Thermo chemistry

The study of changes in heat

energy during chemical
reaction

Exothermic Endothermic
Reaction Reaction
 Exothermic Reaction
A chemical reaction that
gives out or release of
heat energy to the surroundings
 Endothermic Reaction
Chemical reaction that absorbs heat
energy from the surroundings
 Physical Processes

Freezing Melting
Boiling
Condensation
Sublimation

Exothermic Endothermic
Dissolving ammonium salts,
Dissolving an alkali or
potassium salts or
concentrated acid in water
thiosulphate salts in water
Dissolving anhydrous salts
such as anhydrous copper(II) Heating of hydrated salt
sulphate in water
 Chemical Reactions
Exothermic Endothermic
1. Combustion of fuel
2. Burning of metal
3. Neutralisation
1. Thermal decomposition of
4. Respiration
nitrate salts
5. Rusting of iron
2. Thermal decomposition of
6. Reaction of reactive metal
carbonate salts
with acid
3. Reaction of acid with
7. Reaction of carbonate with
hydrogen carbonates
acid
4. Photosynthesis
8. Reaction of alkaline metal
with water
9. Haber process
Energy Change During Formation
And Breaking Of Bonds

Chemical Reaction :

bond breaking and bond formation

(absorb energy) (release energy)
If heat absorb to break the bonds higher
than heat released during formation of
bonds - endothermic

If heat absorb to break the bonds is lower

than heat released during formation of
bonds - exothermic
 ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
Every chemical substances
have certain amount of chemical energy
and different for different substances.
Symbol is H
The amount of heat energy released or absorbed
during chemical reaction  heat of reaction.
Symbol is ΔH, unit KJ mol-1

ΔH = Total Energy Content Product – Total Energy Content Reactant

= Hproducts - Hreactants
 The Energy Level Diagram For

Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

Energy Energy
Products
Reactants

ΔH = - xKJmol-1 ΔH = +yKJmol-1

Products Reactants
 APPLICATION
COLD PACK
A plastic bag containing separate compartment (thin
film) of water + solid ammonium nitrate placed in a
plastic bag
Squeezed it, the compartment broken and solid
ammonium nitrate dissolved in water
Endothermic, provide instant coldness

Other substance :
Ammonium chloride
Potassium nitrate
Sodium thiosulphate
 HOT PACK
A plastic bag containing separate
compartment (thin film) of water + anhydrous
calcium chloride placed in a plastic bag
Squeezed it, the compartment broken and
anhydrous calcium chloride dissolved in water
Exothermic, release heat

Other substance :
Anhydrous magnesium sulphate
Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate
Calcium oxide
4 type of heat of reactions :
Heat of Precipitation
Heat of Neutralization
Heat of Displacement
Heat of Combustion
 HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
DEFINATION :
Heat of precipitation is the energy change when 1
mole of precipitate is formed from its ions.
To calculate Heat of Precipitation
Step 1 : find energy change , Q
Q = mc
m = m1 + m2
c = 4.2
 = temp change

Step 2 : find mol, n both solution

-- - -
- - - - n = MV/1000
m1 -- - -
Step 3 : find H
m2
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1
 HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT
DEFINATION :
Heat of displacement is the energy change 1 mole of
metal is displaced from its salt solution by more
electropositive metal
To calculate Heat of Displacement
Excess metal
Step 1 : find energy change , Q
Q = mc
m=m
c = 4.2
 = temp change

Step 2 : find mol, n solution

-- - - n = MV/1000
- - - -
-- - - Step 3 : find H
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1
m
 HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
DEFINATION :
Heat of neutralization is the energy change when 1
mole of water is formed from the neutralization
between 1 mole of H+ ion from an acid and 1 mole of
OH- ion from an alkali

To calculate Heat of Neutralization

Step 1 : find energy change , Q
Q = mc
m = m1 + m2
c = 4.2
 = temp change
acid
m1 Step 2 : find mol, n both solution
n = mv/1000
Alkali
m2
Step 3 : find H
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1
 HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
ACID ALKALI
(kJ mol-1)

HCl NaOH 57.3

CH3COOH NaOH 55.0

The heat given out when strong acid reacts with strong alkali is
higher than the heat given out when a weak acid reacts with
strong alkali
Acid that ionises fully in water to
produced
 HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
ACID ALKALI
(kJ mol-1)

H2SO4 NaOH 57.3

HCl NH3 51.5

CH3COOH NaOH 55.0

CH3COOH NH3 42.5

The heat given out when weak acid reacts with weak alkali is the
least. Because more energy is absorbed to ionises both weak
acid and weak alkali completely to produce H+ ion and OH- which
react together to form 1 mole of water
 HEAT OF COMBUSTION
DEFINATION :
Heat of combustion is the heat given off when 1 mole
of alcohol is burnt completely in an excess of O2 gas.

To calculate Heat of Combustion

Step 1 : find energy change , Q
Q = mc
m = VOLUME OF WATER USED
c = 4.2
 = temp change

Step 2 : find mol, n

(FOR FUEL/ ALCOHOL)

n = Mass Of Alcohol Used

Molar mass of Alcohol
Step 3 : find H
H = Q/ n KJ mol-1