DISCIPLINE REVIEWER BY CRISTINE DE GUZMAN

SOCI S14: DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES ARISTOTLE laid the foundations of scientific method:
EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES truths of nature can be discovered = careful observation of
ARISTOTLE (Greek Philosopher) empirical facts and application
Man is a social animal
THE RISE OF MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTICISM
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE ● All philosophical and rational inquiry in Europe had a
SOCIAL SCIENCES - academic disciplines that study of the social theological element to it.
life of human groups and individuals SCHOLASTICISM- The marriage of reason and religion = method
Function: of learning.
To analyze, explain and possibly predict human behavior SCIENCE, SECULARISM AND SOCIETY
Purpose/Goal: HUMANISM – a philosophical movement which placed the human
Generation of new knowledge being’s capacity for reason and rationality as its center
Methodology: AGE OF REASON – characterized by the academe moving further
Application of an empirical, rational and objective methodology away from theology and faith-based approaches
RATIONALISM – human being’s sense experiences are flawed and
HUMANITIES - how human beings process and document human needs a deductive reasoning
experience. EMPIRICISM – the only way to make deductions about reality is
Funtion: through observation
To better appreciate the meaning and purpose of the human THE LATE MODERN PERIOD AND DISCIPLINISATION
experience SOCIOLOGY
purpose/goal: AUGUST COMTE described this as a science which would
Generation of wisdom, to better explore and address the “big encompass all other social science
questions” and meet the challenges in the human conditions Asserted that it would examine socio-political system and
Methodology: social dynamics in a scientific manner to guide society
Application of an interpretive methodology to render something towards bettering itself
meaningful for others
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
NATURAL SCIENCES - studying the natural events using scientific Generates knowledge about the universe, all other life forms.
methods.
Function: EARLIER TIMES – alchemist concerned themselves with the
To understand, explain, and predict the world we live using the discovery and creation of an elixir of life
scientific methods and distinctive methods of inquiry HYPOTHESIS – shrewd guess of inference that is formulated and
Purspose/Goal: provisionally adopted to explain observed facts or conditions
Discovery of laws that rule the world THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Methodology: TOPIC - Researcher selects a particular matter depending on his or
Application of natural science methods her interest
PROBLEM - Researcher defines the nature of the problem where a
theory can be developed
SOCIETY HYPOTHESIS - Researcher formulates a general statement of the
SOCIAL problem that could give him or her an idea on what data to gather or
Closely related to human society as it refers to interaction of omit
individuals and groups as well as to the welfare of humans as METHODS OF INQUIRY/ DATA GATHERING - The stage of
members of the society. empirical research involving the use of senses and/ or precision
SCIENCE instruments
Knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned ANALYSIS - The stage of classifying and organizing data
through experiments and observation CONCLUSION - Researcher formulates a scientific theory after a
thorough analysis of data
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
● Systematized human knowledge is rooted in our curiosity to Social Sciences (SOFT SCIENCE) - study human relations in a
learn about the world around us. society
● Ancient Greeks and Romans were the first to expound on Natural Sciences (HARD SCIENCE)– understand nature’s
the concepts of the individual, morality and the state. phenomena by relying greatly on measurable data obtained
*through scientific methods sis hehe*
DISCIPLINE REVIEWER BY CRISTINE DE GUZMAN
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Demography is applicable.
○ helpful in shaping policy outcomes; can impact the public
 help researchers solve the complexities of human behavior. interest.
 attempts to discover and explain the behavior and attitudes
of people. SUB-DISCIPLINES OF DEMOGRAPHY
 Combining the knowledge obtained from the domain of the FORMAL DEMOGRAPHY
natural sciences and the social sciences. = social • It deals with fertility, marriage/union formation and
problems solved dissolution, mortality and migration, using specific
demographic methods and measures
THE BACKDROP OF HUMAN CONDITION SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY
• This uses demographic data in explaining and predicting
GEOGRAPHY social phenomena.
Greek words: GEO (earth) •
GRAPHOS (description) HISTORY
(1) Studying the physical aspects of the earth HISTORY AND ITS SUBDISCIPLINES:
( 2 ) Explaining how the earth affects mobility, outcomes, and 1. Art History
interactions of individuals and societies across religions 2. Psychohistory
3. Diplomatic History
ERASTOSTHENES (Greek scholar) - description of the earth as the 4. Economic History
abode of human beings. 5. Intellectual History
GEOGRAPHERS analyze all phenomenon on the surface of the 6. Military History
earth; study of a real differentiations 7. Political History
SUB-DISCIPLINES OF GEOGRAPHY 8. History of Science
(SYSTEMATIC APPROACH) 9. Social and Cultural History
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 10. Women’s History
○ Primarily the study of the physical features of the Earth, 11. World History
which comprise the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere
and biosphere UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND SOCIETY
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY ANTHROPOLOGY
○ This views human beings as a fundamental part of the Culture is the focus of the science of anthropology.
Earth’s surface, and focuses on their interactions with the
environment Greek words:
BIOGEOGRAPHY anthropos (human)
○ It emerged as a result of the interface between physical logos (discourse/science)
geography and human geography. ○ The scientific study of humankind – its origin, patterns of
interaction, as well as physical and socio-cultural
(REGIONAL APPROACH) development.
1. Regional or Area studies ○ Anthropologist examine who we are as a species or what
2. Regional Planning makes us human.
3. Regional Development SUBDISCIPLINES
4. Regional Analysis BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
○ It relates directly to biological sciences as it seeks to know
DEMOGRAPHY the origins of human beings as a species and the evolution
○ Hauser and Duncan- demography is the study of the size, of their bodies in their present form
territorial distribution and components of population, the ARCHAEOLOGY
changes therein, and the components of such changes. ○ The study of human activity through recovery and analysis
○ This is simply the science of population of physical remains such as fossils; ruins to contribute to
Demography is mostly quantitative. existing knowledge on human prehistory and evolution.
○ quantitative study of human population ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS
○ like birth, death and migration are measured and subjected ○ concerning the formation and evolution of language.
to empirical study. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Demography is interdisciplinary ○ study of past and present cultures.
○ The study of population transcends disciplines. ○ study of cultural diversity
DISCIPLINE REVIEWER BY CRISTINE DE GUZMAN
SOCIOLOGY SUBDISCIPLINES
○ Society is defined as a group of people who exist in • RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGY- it deals with the
accordance with certain social structures. interpretation and investigation of psychological
MAX WEBER – this is the science which attempts the interpretive phenomena
understanding of social actions. • APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY- this is the application of
Sociological imagination (WRIGHT MILL) - ability to understand psychological research in applied settings to help
social world by drawing relationships between social forces and individuals overcome practical problems
actions of individuals.
LINGUISTICS
SOCIOLOGIST FORMULATE THEORIES ON SOCIAL Lingual – language is associated with the interpretation and
PHENOMENA TO EXPLAIN HOW SOCIETY WORKS. understanding of sign.
1. Applied Sociology • theoretical study of the lingual aspect of language.
2. Cultural Sociology • aims to investigate the knowledge of language, the
3. Demographic Sociology acquisition of knowledge and language processing.
4. Economic Sociology
5. Environmental Sociology (Methods Employed)
6. Historical Sociology Physical aspects: phonetics, measure and identify voices
7. Industrial Sociology and sounds
8. Political Sociology Biological aspects: speech organs, brain
9. Rural Sociology Psychological aspects: processes, models of production,
10. Social Sociology memory, planning and comprehension
11. Sociological Development Social aspects: conventions, means of communication
12. Sociology of Knowledge and how they arise, how they are preserved or modified.
13. Sociology of Religion
14. Sociological Theory SUBDISCIPLINES
15. Urban Sociology ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE
1. Diachronic Language
THE INNER WORKINGS OF THE MIND 2. Dialectology
3. Synchronic Linguistics
PSYCHOLOGY 4. Grammatical Theory
• This is the scientific study of human behavior and mental 5. Pragmatic Theory
processes. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
As a SCIENCE, it is empirical – it employs methods to obtain 1. Syntax
objective knowledge through observation 2. Morphology
3. Phonetics
As a BEHAVIOR - it includes all human actions that are directly 4. Phonology
observable 5. Pragmatics
6. Semantics
As a MENTAL PROCESS - it comprise the internal activity of the
GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS
mind.
1. Cognitive Linguistics
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE 2. Generative Linguistics
Description - What is happening? 3. Traditional Grammar
Explanation - Why is it happening? 4. Structuralism
Prediction - Will it happen again? INTERDISCIPLINARY
Control - How can it be changed? 1. Anthropological Linguistics
2. Applied Linguistics
(Research Method) 3. Computational Linguistics
1. Laboratory Experiment 4. Philosophical Linguistics
2. Field Experiment 5. Psycholinguistics
3. Case Study 6. Sociolinguistics
4. Observations 7. stylistics
5. Pilot Study
DISCIPLINE REVIEWER BY CRISTINE DE GUZMAN
UNDERSTANDING INTERACTIONS
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Greek word: polis (city-state)
- The study of government or exercise of authority
ARISTOTLE – politics is the master science
- Politics is an arena by a struggle over scarce resources
and power serves as a weapon that one can wield to
emerge victorious.
Politics – this is the main subject matter of political science; for
HEYWOOD (2007) this is the activity in which people preserve, and
amend the general rule under they live while Easton stress the
importance of the change in politics
POWER - Influence or control
STATE - Occupants of a definite territory
SOVEREIGNTY - Power and authority of a state
LEGITIMACY - View sovereignty as appropriate, proper and
acceptable
NATION - Group of people with unity
GOVERNMENT - Formal and institutional process that operate the
nation
(METHODS)
Econometrics – focuses on the quantitative analysis of economic
data through statistical methods and tools.
- deals with the development and evaluation of tools and
methods
Applied Economics - concerned with the development of
quantitative models and the application of econometric methods
SUBDISCIPLINES
MACROECONOMICS
• entire economic systems
• includes gross domestic product, inflation, government
interest rates, unemployment and international trade
MICROECONOMICS
• Observes the workings of the market on an individual or
group level
• looks the transactions between individuals and firms and
how money flows between these economic actors

(METHODS)
• Political Analysis – an important skills that is conducted
by applying political theories and models in analyzing an
issue or phenomenon.

SUB-DISCIPLINES
1. Comparative Politics
2. International Relations
3. Political Communication
4. Political Economy
5. Political Psychology
6. Political Research Methods
7. Political Theory
8. Public Policy

ECONOMICS
• McConnell (1996) economics is concerned the different
utilization or management of limited resources
• attaining the maximum satisfaction of human material
wants
• organization of economic activities in a society.
KEY CONCEPTS:
allocation, consumption, demand, distribution, economy, economic
development, economic growth, goods, market, production, services
and supply.