDs that include overvoltage SPDs - which are LPZ 0A is the area subject to direct lightning strokes
needed in total to effectively protect sensitive and therefore may have to carry up to the full
electrical and electronic systems from both lightning lightning current.
and switching transients. This is typically the roof area of a structure. The full
electromagnetic field occurs here.
Lightning Protection Zones (LPZs) LPZ 0B is the area not subject to direct lightning strokes
Whilst BS 6651 recognised a concept of zoning and is typically the sidewalls of a structure.
in Annex C (Location Categories A, B and C), However the full electromagnetic field still occurs here
BS EN/IEC 62305-4 defines the concept of Lightning and conducted partial lightning currents and switching
Protection Zones (LPZs). Figure 22 illustrates the basic surges can occur here.
LPZ concept defined by protection measures against
LEMP as detailed within part 4.
Internal zones
LPZ 1 is the internal area that is subject to partial
Boundary Antenna lightning currents. The conducted lightning currents
of LPZ 1 LPZ 0
and/or switching surges are reduced compared with
Electrical (LPS)
Mast or the external zones LPZ 0A, LPZ 0B.
power line railing
Boundary This is typically the area where services enter the
of LPZ 2 structure or where the main power switchboard is
(shielded room) B
located.
LPZ 2 is an internal area that is further located inside
LPZ 2 the structure where the remnants of lightning impulse
currents and/or switching surges are reduced compared
with LPZ 1.
Equipment
Critical This is typically a screened room or, for mains power, at
equipment the sub-distribution board area.
Protection levels within a zone must be coordinated
Equipment
B with the immunity characteristics of the equipment to
be protected, i.e., the more sensitive the equipment,
LPZ 1 Telecoms the more protected the zone required.
Water pipe
B line
The existing fabric and layout of a building may make
Gas pipe
readily apparent zones, or LPZ techniques may have to
be applied to create the required zones.
SPD 0/1 - Lightning current protection
SPD 1/2 - Overvoltage protection
B Connected service directly bonded 281
Figure 22: Basic LPZ concept - BS EN/IEC 62305-4
Surge Protection Measures (SPM)

Some areas of a structure, such as a screened room, are Appropriate SPDs
naturally better protected from lightning than others
and it is possible to extend the more protected zones
by careful design of the LPS, earth bonding of metallic should be fitted
services such as water and gas, and cabling techniques.
However it is the correct installation of coordinated
Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) that protect equipment
wherever services
from damage as well as ensuring continuity of its
operation - critical for eliminating downtime. These
measures in total are referred to as Surge Protection
cross from one LPZ
Measures (SPM) (formerly LEMP Protection Measures
System (LPMS)).
When applying bonding, shielding and SPDs, technical
to another
excellence must be balanced with economic necessity.
For new builds, bonding and screening measures can
be integrally designed to form part of the complete Poor coordination could mean that the overvoltage
SPM. However, for an existing structure, retrofitting a SPDs are subject to too much surge energy putting
set of coordinated SPDs is likely to be the easiest and both itself and potentially equipment at risk from
most cost-effective solution. damage.
Furthermore, voltage protection levels or let-through
voltages of installed SPDs must be coordinated with
the insulating withstand voltage of the parts of the
installation and the immunity withstand voltage of
electronic equipment.
Enhanced SPDs
Whilst outright damage to equipment is not desirable,
the need to minimize downtime as a result of loss of
operation or malfunction of equipment can also be
critical. This is particularly important for industries that
serve the public, be they hospitals, financial institutions,
manufacturing plants or commercial businesses, where
the inability to provide their service due to the loss of
operation of equipment would result in significant
Coordinated SPDs health and safety and/or financial consequences.
BS EN/IEC 62305-4 emphasises the use of coordinated
Standard SPDs may only protect against common mode
SPDs for the protection of equipment within their
surges (between live conductors and earth), providing
environment. This simply means a series of SPDs whose
effective protection against outright damage but not
locations and LEMP handling attributes are
against downtime due to system disruption.
coordinated in such a way as to protect the equipment
in their environment by reducing the LEMP effects to a BS EN 62305 therefore considers the use of enhanced
safe level. So there may be a heavy duty lightning SPDs (SPD*) that further reduce the risk of damage and
current SPD at the service entrance to handle the malfunction to critical equipment where continuous
majority of the surge energy (partial lightning current operation is required. Installers will therefore need to
from an LPS and/or overhead lines) with the respective be much more aware of the application and
transient overvoltage controlled to safe levels by installation requirements of SPDs than perhaps they
coordinated plus downstream overvoltage SPDs to may have been previously.
protect terminal equipment including potential Superior or enhanced SPDs provide lower (better)
damage by switching sources, e.g. large inductive let-through voltage protection against surges in both
motors. Appropriate SPDs should be fitted wherever common mode and differential mode (between live
services cross from one LPZ to another. conductors) and therefore also provide additional
Coordinated SPDs have to effectively operate together protection over bonding and shielding measures.
as a cascaded system to protect equipment in their Such enhanced SPDs can even offer up to mains Type
environment. For example the lightning current SPD at 1+2+3 or data/telecom Test Cat D+C+B protection
the service entrance should handle the majority of within one unit. As terminal equipment, e.g.
282 surge energy, sufficiently relieving the downstream computers, tends to be more vulnerable to differential
overvoltage SPDs to control the overvoltage. mode surges, this additional protection can be a vital
consideration.
Furthermore, the capacity to protect against common

and differential mode surges permits equipment to
remain in continued operation during surge activity -
All Furse SPDs offer
offering considerable benefit to commercial, industrial
and public service organisations alike.
All Furse SPDs offer enhanced SPD performance
enhanced SPD
with industry leading low let-through voltages
(voltage protection level, Up), as this is the best choice performance with
to achieve cost-effective, maintenance-free repeated
protection in addition to preventing costly system
downtime. Low let-through voltage protection in all industry leading low
common and differential modes means fewer units are
required to provide protection, which saves on unit
and installation costs, as well as installation time. let-through voltage
Conclusion
Lightning poses a clear threat to a structure but a
growing threat to the systems within the structure due
to the increased use and reliance of electrical and
electronic equipment. The BS EN/IEC 62305 series of
standards clearly acknowledge this. Structural
lightning protection can no longer be in isolation
from transient overvoltage or surge protection of
equipment. The use of enhanced SPDs provides a
practical cost-effective means of protection allowing
continuous operation of critical systems during
LEMP activity.
A Guide to BS EN 62305 Protection Against Lightning

Further to this summary on BS EN/IEC 62305,
we have available a comprehensive guide to the
BS EN 62305 standard for those interested in
learning more about the new developments
governing lightning protection design and
installation. This A4 Guide helps to explain in clear
terms the requirements of BS EN 62305. Following
the 4 sections of the standard (Part 1 - General
principles; Part 2 - Risk management; Part 3 - Physical
damage to structures and life hazard; and Part 4 -
Electrical and electronic systems within structures)
the Guide provides the information necessary to
enable the reader to identify all risks and calculate
the required level of protection in accordance with
BS EN 62305.
To request your free of charge copy - contact us
directly at any of the addresses given on the back
cover or visit www.furse.com.
283
BS EN 50164 standard series
BS EN 50164 series: Lightning

protection components (LPC)
The BS EN 50164 series of standards focuses on Three specimens of the component are tested, with
design and performance of components which conductors and specimens prepared and assembled in
are to be installed in an external LPS. accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, e.g.
to recommended tightening torques.
Designers/users of these systems need to be assured
that the components, conductors, earth electrodes etc Testing can include environmental preconditioning
that will be installed have the requisite durability to (various treatments such as salt mist spray or exposure
survive long term exposure to the environmental to a humid sulphorous atmosphere etc.) followed by
elements whilst retaining the ability to dissipate subjecting components to simulated lightning
lightning current safely and harmlessly to earth. discharges to assess their capacity to cope with
onerous conditions.
The BS EN 50164 series of standards defines the
processes by which these critical lightning protection Environmental preconditioning is designed to rapidly
components are judged fit for purpose. replicate the effect of component ageing under
expected environmental conditions at site, to prove
There are currently seven parts to the series: the component’s ability to conduct lightning over time.
● BS EN 50164-1:2008 Lightning protection Testing therefore ensures components have been
components (LPC) Part 1: Requirement for appropriately constructed for their application, meet
connection components the requirements of the standard and will prove safe in
● BS EN 50164-2:2008 Lightning protection use for a number of years.
components (LPC) Part 2: Requirements for Furse product tests are undertaken by an independent
conductors and earth electrodes RvA Certified test laboratory - The Research
● BS EN 50164-3:2009 Lightning protection Development and Certification Centre, High Voltage
components (LPC) Part 3: Requirements for and High Current Testing Laboratory - to ensure our
isolating spark gaps (ISG) products conform to BS EN 50164.
● BS EN 50164-4:2008 Lightning protection
components (LPC) Part 4: Requirements for
conductor fasteners
earth electrode inspection housings and earth
electrode seals
lightning strike counters
earth enhancing compounds
Note: whilst BS EN 50164 is currently in force, a
comparable IEC standard (IEC 62561) is being published
in 2012, which in time will supercede BS EN 50164.
Independent testing
Whereas the previous standard focused on the use of
specific materials to ensure compliance, BS EN 50164
requires manufacturers to undertake thorough testing
and performance measurement of their components in
order to gain compliance.
284
Environmental ageing chamber for ammonia

atmosphere ageing
Furse lightning protection components, showing results after

environmental preconditioning and lightning discharge testing
Passing the test Furse component performance

Each part of BS EN 50164 defines its own criteria for By choosing lightning protection components
satisfactory performance of components. conforming to the BS EN 50164 series, the designer
All three specimens of a tested component must satisfy ensures he or she is using the best products on the
the conditions set out by BS EN 50164 in order for the market and is in compliance with BS EN 62305.
testing to be deemed successful. Furse structural lightning protection and earthing
Following testing, a full test report with certification components are therefore rigorously tested to this
should be produced by the independent laboratory for standard. Our connection components conform to
all components satisfying the test criteria. BS EN 50164-1, our conductors and earth electrodes
to BS EN 50164-2.
BS EN 50164 requires manufacturers to retain the
test report along with adequate documentation to Through independent testing, Furse products are
support testing and product application, including proven to withstand the constant exposure to the
installation instructions. environment as required by an LPS, thereby ensuring
they will continue to dissipate lightning current safely
and harmlessly to earth over the long term.
All Furse connection components

are designed to conform to the 285
BS EN 50164-1:2008 test procedures

Earthing standards
Installation of a well designed earthing system is Performance requirements for earthing these low
a fundamental requirement for all structures and voltage installations are defined in the IET Wiring
electrical systems (at all voltages). Regulations, BS 7671:2008(+A1:2011).
Effective earthing safeguards people from risk of The earthing arrangement should be sufficiently
electric shock, in that ‘hazardous-live-parts shall not be robust to ensure it lasts the lifetime of the installation,
accessible and accessible conductive parts shall not be and be protected from mechanical damage and
hazardous live’, and ensures a low impedance route to corrosion so that it remains capable of carrying the
earth for currents in the electrical system, under both maximum expected current, under both normal and
normal and fault conditions. fault conditions.
A number of national and international standards have BS 7430 therefore defines selection parameters for the
been published which define earthing system design earthing arrangement, e.g. the size and material for
parameters for structures, electrical equipment and conductors, earth electrodes etc, and makes clear the
systems, including: need for careful consideration of site conditions (soil
composition and resistivity).
● BS 7430:2011 Code of practice for protective
earthing of electrical installations Taking actual measurements at the site is important to
gauge the expected effectiveness of the earthing
● BS 7354:1990 Code of practice for design of high arrangement, and guidance is provided for measuring
voltage open terminal stations resistance calculations for earth plates, earth rods, ring
● IEEE Std 80:2000 IEEE Guide for safety in AC conductor and foundation earth electrodes.
substation grounding Where necessary in high resistivity areas or on rocky
● ENA TS 41-24 Guidelines for the design, ground, treatment of the soil through use of an earth
installation, testing & maintenance of main electrode backfill is recommended to improve earth
earthing systems in substations contact resistance.
The design, specification, inspection and periodic
testing of earthing systems should follow the guidance Substation earthing
and recommendations provided by these standards.
BS 7354, IEEE std. 80 and ENA TS 41-24 reference the
requirements for earthing of substations.
BS 7430:2011 - Protective earthing of The design and specification of an appropriate
electrical installations earthing arrangement for substations is essential to
British Standard BS 7430 provides guidance on provide a low impedance path for earth, fault, and
earthing of general land-based electrical installations lightning currents to earth, and to protect personnel
in and around buildings in the UK, including: on site from potentially fatal step and touch voltages.
● Low voltage installation earthing and These standards provide guidance on (but not
equipotential bonding for general, industrial limited to):
and commercial buildings, locations with ● Maximum permitted step and touch voltages
increased risk, rail systems etc
● Methods for calculating earthing system design
● The interface between low voltage and high
● High voltage earth electrode selection, including
voltage substations
type, material & size
● Earthing of generators and Uninterruptible Power
● Switching and busbar arrangement
Supplies (UPSs) supplying low voltage installations
● Equipotential bonding
BS 7430 defines the elements for creating an
appropriate earthing arrangement for a low voltage ● Insulation co-ordination
installation, including a main earthing terminal, Primary to these standards is limiting earth potential
protective conductors, earthing conductors and rise (EPR) under earth fault conditions so that step and
circuit protective conductors, and the use of earth touch potential limits are not exceeded, and earth
electrodes to dissipate currents to the general mass resistance remains as low as possible.
of earth.
Essentially, use of an earthing grid consisting of
Extending the earthing arrangement through the use horizontal cross-bonded earthing conductors is
of equipotential bonding measures to cover exposed recommended, with additional earth rods where the
and conductive metal parts is further recommended to site includes low resistivity layers beneath the surface.
protect against step and touch voltages, and to remove
These earth rods mitigate seasonal variations in earth
risk of dangerous sparking.
grid resistance at the grid’s burial depth.
Five classes of low voltage electrical installation are
286 Furse power earthing solutions have been specified
defined within the standard - TN-S, TN-C, TN-C-S, TT
for many installations worldwide. For more
and IT.
information, or to discuss a particular requirement,
please contact us.
Lightning protection to NFPA & UL standards
Within certain markets installation of an LPS, Three options are proposed for the design of air
including component selection, is governed termination systems:
by American NFPA and UL standards rather than ● Air termination placement: Air terminals are
their BS EN/IEC equivalent. placed in a grid pattern at intervals of up to 20 or
The appropriate standards for lightning protection in 25 feet (dependent on air terminal height), with a
these markets are: relaxation in the spacing if air terminals are not on
the perimeter of the structure (for roof lengths or
● UL 96 Lightning Protection Components widths exceeding 50 feet). These spacings apply to
● UL 467 Grounding and Bonding Equipment flat or gently sloping roofs only with more
complex roof structures requiring specific design
● NFPA 780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning
to protect all parts
Protection Systems
● Rolling sphere method: Similar in principle to
● UL 96A Installation Requirements for Lightning
BS EN/IEC 62305, though with a single sphere
Protection Systems
radius of 150 feet. At all times the rolling sphere
UL 96 and UL 467 are product standards for lightning should only be in contact with the tips of the air
protection components; NFPA 780 and UL 96A are terminals and not the fabric of the structure
application standards governing satisfactory
● Protective angle method: Based on the ratio of
installation of an LPS.
height/size of a higher building with regard to a
lower one. It does not apply for structures over 50
UL 96 & UL 467 feet in height, where air termination placement or
These standards define the requirements for lightning the rolling sphere should be used
protection components, including their design, Installed air terminals (air rods) should not be less than
material composition, performance and testing to 10” in length or 3⁄8” in diameter, and where above 24”
ensure they are suitable for application in an LPS. in height require bracing at minimum half their height.
UL 96 covers above ground lightning protection There should be at least two down conductors from air
components, including: termination system to the grounding system, which
● Air termination components (air terminals & bases) should be secured to the structure with suitable
connectors at intervals no more than 3 feet apart.
● Conductors
Air termination and down conductor components can
● Connector fittings (conductor clips, clamps, be manufactured from copper, copper alloy or
bimetallic connectors & bonding plates etc) electrical grade aluminium, unless otherwise specified,
Components are divided into 3 Classes, to reflect their on the proviso that:
intended application (Class l, Class ll, Class ll modified). ● Copper components should not be in contact with
UL 467 covers grounding (UK - earthing) and bonding aluminium or external galvanized steel surfaces
equipment used to create a grounding system in line ● Aluminium products should not be in contact with
with the requirements of NFPA 780. Products include: the earth, be set in concrete or masonry, be
● Ground clamps, bushings & fittings installed in wet locations, or be in contact with
coated surfaces using alkaline paint
● Grounding electrodes (rods/plates) & ground mesh
The grounding system for lightning protection should be
Products are determined suitable for use in an LPS
bonded to all other grounding systems at the structure,
following testing and evaluation by UL. Where a
including those for power and communication, as well as
product successfully passes UL evaluation it may carry
underground metallic services (utilities etc).
a UL Mark appropriate to the testing carried out.
The bonding conductor should be the same size as the
main down conductor and main system conductor.
Installation of lightning protection
Grounding electrodes can be rods or plates. Rods
systems to NFPA 780/UL 96A should not be less than 1⁄2” in diameter and 8 feet in
Application standards NFPA 780 and UL 96A cover length, and should be manufactured from
assessment of risk from lightning and installation of copperbonded steel, solid copper or stainless steel.
an appropriate LPS.
Grounding arrangements using ringed conductors or
Structures to be protected are defined as one of two steel rebars are also acceptable.
classes, as follows, which correlates back to the product
For further information or to discuss LPS design in line
grade which should be installed:
with NFPA and UL standards, please contact us.
● Class l: buildings less than 75 feet in height
Note: products shown in this catalogue with the UL
● Class ll: structures greater than 75 feet in height, Mark have been successfully evaluated by UL. 287
and special structures such as heavy duty stacks
and steeples
Overvoltage protection to BS 7671
The latest amendment to the 17th Edition of Selection & installation of SPDs
the Wiring Regulations, BS 7671:2008(+A1:2011), Section 534 provides guidance on the selection and
in force from January 2012, establishes a installation of SPDs to limit transient overvoltages.
requirement for assessing protection against
The selection of an SPD is dependent on its location
transient overvoltages (surges) as an integral
within the installation, the withstand voltage/
part of satisfactory electrical system design. impulse immunity of equipment at this location, and
BS 7671 assesses the need to protect AC power circuits, the expected transient overvoltage energy that the
although cross-references transient overvoltage SPD is required to limit.
protection on other metallic services including data, The largest transient overvoltages are expected
signal and telecommunications lines, as defined by at the service entrance, i.e. at the origin of
BS EN/IEC 62305 Standard for Lightning Protection. the installation.
It covers transient overvoltages of atmospheric origin Additionally transient overvoltages can be anticipated
(lightning) or as a result of electrical switching, at sensitive and critical equipment as a result of
through two sections: electrical switching within the installation.
● Section 443 which defines the criteria for risk SPDs should therefore be installed as appropriate
assessment of transient overvoltages, considering at main distribution board level (after the meter),
factors such as levels of consequential loss and the sub-distribution board level to protect sensitive
withstand voltage/impulse immunity of installed equipment, and locally to protect critical equipment.
electronic systems
Where multiple SPDs are installed on the same
● Section 534 which outlines the parameters for conductor, these should coordinate with each other to
selection and installation of SPDs as appropriate, ensure protection levels are not compromised within
to ensure satisfactory protection of electronic the system.
systems and electrical equipment
The most important characteristic for an SPD is its
voltage protection level (UP) and not its energy
Risk assessment withstand (e.g. Iimp). SPDs with lower voltage
Section 443 establishes that protection against protection levels (or let-through voltage) offer much
transient overvoltages should be expected where: better protection to sensitive and critical electronic
systems, including:
● An installation includes bare overhead metallic
service lines which are at risk from lightning and ● Minimal equipment stress (i.e. keeping circuit
degradation to a minimum)
● The level of transient overvoltage anticipated
would exceed the withstand voltage of sensitive ● Reduced risk from additive inductive voltages on
electrical equipment/impulse immunity of critical the SPD’s connecting leads
electrical equipment, or ● Reduced risk from downstream voltage oscillations
● The risk of potential consequential loss (to life, BS 7671 follows BS EN/IEC 62305 by classifying SPDs
property or provision of service) would be by Type. Equipotential bonding SPDs (Type 1) must be
unacceptable installed at the service entrance where a structural LPS
Whilst direct lightning strokes are not considered, is installed or there is an overhead metallic service line
reference is made to BS EN 62305 which would require at risk from a direct lightning stroke.
installation of equipotential bonding SPDs where a Type 1 SPDs however do not provide protection to
structural LPS is installed, or there is a risk of a direct electronic systems. Transient overvoltage SPDs (Type 2
lightning stroke to a service line. or Type 3) are required downstream to protect
Factors contributing to risk include external influences sensitive and critical equipment.
(thunderstorm days per year) and consequential levels These SPDs protect against the transient overvoltages
of protection. caused by indirect lightning (inductive or resistive
Irrespective of external influences, where higher coupling) and the electrical switching of large
reliability or higher risks are anticipated, protection inductive loads.
measures should be installed. They should offer full mode protection to protect
Considering the consequential levels of protection sensitive and critical electronic systems, since transients
defined by BS 7671, protection is required wherever can occur between all modes.
there is a risk to human life, to public services and to Specific performance parameters for SPDs are defined
commercial or industrial activity. in BS 7671, which are covered by Furse SPDs in this
catalogue when installation follows the selection chart
288 provided on page 181.
For more information on surge protection to BS 7671,
please contact us.
Furse SPDs meet the performance parameters Measurements are taken at the connectors/terminals.
defined in two national & European standards: Three samples of an SPD are tested and all must pass
before approval is granted.
● BS EN 61643-11 Surge protective devices
connected to low-voltage power systems - SPDs which have been tested to BS EN 61643 should be
requirements and tests suitably labelled and marked, to include the relevant
performance data for their application.
● BS EN 61643-21 Surge protective devices connected
to telecommunications and signalling networks -
performance requirements and testing methods Technical Specifications
These parts of the BS EN 61643 standard apply for all Within BS EN 61643 there are two Technical
SPDs providing protection against lightning (direct and Specifications which provide recommendations
indirect) and transient overvoltages. on the selection and installation of SPDs.
BS EN 61643-11 covers AC mains protection, for These are:
50/60 Hz AC power circuits and equipment rated up ● DD CLC/TS 61643-12 Surge protective devices
to 1000 VRMS AC and 1500 V DC. connected to low-voltage power systems -
BS EN 61643-21 covers telecommunications and selection and application principles
signalling networks with nominal system voltages up ● DD CLC/TS 61643-22 Surge protective devices
to 1000 VRMS AC and 1500 V DC. connected to telecommunications and signalling
Within these parts to the standard is defined: networks - selection and application principles
● The electrical requirements for SPDs, including These Technical Specifications should be used with
voltage protection and current limiting levels, BS EN 61643-11 and BS EN 61643-21 respectively.
status indication and minimum test performance Each Technical Specification provides information and
● The mechanical requirements for SPDs, to ensure guidance on:
an appropriate quality of connection, and ● Risk assessment and evaluating the need for SPDs
mechanical stability when mounted in low-voltage systems, with reference to IEC 62305
● The safety performance of the SPD, including its Lightning protection standard and IEC 60364
mechanical strength and its ability to withstand Electrical installations for buildings
heat, overstress and insulation resistance ● Important characteristics of an SPD (e.g. voltage
The standard establishes the importance of testing protection level) in conjunction with the
SPDs to determine their electrical, mechanical and protection needs of equipment (i.e. its impulse
safety performance. withstand or impulse immunity)
Electrical tests include impulse durability, current ● Selection of SPDs considering the entire
limiting, and transmission tests. installation environment, including their
Mechanical and safety tests establish levels of classification, function & performance
protection against direct contact, water, impact, the ● Coordination of SPDs throughout the installation
SPD installed environment etc. (for power and data lines) and between SPDs and
For voltage and current limiting performance, an SPD RCDs or overcurrent protective devices
is tested according to its Type (or Class to IEC1), which Through following the guidance in these documents,
defines the level of lightning current or transient appropriate specification of SPDs to meet the
overvoltage it is expected to limit/divert away from installation requirement can be achieved.
sensitive equipment.
Tests include Class I impulse current, Class I & II nominal
discharge current, Class I & II voltage impulse and Class
III combination wave tests for SPDs installed on power
lines, and Class D (high energy), C (fast rate of rise),
and B (slow rate of rise) for those on data, signal and
telecoms lines.
SPDs are tested with the connections or terminations
following manufacturer’s instructions, as per the
expected SPD installation.
289
1
Type 1, 2, or 3 SPDs to BS EN/EN 61643-11 are comparable to Class I, Class II and Class III SPDs to IEC 61643-11 respectively.
Lightning protection of hazardous areas
Lightning protection of IECEx

hazardous areas to ATEX/IECEx
Many industries, such as petrochemical, oil & gas Expectation of potentially explosive Zone Reference
and pharmaceutical, face the ongoing challenge atmosphere/hazard arising Gas Dust
of protecting people and property from the risk Hazard is continuously present, for long periods or Zone 0 Zone 20
presented by potentially explosive atmospheres. frequently (> 1000 hours per year)
These atmospheres create hazardous areas, where Hazard is likely to arise occasionally during normal Zone 1 Zone 21
flammable gases, powders, or dusts have the potential operation (10-1000 hours per year)
to mix with air at a ratio which would result in an Hazard is not likely to arise during normal operation, Zone 2 Zone 22
explosion if ignited by a spark or other source of or is of short duration only (< 10 hours per year)
ignition (static charge, chemical reaction etc). No hazard is present SAFE AREA
Clearly, lightning presents a significant threat to Table 12: Zonal classification of hazardous areas
potentially explosive atmospheres, both through a
direct strike and the risk of partial lightning currents
entering the hazardous area via incoming/outgoing
metallic services. It applies both to equipment and systems used in
potentially explosive atmospheres, and those sited
The employer or plant operator has responsibility for outside these atmospheres which contribute to the
ensuring safety against potentially explosive level of safety in the hazardous area.
atmospheres, and should therefore reference the
relevant standards and directives - BS EN/IEC 62305 for Equipment is categorised in line with the protection
lightning protection and ATEX (IECEx outside the EU) level offered against the risk of producing a spark or
for protecting potentially explosive atmospheres - source of ignition in a potentially explosive
when establishing the requirement for lightning atmosphere. Categories include:
protection on site. ● Applicable zone and equipment group for
gases/vapours (II) or dusts (III)
ATEX directives ● Protection level, per zone, according to risk from
gases/vapours (Ga; Gb; Gc) or dusts (Da; Db; Dc)
Two ATEX directives have been published with the aim
to protect employees, the public and the environment ● Form of protection (flameproof enclosure - Exd;
from accidents owing to explosive atmospheres. Increased Safety - Exe; Intrinsically Safe - Exi etc)
They require employers to eliminate or control risks ● Level of protection to gas/vapour group or dust
from hazardous areas, to classify areas where explosive group (IIA; IIB; IIC)
atmospheres may occur, and to ensure products ● Restrictions in product usage (equipment without
suitable for use in those areas are applied. restriction; equipment with special condition - X;
From July 2006, all existing and new sites where component - U)
hazardous areas are present must be ATEX compliant. ● Temperature Class (T1-T6, spanning temperatures
from 450 ºC down to 85 ºC)
ATEX 137, Directive 1999/92/EC
Products classified as intrinsically safe (IS) are further
This directive covers health & safety of employees at
categorised according to their applicable zone (see
risk from explosive atmospheres.
Table 13 below).
It requires employers to take necessary steps to prevent
Products are tested to ensure compliance with the
formation of explosive atmospheres, to avoid ignition
requirements of ATEX, with approved products marked
in explosive atmospheres where they cannot be fully
accordingly based on the classification system, and
prevented, and to limit the effects of a explosion
including their ATEX certification number.
should such an event occur.
It further classifies the places where explosive
atmospheres may occur into a number of zones
Symbol Suitable for Category Standard
(see Table 12).
Ex ia Zones 0, 1, 2, 20, 21 & 22 1 EN 50020
ATEX Article 100A, Directive 94/9/EC Ex ib Zones 1, 2, 21 & 22 2 EN 50039
290 This directive covers equipment and protective systems
Table 13: Intrinsically Safe product classification
for potentially explosive atmospheres and the health &
safety requirements to which they must conform.
Lightning protection of hazardous areas
Lightning protection of hazardous Following the zonal approach in BS EN/IEC 62305,

services passing from LPZ 0 to LPZ 1 should be
areas in line with ATEX/IECEx protected against partial lightning currents using a
With hazardous areas at risk from the consequences lightning current/equipotential bonding SPD (tested to
of direct and indirect lightning, a comprehensive 10/350 µs waveform), as well as transient overvoltages
approach to lightning protection in line with (SPD tested to 8/20 µs waveform).
BS EN/IEC 62305 should be considered.
Electronic systems protection
This should cover structural lightning protection,
earthing & equipotential bonding, and transient Electrical and electronic equipment/systems need to be
overvoltage protection. protected against transient overvoltages, since damage
to components could lead to risk of sparks or fire.
The zonal approach to lightning protection, as
established in BS EN/IEC 62305 (see page 272, Equipment/systems sited in a safe area which do not
Lightning Protection Zones), is applicable for designing contribute to safety in a potentially explosive
an LPS suitable for hazardous areas, considering the atmosphere can be protected against transient
following points. overvoltages using appropriate standard SPDs, as
defined by BS EN/IEC 62305.
Structural lightning protection
However, equipment/systems sited in potentially
For locations with potentially explosive atmospheres, explosive atmospheres (Zone 1, 2) or contributing to
as defined by BS EN/IEC 62305:2011 the appropriate safety within these atmospheres require an SPD
Class of LPS required shall be dictated by the risk suitably tested and approved by ATEX.
assessment process in BS EN/IEC 62305-2.
All SPDs installed on site should form a coordinated
An isolated LPS is required since the structure includes set to ensure protection levels are maintained and
combustible materials and/or presents a risk of effective throughout.
explosion, with minimum separation distances adhered
to between the LPS and structural metallic parts to Protection of intrinsically safe (IS) circuits
remove any risk of sparking. Intrinsic Safety (IS) is a concept for protecting
Additionally, catenary conductors raised high above hazardous areas from dangerous sparking, whereby
the structure should be considered, where these are to sparks from electrical equipment and circuitry are
protect locations where combustibles are present, such prevented through the use of IS barriers.
as gas/oil storage tanks. These barriers limit the available electrical energy that
could cause an explosion to below ignition threshold.
Earthing & equipotential bonding
IS Barriers however are not surge protectors but are
The earth termination system should meet the
field instruments which are themselves at risk from
requirements set out in BS EN/IEC 62305-3 - a single,
transient overvoltages. IS circuits therefore need to be
integrated earth termination system combining
protected from transient overvoltages by a suitable
lightning protection, power and telecommunications
(ATEX approved) SPD.
systems. It should provide low electrical resistance (less
than 10 Ohms) and be appropriately bonded to ensure Protection should be applied at the boundary between
no metallic part is at a different potential with respect the hazardous and non-hazardous area (see Figure 23),
to another. with an isolated screen SPD installed within the
hazardous area (Zone 1, 2).
Where incoming or outgoing services cannot be
bonded directly to earth, these should be protected by For more information on protecting hazardous area
a suitable SPD. installations from lightning, please contact us.
Figure 23: The installed SPD

Non-Hazardous Area Hazardous Area Zones 1, 2 (here the ESP SL30X Series)
provides protection for the
Control cabinet instrumentation as well as
ESP SL30X ESP SL30X/I
Open end cable screen providing protection for
Instrumentation
Barrier
the IS Barrier.
IS
The isolated screen version

(ESP SL30X/I) should be
ZONE 0
used in Zone 1, 2.
Instrument Isolated
Earth coupling
Instrument IP54 ZONE 2

Earth enclosure
291
System Field ZONE 1
Earth earth
UK OFFICE MIDDLE EAST SALES OFFICE
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doesn’t give any warranty of any kind, express or implied, in this respect and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may result
from any use or as a consequence of any inaccuracies in or any omissions from the information which it may contain. E&OE.
Copyright Thomas & Betts 2012. Copyright in these pages is owned by Thomas & Betts except where otherwise indicated. No part of this
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Technical reference

Structure of BS EN/IEC 62305 Part 3: Physical damage to structures and

BS 6651 standard (withdrawn August 2008) BS EN/IEC 62305 standard

BS EN/IEC 62305-1 General principles

Damage and loss Point of strike Source of Type of Type of

S4 Flashes near to a service Service S3 D1 L1, L4**

Electromagnetic Impulse (LEMP)

Lightning Protection Levels (LPL) LPL I II III IV

published technical papers. Each level has a fixed Minimum 3 5 10 16

Injury to people by step Injury to people due to touch

Air termination network

Earth termination network

Figure 13: The LPZ concept

BS EN/IEC 62305-2 Risk management

BS EN/IEC 62305-3 Physical damage

The rolling sphere method Tip of air termination Height of an air

Varying the protection angle is a change to the simple

IV 60 Note 1 Not applicable beyond the values marked with

The mesh method Non-conventional air

Table 9: Maximum values of mesh size corresponding to

Class of LPS Typical distances (m)

Clamped cable to rebar

When internal reinforcing bars are required to be

Earth termination system Foundation earth electrodes

BS EN/IEC 62305 recommends a single

Internal LPS design considerations

Power from utility

BS EN/IEC 62305-4 Electrical and

Significance of BS EN/IEC 62305-4

SPD 1/2 - Overvoltage protection

B Connected service directly bonded 281

Figure 22: Basic LPZ concept - BS EN/IEC 62305-4

Surge Protection Measures (SPM)

Furthermore, the capacity to protect against common

A Guide to BS EN 62305 Protection Against Lightning

BS EN 50164 series: Lightning

Environmental ageing chamber for ammonia

Furse lightning protection components, showing results after

Passing the test Furse component performance

All Furse connection components

BS EN 50164-1:2008 test procedures

Lightning protection of IECEx

Lightning protection of hazardous Following the zonal approach in BS EN/IEC 62305,

Figure 23: The installed SPD

The isolated screen version

Instrument IP54 ZONE 2

Thomas & Betts Limited Thomas & Betts Ltd. Br.

Sales tel +44 (0)115 964 3800

Thomas & Betts Singapore 569059

B-1640 Rhode-St-Genèse Fax +65 6720 8780

Tel +32 (0)2 359 8200

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