IC741:

The purpose of these experiments is to introduce the most important of all analog
building blocks, the operational amplifier (“op-amp” for short). Apart from it’s most
common use as amplifiers (both inverting and non-inverting), it also find applications
as buffers (load isolators), adders, subtractors, integrators, logarithmic amplifiers,
impedance converters, filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject or notch),
and differential amplifiers.

Amplifiers, in general, taking as input, one or more electrical signals, and produce as
output, one or more variations of these signals. The most common use of an amplifier
is to accept a small electrical signal and increase the voltage or power, for example the
amplifiers inside of a stereo.

OP-AMP’s (OPerational AMPlifiers) are a fundamental building block for handling

analog electrical signals. An op-amp is a “differential to single-ended” amplifier, i.e. it
amplifies the voltage difference Vp – Vn = Vi at the input port and produces a voltage
Vo at the output port that is referenced to the ground node of the circuit in which the
op-amp is used.

Typically an OP AMP has two inputs called “+” and “-,” ( or VIN+ and VIN-) and a single
output. The output depends only on the difference of the voltage on the two inputs. If
the difference of the two input voltages is ∆VIN , then the output voltage is VOut = ∆VIN*
Avi. This defines the (voltage) gain (Avi).

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS: -

1) Infinite voltage gain A. ( A = ∞ )

2) Infinite input impedance so that almost any signal can drive it and there is no
loading of the preceding stage. ( RI = ∞ )
3) Zero output impedance so that output can drive an infinite number of other
devices. ( RO = 0 )
4) Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero. Zero Output Offset voltage
( VOO = 0 )
5) Zero Input Offset voltage ( ViO = 0 )
6) Zero Input Offset Current ( IiO = 0 )
7) Zero Input Bias Current ( IB = 0 )
8) Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signals from 0 to ∞ can be amplified
without attenuation. ( f = ∞ )
 9) Infinite common-mode rejection ratio so that the output common-mode noise
voltage is zero. ( CMRR = ∞ )
10) Zero Power Supply Rejection Ratio ( PSRR = 0 or SVRR = 0 )
11) Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously with input
voltage changes. ( SR = ∞ )

PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS (for 741 Op. Amp.) : -

1) Typical Large signal voltage gain - 2,00,000

2) Typical input impedance - 2 MΩ
3) Typical output impedance - 75 Ω
4) Typical input offset voltage - 6 mV
5) Typical input offset current - 200 nA
6) Typical input bias current - 500 nA
7) Typical bandwidth - 1 MHz
8) Typical common mode rejection ratio - 90 dB
9) Typical power supply rejection ratio - - 96 dB
10)Typical slew rate - 0.5 V/µsec

Comparison of the LM741 against the ideal OP-AMP:

Sr.
Characteristic Ideal Typical for 741
No.
1 Voltage Gain ∞ 2,00,000

2 Input Resistance ∞ 2 MΩ

3 Output Resistance 0 75 Ω

4 Input Offset Voltage 0 6 mV

5 Input Offset Current 0 200 nA

6 Input Bias Current 0 500 nA

7 Bandwidth ∞ 1 MHz

8 CMRR ∞ 90 dB

9 PSRR or SVRR 0 - 96 dB

10 Slew Rate ∞ 0.5 V/micro sec.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN OP-AMP: -
Standard OP-AMP vs. Ideal OP-AMP model:
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PRACTICAL OP-AMP and IDEAL OP-AMP.

PIN DIAGRAM: -

PIN-1(Offset null) :-
Since the op-amp is differential type, input offset voltage must be controlled so as to
minimize offset. Offset voltage is nulled by application of a potentiometer between pin-
1 and pin-5.

PIN-2(Inverting input) :-
All input signal at this pin will be inverted at output pin-6.
PIN-3(Non-inverting input) :-
All input signal at this pin will be processed normally without inversion Rest is same
as pin-2

PIN-4(-Vee) :-
This pin is the negative supply voltage terminal. Supply voltage operating range for 741
is -5 to -15 V dc.

PIN-5(Offset null) :-
Same as pin-1.

PIN-6(Output) :-
Output signal’s polarity will be the opposite of the input signal’s when this signal is
applied to the op-amp’s inverting input. Output signal’s polarity will be the same as the
input when this signal is applied to the op-amp’s non-inverting input.

PIN-7(+Vcc) :-
This pin is the positive supply voltage terminal. Supply voltage operating range for
741 is +5 to +15 V dc.

PIN-8(N/C) :-
Not connected.

Specifications:

 Supply Voltage ± 15V

 Internal Power Dissipation 310 mW
 Differential input voltage ± 30V
 Input Voltage ± 15V
 Operating temperature range 0ºC to 70ºC

Applications:

 Non-inverting amplifier
 Inverting amplifier
 Integrator
 Differentiator
 Oscillators
 Wave shaping circuits
 Comparators
 Low Pass Filter, High Pass Filter, Band pass and Band Reject Filters

Features:

 No External frequency compensation is required

 Short circuit Protection
 Off Set Null Capability
 Large Common mode and differential Voltage ranges
 Low Power Dissipation
 No-Latch up Problem
 741 is available in three packages: 8-pin metal can, 10-pin flat pack and 8 or
14-pin DIP