Principal Stresses and Principal Directions

Ejemplo 01

The state of stress at a point in a body is given by 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −10, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 30, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 15, and
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 0; see Fig. E2.1a. Determine the principal stresses and orientation of
the principal axes at the point.
De la información tenemos:

Fig. E2.1a.

Solución:
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −10
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 30
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 15

Tensor
−10 15 0
𝜎 = ( 15 30 0)
0 0 0

𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧

𝐼1 = −10 + 30 + 0
𝐼1 = 20
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧
𝐼2 = |𝜎 | + | | + | 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧 |
𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧
−10 15 −10 0 30 0
𝐼2 = | |+| |+| |
15 30 0 0 0 0
𝐼2 = −300 + 0 + 0 − 225
𝐼2 = −525
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧
𝜎
𝐼3 = | 𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 |
𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧
−10 15 0
𝐼3 = ( 15 30 0)
0 0 0
𝐼3 = 0

Haciendo uso de la ecuación 13 obtenemos los esfuerzos principales

 𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0
𝜎 3 − 20𝜎 2 − 525𝜎 − 0 = 0
𝜎(𝜎 2 − 20𝜎 − 525) = 0
𝜎(𝜎 + 15)(𝜎 − 35) = 0
𝜎=0
𝜎 = −15
𝜎 = 35

𝜎1 = 35
𝜎2 = 0
𝜎3 = −15

Para determinar las direcciones principales, basta con reemplazar los valores obtenidos
de esfuerzo principal 𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎3 en la ecuación 12, respectivamente. Así mismo la
condición de cosenos 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1.

Para 𝜎1 = 35
−10 − 35 15 0 𝑙1
( 15 30 − 35 0 ) (𝑚1 ) = 0
0 0 0 − 35 𝑛1
−45 15 0 𝑙1
( 15 −5 0 ) (𝑚1 ) = 0
0 0 −35 𝑛1
−45𝑙1 + 15𝑚1 = 0
15𝑙1 − 5𝑚1 = 0
−35𝑛1 = 0

𝑛1 = 0
𝑚1
𝑙1 =
3
𝑚1 = 3𝑙1

𝑙12 + 𝑚12 + 𝑛12 = 1

𝑙12 + (3𝑙1 )2 = 1
𝑙12 + 9𝑙12 = 1
10𝑙12 = 1
1
𝑙12 =
10
1
𝑙1 = √
10
𝑙1 = ±0.32

𝑚1 = 3𝑙1
𝑚1 = 3(0.32)
𝑚1 = 0.95

𝑙1 0.32
(𝑚1 ) = (0.95)
𝑛1 0
Para 𝜎2 = 0
−10 − 0 15 0 𝑙1
( 15 30 − 0 0 ) (𝑚1 ) = 0
0 0 0−0 𝑛1
−10 15 0 𝑙 2
( 15 30 0) (𝑚2 ) = 0
0 0 0 𝑛2
−10𝑙2 + 15𝑚2 = 0
15𝑙2 + 30𝑚2 = 0
0𝑙2 + 0𝑚2 + 0𝑛2 = 0

𝑛2 =?
𝑙2 = −2𝑚2
𝑙2 = 1.5𝑚2

𝑙22 + 𝑚22 + 𝑛22 = 1

0 + 0 + 𝑛22 = 1
𝑛22 = √1
𝑛22 = ±1

𝑙2 0
(𝑚 2 ) = ( 0 )
𝑛2 ±1

Para 𝜎3 = −15
−10 + 15 15 0 𝑙3
( 15 30 + 15 𝑚
0 ) ( 3) = 0
0 0 0 + 15 𝑛3
5 15 0 𝑙3
(15 45 0 ) (𝑚3 ) = 0
0 0 15 𝑛3
5𝑙3 + 15𝑚3 + 0𝑛3 = 0
15𝑙3 + 45𝑚3 + 0𝑛3 = 0
0𝑙3 + 0𝑚3 + 15𝑛3 = 0

𝑙3 = −3𝑚3
𝑙3 = −3𝑚3
𝑛3 = 0

𝑙32 + 𝑚32 + 𝑛32 = 1

(−3𝑚3 )2 + 𝑚32 + 02 = 1
9𝑚32 + 𝑚32 = 1
10𝑚32 = 1
1
𝑚32 = √
10
𝑚32 = ±0.32
 𝑙3 = −3(0.32)
𝑙3 = 0.95

𝑙3 0.32
(𝑚3 ) = (0.95)
𝑛3 0

𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0 𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 13
Where
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧
𝐼2 = |𝜎 | + | | + | 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧 |
𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧
2 2 2
= 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑦 − 𝜎𝑦𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧
𝐼3 = | 𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 |
𝜎
𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧