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Impulse
Common symbols J, Imp
Conserved? yes
Dimension momentum
A resultant force causes acceleration and
a change in the velocity of the body for as
long as it acts. A resultant force applied
over a longer time therefore produces a
bigger change in linear momentum than
the same force applied briefly: the change
in momentum is equal to the product of
the average force and duration.
Conversely, a small force applied for a long
time produces the same change in
momentum—the same impulse—as a
larger force applied briefly.
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The impulse delivered by the sad [3] ball is mv0, where
v0 is the speed upon impact. To the extent that it
bounces back with speed v0, the happy ball delivers
an impulse of mΔv=2mv0.
Impulse J produced from time t1 to t2 is
defined to be[4]
Therefore,
where Δp is the change in linear
momentum from time t1 to t2. This is often
called the impulse-momentum theorem.[5]
where
Variable mass
The application of Newton's second law
for variable mass allows impulse and
momentum to be used as analysis tools
for jet- or rocket-propelled vehicles. In the
case of rockets, the impulse imparted can
be normalized by unit of propellant
expended, to create a performance
parameter, specific impulse. This fact can
be used to derive the Tsiolkovsky rocket
equation, which relates the vehicle's
propulsive change in velocity to the
engine's specific impulse (or nozzle
exhaust velocity) and the vehicle's
propellant-mass ratio.
See also
Wave–particle duality defines the
impulse of a wave collision. The
preservation of momentum in the
collision is then called phase matching.
Applications include:
Compton effect
Nonlinear optics
Acousto-optic modulator
Electron phonon scattering
Dirac delta function, mathematical
abstraction of a pure impulse
Notes
1. Beer, F.P., E.R. Johnston, Jr., D.F.
Mazurek, P.J. Cornwell, and E.R.
Eisenberg. (2010). Vector Mechanics
for Engineers; Statics and Dynamics.
9th ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
2. Impulse of Force , Hyperphysics
3. Property Differences In Polymers:
Happy/Sad Balls
4. Hibbeler, Russell C. (2010).
Engineering Mechanics (12th ed.).
Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 222. ISBN 0-
13-607791-9.
5. See, for example, section 9.2, page
257, of Serway (2004).
Bibliography
Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W.
(2004). Physics for Scientists and
Engineers (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
ISBN 0-534-40842-7.
Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for
Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics,
Oscillations and Waves,
Thermodynamics (5th ed.). W. H.
Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0809-4.
External links
Dynamics
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