CONSTI

TUTI
ONALLAW I
I

I
.Nat
ureoft
heConst
it
uti
on

Pur
posesoft
heConstitut
ion:
1. t
oprescri
betheframeworkofasy st
em ofgov er
nment
2. t
oassigntotheseveral
depart
ment sthei
rrespecti
vepowersandduties
3. t
oestabl
ishcert
ainfi
xedpri
ncipl
esonwhi chgov er
nmentisfounded

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionoftheConstit
uti
on:
1. wr i
tt
en
2. conv ent
ional
(orenact
ed)
3. rigi
d

Essent
ialQuali
ti
esoft
heWr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on:
1. br oad
2. br i
ef
3. clear

Essent
ialPar
tsoft
heWr i
ttenConsti
tut
ion:
1. consti
tut
ionofl
ibert
y
2. consti
tut
ionofgovernment
3. consti
tut
ionofsoverei
gnt
y

2st
epsi
ntheamendmentorr evi
sionofourConstit
ution:
1. Proposal
1. Const it
uentAssembl y(vot
eof¾ofCongr ess)
2. Const it
uti
onalConv ent
ion(cal
lby2/3voteofCongr ess,orthrowntopeopl
ebymaj or
it
yvoteofCongress)
3. Peopl e'
sIni
t i
ati
ve[Amendmentonly](12%ofr egi
steredvoterswit
h3%ofr egi
ster
edvoter
sineachlegisl
ati
vedi
str
ict
)
2. Rati
fi
cati
on( majori
tyofthevotescasti
ntheplebisci
te;
60- 90day s)

Judi
cialRev
iewofAmendment
s
Theamendingpr
ocess,
bot
hastopr
oposal
andr
ati
fi
cat
ion,
rai
sesaj
udi
cial
quest
ion(
Sani
dadv
sCOMELEC)

Doctr
ineofPr
operSubmissi
on
Amendmentscannotbesubmitt
eedtot
hepeopl
einapiecemeal
fashi
onwher
eintheotheramendmentsar
etof
oll
ow.Thepeopl
e
shoul
dhaveaframeofref
erencefr
om whi
chtor
eadtheamendmentsbei
ngproposed.(Tol
ent
inovsCOMELEC)

I
I.TheConst
it
uti
onandTheCour
ts

Vot
ingonenbanccases
 maj or
it
yofthemember
swhoact
ual
l
ytookpar
tint
hedel
i
ber
ati
onont
hei
ssuesi
nthecaseandv
otedt
her
eon

Doctri
neofPurposef
ulHesit
ati
on
-symboli
cfunct
ionofthecourt
-thecour
twouldnotdecideonmatt
erswhi
char
econsi
der
edpol
i
tical
quest
ions

Requisi
tesofJudi
cialI
nqui
ry:[
APE-N]
1. ACTUALCASE-t heremustbeanact
ual
caseorcont
rov
ersy
■ Act ualcase-conf
li
ctofl
egal
rights,
anassert
ionofopposi
tel
egalcl
aimssuscept
ibl
eofj
udi
cial
adj
udi
cat
ion
2. PROPERPARTY-thequesti
onofconst
ituti
onali
tymustberai
sedbythepr
operpart
y
■ Properpart
y–onewhohassustai
nedorisini
mmediatedangerofsustai
ninganinj
uryasaresul
toft
heact
complainedof
3. EARLI
ESTOPPORTUNI TY-t
heconst
it
uti
onalquest
ionmustberai
sedattheearl
iestpossi
bleoppor
tuni
ty
■ whati
snotal
l
egedcannotbepr
oven
 i fquest
ionisnotraisedi nt
hepleadings,i
tcouldnotber ai
sedatthetr
ial
,except
:
1. incr
iminalcase–canber aisedanytimei nthediscr
eti
onofcour t
2. inci
vilcase- canber aisedatanyst ageifnecessaryt
ot hedet er
minati
onofthecase
3. ineverycase(exceptwhent hereisestoppel
)- canber aisedatanystageifi
tinvol
vesjur
isdi
cti
onoft
hecourt
4. NECESSI
TYOFDECI DI
NGCONSTI TUTI ONALQUESTI ON-t hedecisionoft heconst
it
uti
onalquesti
onmustbenecessar
y
t
othedetermi
nationofthecaseitself
■ aslongasther
eissomeot
herbasi
sthatcanbeusedbythecour
tsf
oritsdecisi
on,
theconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyoft
he
chall
engedl
awwill
notbet
ouchedandthecasewil
lbedeci
dedonotheravai
labl
egrounds

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
Ef
fect
sofDeclar
at i
onofUnconsti
tuti
onali
ty,2views:
 ORTHODOXVI EW –anunconstit
uti
onal acti
snotal aw;i
tconf er
snor i
ght
s,imposesnodut ies,
andaf f
ordsnopr otect
ion
 MODERNVI EW [
OPERATIVEFACTDOCTRI NE]–t hecourtdoesnotannulorrepealthestat
uteitfi
ndsinconfli
ctwiththe
Consti
tuti
on;i
tsi
mplyrefusestorecognizeit
;thedecisi
onaf f
ectsthepart
iesonlyandthereisnojudgmentagai nstthe
stat
ue;theact
ualexi
stenceofthestatutepri
ortoi t
sdecl
arati
onofunconst i
tut
ional
itywasanoper at
ivefactandmi ght
haveconsequenceswhichcouldnotjustlybeignored<morer eal
ist
icappr
oach>

Par
ti
alUnconsti
tuti
onal
it
y ,
whenvali
d( 2condit
ions)
:
1. thelegi
slat
ureiswil
l
ingtor
etainthevali
dport
ionsev
enift
herestoft
hest
atut
eisdecl
aredi
l
legal
;and
2. thevali
dporti
onscanstandindependentl
yasaseparat
est
atut
e

I
II
.TheFundamentalPowersoft
heStat
e
 Pol i
cePower
 PowerofEmi nentDomain
 PowerofTaxat i
on

Si
mil
ari
ti
es:
1. t ei
heyar nherenti
ntheState
2. t enecessar
heyar yandindi
spensable
3. t emet
heyar hodsbywhichtheStateint
erfereswi
thpr
ivat
eri
ght
s
4. t heypr
esupposeanequival
entcompensat ion
5. t eexeci
heyar sedpri
maril
ybythelegisl
ature

Di
ff
erences:
DI
FFERENCES POLI
CEPOWER EMI
NENT DOMAI
N TAXATI
ON
Ast
oregul
ati
on regul
at hl
esbot i
ber
tyand r
egul
atespr
oper
tyr
ight
sonl
y r
egul
atespr
oper
tyr
ight
sonl
y
proper
ty
Ast
owhomayexer
cise onl
ythegov
ernment governmentandsomepr
ivat
e onl
ythegov
ernment
ent
iti
es
Ast
othepr
oper
tyt
aken destr
oyedbecauseiti
snoxious -
wholesome -
wholesome
orint
endedfornoxi
ouspurpose -
takenforapubl
i
cuseorpur
pose -
takenforapubl
i
cuseorpur
pose
Ast
oCompensat
ion i
ntangibl
ealtr
uist
icf
eeli
ngt
hat f ul
landfai
requi
val
entoft
he pr
otect
ionandpubl
ic
thepersonhascontr
ibut
edtot
he proper
tyexpr
opr
iat
ed i
mprovementsfort
hetaxespai
d
generalwel
fare

Li
mit
ati
ons:Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s

I
V.Pol
icePower
-
powerofpr
omoti
ngt
hewel
far
ebyr
est
rai
ningandr
egul
ati
ngt
heuseofl
i
ber
tyandpr
oper
ty

Char
acter
ist
ics:
mostperv
asive,
leastl
i
mit
abl
eandmostdemandi
ngoft
he3power
s

Just
if
icat
ion:
Sal
uspopuliestsupr
emal ex–thewel
far
eoft hepeopl
eisthesupr
emelaw
Si
cuteretuoutali
enum nonlaedas–apersonmustusehisownproper
tysoasnott
oinj
ureanot
her

Scope:
1. cannotbebar gainedawayt hroughthemedium ofat r
eat
yorcont act(
r St
onevMi ssissi
ppi)
2. mayuset axingpowerasi t
simpl ement(
TiovsVideogram Regul
atoryBoard)
3. mayuseemi nentdomai nasitsimplement(Assoc.ofSmallLandownersvsSec.ofAgr ari
anRef
orm)
4. couldbegi venr etroact
iveeff
ectandmayr easonablyi
mpairvestedri
ghtsorcontracts(
poli
cepowerpr
evai
l
sov
er
contract)
5. dynami c,notstatic,andmustmov ewit
hthemov ingsoci
etyiti
ssupposedt oregulat
e

WhomayexercisePol i
cePower
 t heLegi sl
ature(
inher
ent)
 Pr esident(bydelegat
ion)
 admi nistr
ati
veboards(bydel
egati
on)
 l awmaki ngbodiesonallmunici
pall
evel
s,i
ncl
udi
ngbarangay(bydel
egati
on)
 Muni cipalgover
nments/LGU's(conf
err
edbystat
ute–generalwelf
arecl
auseofRA7160)

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
Test
s(Li
mitat
ions)
:
1. LAWFULSUBJECT–i nt
erestsoft
hepubl
icgener
all
y,asdist
ingui
shedf
rom t
hoseofapart
icul
arcl
ass,r
equi
ret
he
exer
ciseofpoli
cepower
2. LAWFULMEANS–t hemeansemployedarer
easonablynecessar
yfort
heaccompl
ishmentofthepur
poseandnotundul
y
oppressi
veuponindi
vi
duals

Addi
ti
onall
imitat
ions(whenexer cisedbydel egate)
:
 expr essgrantbylaw( e.g.RA7160)
 wi thi
nterri
tor
iall
imits(forLGU' s)
 mustnotbecont rarytol aw( CityGovernmentofQuezonCityvsEri
cta)
 f ormunicipalor
dinances-
1. mustnotcont ravenet heConst i
tuti
onoranystat
ute
2. mustnotbeunf airandoppr essi
v e
3. mustnotbepar ti
al anddiscri
minatory
4. mustnotpr ohibit
,butmayr egul
ate,tr
ade
5. mustnotbeunr easonabl e
6. mustbegener ali
nappl icat
ionandconsistentwi
thpubl
i
cpolicy

V.PowerofEmi nentDomai n
-a.
k.a.Expropri
ati
on;Condemnat i
on
 useoft hegov er
nmentofitscoerci
veauthor
ity
,uponjustcompensat
ion,
tof
orci
blyacqui
ret
heneededpr
oper
tyi
nor
dert
o
devotethesamet opubli
cuse
 ( seeRule67, RulesofCourtandSec.9,ArtI
II
,Const
it
ution)

WhomayExercise
1. TheCongr ess(inherent)
2. President
3. vari
ousl ocal l
egisl
ativ
ebodies
4. cert
ainpubl iccorporati
ons(e.g.Nat
ional
Housi
ngAut
hor
it
y)
5. Quasi -
publiccorporati
ons(e.g.PLDT)

Emi
nentDomai
nvs.Dest
ruct
ionf
rom Necessi
ty
EMI
NENTDOMAI
N DESTRUCTI
ONFROM NECESSI
TY
-publi
cri
ght -pri
vateri
ghtvest edi
nev eryindiv
idualwithwhichtheri
ghtofst
ate
-ari
sesfrom t
helawsofsociet
yandisvest
edinthestat
eor orstat
enecessi tyhasnothingtodo
grant
ee,act
ingundert
herightandpowerofthest
ateorbenef
itof -comesundert heri
ghtofnecessi t
y,ofself-
preser
vat
ion
thestat
e -ari
sesundert helawsofsoci etyorsocietyit
self
-cannotrequir
et heconversionoftheproper t
ytakentopubl
icuse,
noristhereanyneedf orthepay mentofj ustcompensat
ion

Juri
sdi
cti
onov eracompl
aintf
oremi
nentdomai
n-
Regi
onalTri
alCourt(
RTC)

Requisi
tesofEminentDomai
n[NP-TPJ]:
1. [ N]NECESSITYOFEXERCISE
2. [ P]PROPERTY
3. [ T]TAKI
NG
4. [ P]PUBLI
CUSE
5. [ J]JUSTCOMPENSATION

[N]Necessi
tyofExercise
-genui
nenecessi
ty,and
-mustbeofpubli
cchar acter
 Whenexer cisedbylegi
slat
ure–pol
i
ticalquest
ion
 Whenexer cisedbyadelegate–j
usti
ciabl
equesti
on
■ det
ermi
net
he:
(a)adequacyofcompensat
ion;
(b)necessi
tyoft
aki
ng;
and(
c)publ
i
cusechar
act
er

[
P]Pr
operty
 GENERALRULE:anyt hi
ngthatcancomeunderthedominionofmani ssubj
ecttoexpropriati
on
 EXCEPTI ONS:moneyandchoseinacti
on(per
sonalr
ightnotreducedint
opossessi
on, i
.e.theri
ghtt
obr
inganacti
ontorecover
debt,
moneyorthi
ng)
 Pr i
vatepr
opert
yal
readydevotedt
opubli
cusecannotbeexpropriat
edbyadelegateactngunderagener
i algr
antofaut
horit
y
(Ci
tyofManil
avsChineseCommunity
)

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
[T]Taking
-REQUI TES(
SI RepublicvsCastell
vi)[
EM-LPD] :
1. [ E]expropr
iatormustenteraprivatepropert
y
2. [ M]entrymustbef ormor ethanamoment aryperi
od
3. [ L]entr
ymustbeundert hewarrantoflegalaut
horit
y
4. [ P]entr
yisforpublicuse
5. [ D]theowneri sdepri
vedofenjoyinghispropert
y
-ift
akingisunderpoli
cepower ,i
tisnotcompensabl e

TAKI
NGUNDEREMI
NENTDOMAI
NvsTAKI
NGI
NPOLI
CEPOWER:
POLI
CEPOWER EMI
NENTDOMAI
N
thepr
ejudi
cesuff
eredbyt
heindi
vi
dual
proper
tyowneri
sshar
edi
n t
heindi
vidualsuf
fer
smorethanhisali
quotpartoft
hedamages,
i.
e.
commonwi tht
herestoft
hecommunit
y aspeci
alinj
uryabovet
hatsust
ainedbytherestoft
hecommunit
y

-wher
ether
eist
aki
ngintheconsti
tut
ionalsense,t
heproper
tyownerneednotfi
leaclai
mforj
ustcompensat
ionwi
tht
he
Commissi
ononAudi
t;hemaygodirectl
ytot hecourtt
odemandpayment.Arbi
tr
aryacti
onoft
hegover
nmentshall
bedeemeda
wai
verofi
tsi
mmunit
yf r t(
om sui AmigablevsCuenca)

[
P]Publi
cUse
 what evermaybebenef
ici
all
yempl oy
edf ort
hegener
alwel
far
e(Hei
rsofAr
donav
sRey
es)
 i ncl
udesbot
hdir
ectori
ndirectbenef
itoradvant
aget
othepubli
c

[
J]JustCompensat ion
 f ul
landfairequiv
alentoft
heproper
tytakenfrom t
heproper
tyownerbytheexpr
opr
iat
or
 t hatsum ofmoneywhi chaperson,
desirousbutnotcompel
ledt
obuy ,
andanowner,wil
l
ingbutnotcompel
l
edt
osel
l
,woul
d
agreeonasapr i
cetobegivenandrecei
v edt
heref
or

 WHEREONLYPARTOFHEPROPERTYI SEXPROPRIATED:
enti
tl
ementtoconsequenti
aldamages,
ifany+consequenti
albenef
it
smustbededuct
edf
rom t
het
otal
compensat
ion
provi
dedconsequent
ialbenef
it
sdoesnotexceedconsequenti
aldamages

 Pay
mentoft
hecor
rectamount+Pay
mentwi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
me

 FORM OFCOMPENSATI ON:

*money(However
,inAssoc.ofSmallLandowner
svsSec.ofAgr
ari
anRef
orm,
pay
menti
sal
l
owedt
obemadepar
tl
yinbonds
becausei
tdeal
swit
har evol
uti
onar
ykindofexpropr
iat
ion)

 TRANSFEROFTITLE
-Pay
mentofj
ustcompensat
ionbef
oret
it
lei
str
ansf
err
ed

 RECKONINGPOINTOFMARKETVALUEOFPROPERTY:
-ei
therasoft
hedat
eoft
aki
ngorf
il
ingoft
hecompl
aint
,whi
chev
ercomesf
ir
st

 ENTITLEMENTTOI NTEREST:
GeneralRul
e:whenther
eisdel
ay,
ther
emustbei nt
erestbywayofdamages(
Art
.2209,
CC)
Except
ion:whenwaiv
edbynotclai
mingthei
nter
est

 PAYMENTOFTAXES:
-Taxespaidfr
om t
heti
meofthet
aki
ngunti
lthet
ransf
eroft
het
it
le,
dur
ingwhi
cht
heownerdi
dnotenj
oyanybenef
ici
aluseof
theproper
ty,
arer
eimbur
sabl
ebyt
heexpr
opri
ator
.

 RIGHTOFLANDOWNERI NCASEOFNON- PAYMENT

GeneralRul
e:l
andownerisnotenti
tl
edt orecoverpossessi
onoftheproper
ty,
butonl
ytodemandpayment
Excepti
on:whenthegovernmentfai
ledtopayj ustcompensat
ionwit
hin5yearsf
rom t
hefi
nal
it
yofjudgmenti
nexpr
opr
iat
ion
proceedi
ngs,t
her
eisarighttorecoverpropert
y

VI
.PowerofTaxati
on
 met hodbywhichcontr
ibut
ionsar
eexact
edf
rom per
sonsandpr
oper
tyf
ort
hesuppor
tofgov
ernmentandf
oral
lpubl
i
cneeds.
 obl igat
iontopayt
axesisaduty
 TAXESvsLI CENSES
TAX LI
CENSE
-t
orai
ser
evenues -f
orr
egul
ator
ypur
poseonl
y

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 -j
ust
if
iedunderpol
icepower
-amountoffeesr
equir
edisusual
l
yli
mit
edt
othecostofr
egul
ati
on

Scope
 al li
ncomeear nedi
nthetaxingstate,
whetherbyci
ti
zensoral
i
ens,andal
li
mmov abl
eandt
angi
bleper
sonal
proper
ti
esf
oundi
n
i
tst
erri
tor
y,aswell
astangiblepersonal
propert
yownedbypersonsdomi
cil
edt
herei
n

PowertoTaxI ncl
udesPowertoDestr
oy
 whenusedval idl
yasanimplementoft
hepol
i
cepoweri
ndi
scour
agi
ngandi
nef
fectul
ti
mat
elypr
ohi
bit
ingcer
tai
nthi
ngsor
ent
erpr
isesini
mical
topubli
cwelfar
e

PowertoTaxDoesNotI
ncludePowert
oDestroy
-wher
ethetaxi
susedsol
elyfort
hepur
poseofrai
singr
evenues

WhoMayExercise
1. Legislature/Congress(inher
ent)
2. President( bydel
egati
on/t ar
if
fpowers[Sec.28(2),Art
.VI,Consti
])
3. locallegisl
ativ
ebodies(confer
redbydir
ectauthori
ty[Sec.5,Art
.X,Const
i]
)

Li
mit
ati
onsofTaxation[DEP]:
1. [D]DuePr ocessofLaw
2. [E]EqualProtecti
on
3. [P]Publi
cPur pose

[D]DueProcess
A.Substant
ive:t
axshouldnotbeconfiscatoryexceptwhenusedasanimplementofpolicepower
B.Procedur
al:*dueprocessdoesnotr equireprevi
ousnot
iceandhear
ingbefor
eal awprescri
bingspecif
ict
axesonspecifi
c
art
icl
esmaybeenact ed.*However,wheret hetaxtobecol
lect
edistobebasedont hevalueofthetaxabl
epropert
y,t
hetaxpay
eri
s
enti
tl
edtobenotif
iedoftheassessmentpr oceedingsandt
obeheardtherei
nont hecor
rectvaluat
ionoftheproper
ty.

[
E]EqualProtecti
on
 embodi edinSec.28( 1)
,Art.VI,
1987Consti
tut
ion(
Ther
uleoft
axat
ionshal
lbeuni
for
m andequi
tabl
e.TheCongr
essshal
l
evolveapr ogressi
vesystem oftaxat
ion.
)

 UNIFORMITY–per sonsort hi
ngsbelongi
ngt othesamecl assshall
betaxedatthesamer
ate
*REQUISTES( Tanv sDelRosar i
o):
[SCAE]
1. [S]standardst hatareusedaresubstanti
alandnotar bi
tr
ary
2. [C]categor i
zati
onisger manetoachi
ev ethelegisl
ati
vepurpose
3. [A]thelawappl i
es,al
lthi
ngsbeingequal,tobothpresentandfutur
econdi
ti
ons
4. [E]classi
ficati
onappl i
esequall
ywelltoallthosebelongi
ngtothesameclass

 EQUI
TABLETAXATI
ON–basedonthecapaci
tytopay
*EQUALI
TYINTAXATI
ON–taxshal
lbestr
ict
lypropor
ti
onal
tot
her
elat
ivev
alueoft
hepr
oper
ty

 PROGRESSI
VESYSTEM OFTAXATI
ON–t
her
atei
ncr
easesast
het
axbasei
ncr
eases

[
P]Publ
icPurpose
 what evermaybebenef
ici
all
yempl
oyedf
ort
hegener
alwel
far
e

DoubleTaxat
ion/Di r
ectDupli
cat
eTaxation
 whenaddi t
ionaltaxesar
elai
donthesamesubjectbythesametaxi
ngjur
isdi
cti
onduri
ngt
hesamet axingper
iodandfort
he
samepurpose.
 despi tet
hel ackofspeci
fi
cprohi
bit
ion,
doubl
etaxat
ionwil
lnotbeal
lowedifi
tresul
tsi
navi
olat
ionoftheequalpr
otect
ion
cl
ause.

TaxExempt i
ons
-mayeit
herbe:
1. const i
tuti
onal
-Art
.Vi,Sec.28(3): whenl
ands, bui
l
dingsandi
mpr
ovement
sar
eact
ual
l
y,di
rect
lyandexcl
usi
vel
y[ADE]f
orr
eli
gious,
char
it
ableoreducat i
onal
pur poses–enti
tledtoexempti
on
2. st at
utory-di
scr
etionoflegi
slat
ure

VI
I.DueProcessofLaw
 nopr eci
sedef i
nit
ionbecausei
tmi
ghtpr
oveconst
ri
cti
ngandpr
eventt
hej
udi
ciar
yfr
om adj
ust
ingi
ttot
heci
rcumst
ancesof
par
ti
cularcases

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 responsiv
enesstothesupremacyofr
eason,
obediencet
othedi
ctat
esofj
ust
ice
 embodi mentofsport
ingi
deaoffai
rpl
ay
 guarantyagai
nstanyarbi
tr
ari
nessonthepar
tofthegover
nment

Prot
ecti
onofPerson
CoversNatur
al(
cit
izenandal
ien)andArti
fi
cialPer
sons.Ast
othel
att
er,
wit
hrespectonl
ytopr
oper
tybecausei
tsl
i
feandl
i
ber
tyar
e
deri
vedfr
om andsubjectt
ocontrolofl
egi
slatur
e

Depr
ivat
ion(i
nSec.1, Ar
t.II
I)
 connot esdenialofr
ighttol
i
fe,
li
bert
yorproper
ty
 notunconst i
tuti
onal
.whatispr
ohibi
t sdepr
edi i
vati
onwi
thoutduepr
ocessofl
aw.

Li
fe
 connot
esint
egr
it
yofthephysi
calper
son
 notmereani
malexi
stence;
embracestheenj
oymentbyt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
ofGod-
giv
enf
acul
ti
est
hatcanmakehi
sli
fewor
thl
i
ving.

Li
ber
ty
 f reedom t
odori
ghtandnev ong(
erwr Mabi
ni)
 r i
ghtt obefr
eef
rom ar
bit
rar
yper
sonalr
est
rai
ntorser
vit
ude

Pr
oper
ty
 anyt hingthatcancomeundert heri
ghtofowner
shipandbet hesubj
ectofcontr
act
 allthingswi t
hinthecommer ceofman
 However ,onecannothav eavestedrightt
oapubli
coffi
ceast hi
sisnotregar
dedaspr
oper
ty.I
fcr
eat
edbyst
atut
e,i
tmaybe
aboli
shedbyt helegisl
atureatanytime.
 Mer epr iv
il
egesar enotpropert
yrightsandar
ether
eforerev
ocableatwil
l

Substanti
veDuePr ocess
 r equi
resintr
insi
cval
idi
tyoft
hel
awi
nint
erf
eri
ngwi
tht
her
ight
soft
heper
sont
ohi
sli
fe,
li
ber
tyorpr
oper
ty
 REQUI SI
TES
1. Lawf ul
Subject
2. Lawf ul
Means

ProceduralDuePr ocess
-r
estrict
iononact i
onsofj udi cial andquasi -
judi cial agenci esofgov er
nment
-Notice+Hear i
ng( .
..hear sbef orei tcondemns, whi chpr oceedsuponi nqui ryandr endersjudgmentonl yaft
ert r
ial
)
1. Judi cialDuePr ocess
Requi
si tes: [
IJHJ]
1. [ ]I
I mpar t
ialandCompet entCour t
2. [ J]Jur isdict ionl awf ull
yacqui redov ertheper sonofthedef endantand/ orproperty
3. [ H]Hear ing
-notnecessar ilytrial-t
ypehear ing; submi ssionofposi ti
onpaper sisenough
-r i
ghtofapar tyt ocr oss-exami net hewi tnessagai nsthi mi naci vilcasei sanindispensabl
epar tofduepr ocess
-t hef i
li
ngofamot i
onf orreconsi der ationcur est hedef ectofabsenceofahear ing
-Casesi nwhi chnot iceandhear ingmaybedi spensedwi thwi t
houtv iolat
ingduepr ocess:
a) abat ementofnui sanceperse
b) pr ev ent ivesuspensi onofaci vilserv antf aci
ngadmi n.char ges
c) cancel l
ationofpasspor tofaper sonsoughtf orthecommi ssionofacr i
me
d) st at ut orypr esumpt ions
4. [ J]Judgmentr ender eduponl awf ul hear i
ng
2. Admi ni strativeDuePr ocess
REQUI SITES[ HEDSPI K]:
1. [ H]Ri ghtt oahear i
ng
2. [ E]Tr ibunal mustconsi dertheev i
dencepr esent ed
3. [ D]Deci sionmusthav esomet hingt osuppor ti tself
4. [ S]Ev i
dencemustbeSubst antial
5. [ P]Deci sionmustber enderedont heev i
dencepr esentedatt hehear ing,oratleastcontai
nedi ntherecor
dand
disclosedt ot hepar ti
esaf f
ect ed
6. [ I
]Tr ibunal , body ,oranyofi tsj udgesmustactoni tsorhi sowni ndependentconsi derati
onoft hefactsandl awof
thecont r
ov er sy
7. [ K]Deci sioni sr ender edi nsuchamannert hatt hepar t
iest ot hepr oceedingcanknowt hevariousissuesinvolved,
andt her easonf ort hedecisionr ender ed

VI
II
.EqualProtect
ion
 embr acedintheconceptofduepr
ocess
 embodi edinaseparatecl
ausetopr
ovidef
oramor
especi
fi
cguar
ant
yagai
nstunduef
avor
it
ism orhost
il
it
yfr
om t
he
Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 gover
nment
 DUEPROCESSCLAUSEat
tacksARBITRARI
NESSi
ngener
al
 EQUALPROTECTI
ONCLAUSEattacksUNWARRANTEDPARTI
ALI
TYORPREJUDI
CE

SUBSTANTI VEEQUALITY–al
lper
sonsort
hingssi
mil
arl
ysi
tuat
edshoul
dbet
reat
edal
i
ke,
bot
hast
ori
ght
sconf
err
edand
responsi
bil
i
tiesi
mposed.

EQUALI
TYI
NENFORCEMENTOFTHELAW –l
awbeenf
orcedandappl
i
edequal
l
y

“
Alawwhi
chdeni
esequal
prot
ect
ioni
sthesamewi
thal
awwhi
chper
mit
ssuchdeni
al.
”(r
eadPeopl
evsVer
a)

Requisi
tes:
1. i tmustbebasedonsubst ant
ialdi
sti
ncti
ons
2. i tmustbeger manet othepurposesofthelaw
3. i tmustnotbel i
mitedtoexist
ingcondit
ionsonly
-mustbeenforcedaslongast heprobl
em soughttobecor
rect
edexi
sts
4. i tmustapplyequallywellt
oallmember softheclass
-bot
hastorightsconferr
edandobl i
gati
onsimposed

I
X.Sear
chesandSei
zur
es

Sect
ion2,Art
icl
eI I
I–deal
swi ht
t angibles;embodi
esthe“
castl
e”doct
ri
ne(aman'shouseishi
scastle;
aciti
zenenj
oyst
her
ight
agai
nsti
ntr
usionandismasterofal lthesur v
eyswi
thi
nthedomainandpri
vacyofhi
sownhome. )
Sect
ion3(1),Ar
ticl
eII
I–dealswi thintangibl
es
Sect
ion3(2),Ar
tivl
eII
I–ExclusionaryRul e(whi
chembodiest
heDoctr
ineoftheFr
uitoft
hePoisonousTree)

 avail
ablet onatur alandar t
ifi
cial per sons, butt hel atter'
sbooksofaccount smayber equi
redt oopenforexaminat
ionbythe
Stateintheexer ci seofpol icepowerorpoweroft axation
 Ther i
ghtisper sonal (
Stonehi llvsDi okno)
 maybei nvokedonl yagai nstt heSt ate( Peopl ev sMar t
i)
 Onlyaj udgemayi ssueawar rant.EXCEPTI ON: or dersofar r
estmaybei ssuedbyadmi ni
str
at i
veaut
hori
ti
esbutonlyfort
he
purposeofcar ryingoutaf inal f
indi ngofav iolati
onofal aw
 VALIDWARRANTLESSSEARCHES[ NOTE: eachoft heser equiresprobablecause,exceptst opandfri
sk]
1. sear chesinci dentalt olawf ul ar r
est( rule126, RulesofCour t
)–fordanger ousweaponsorany t
hingthatmayhavebeen
usedorconst i
tuteint hecommi ssionofanof fense
Requisites:
1. t hei tem tobesear chedwaswi thint hear restee'scust
odyorar eaofi mmedi atecont
rol
2. t hesear chwascont empor aneouswi t
ht hear rest
2. sear chesofmov ingv ehicles
3. sear chesofpr ohibit
edar ti
cl esi npl ainv i
ew
Requisit
es:
1. pr iorvali
di ntrusiont oapl ace
2. ev idencewasi nadv ertentlydiscov eredbyt hepol i
cewhohast her i
ghttobet her
e
3. ev idencei si mmedi at elyappar ent
4. t her eisnof urthersear ch
4. enf orcementofcust omsl aw
5. consent edsear ches
6. st opandf risk( li
mitedpr otect i
v esear chofout erclothingf orweapons)
7. r outi
nesear chesatbor dersandpor t
sofent ry
8. sear chesofbusi nessesi nt heexer ciseofv isit
or i
al power stoenforcepoli
cer egulat
ions

-VALIDWARRANTLESSARREST:
1. i
nf l
agr
antedeli
cto
2. hotpursui
t
3. theoff
enderescapedf
rom t
hepenal
est
abl
i
shment

Requi
sit
esofav
ali
dwar
rant
:

REQUI
STES ARRESTWARRANT SEARCHWARRANT
1.Pr
obabl
eCause suchfactsandcircumst anceswhi
chwould suchf actsandci r
cumstanceswhichwould
-mustr
efert
o1speci
fi
cof
fense l
eadar easonablyprudentmant obel
iev
e l
eadar easonablyprudentmantobeliev
e
thatanoffensehasbeencommi tt
edandthe thatanof fensehasbeencommi t
tedandthe
personsoughttobear restedhadcommitt
ed objectssoughti ntheconnect
ionofthe
i
t offensear eintheplacesoughtt
obe

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 sear
ched
2.Personal
det
ermi
nat
ionofpr
obabl
ecause thejudgepersonall
ydeter
mi nesthe thejudgemustper sonall
yexami neinthe
bythejudge exist
enceofpr obabl
ecause; i
tisnot form ofsear chingquestionsandanswer s..
.
necessarythatheshouldpersonall
yexamine i
nwr i
ti
ngandunderoat h...
thecompl ai
nantandhiswitnesses(Sol
iv
en thecompl ainant sandhiswi tnesses.
..
vsMakasi ar
) onf act
sper sonal l
yknownt othem...
andat t
acht ot herecordt heirsworn
statementsandaf fidavi
ts.
-procedure;(1)personal l
yevaluat
ethe (Sil
vav sPresidingJudge)
fiscal
'sreport,or(2)if[1]i
sinsuff
ici
ent,
disregarditandr equirethesubmissionof
suppor t
ingaf f
idavit
sofwi tnesses

*
PRELIMINARYINQUIRY( taskoft
hejudge)
–determi
nat
ionofprobablecausefort
he
i
ssuanceofwarr
antofarrest

*PRELIMINARYIVESTIGATIONPROPER( t
ask
oftheprosecut
or)–ascert
ainmentwhet
her
theoff
endershouldbehel
df ort
ri
alorbe
rel
eased
3.Aft
erexaminati
onunderoat
hor notmerelyrout
i ybutmustbepr
nar obi
ngand notmerelyrout
i ybutmustbepr
nar obi
ngand
aff
ir
mationofthecomplai
nantandt
he exhaust
ive exhaust
ive
wit
nesseshemaypr oduce
4.Par
ti
cul
ari
tyofdescr
ipt
ion GENERALRULE: i
tmustcontai hename/
nt s GENERALRULE: whenthedescript
ionther
ein
oft
hepersonstobearrest
ed i
sasspeci f
icasthecir
cumst anceswil
l
EXCEPTI
ON: i
fther
eissomedescr i
pti
o ordinar
ilyall
ow.
per
sonaewhichwill
enable theoff
icert
o EXCEPTI ON: whennoot hermoreaccurate
i
denti
fyt
heaccused anddet ail
eddescri
pti
oncouldhav ebeen
gi
v en.

X.Li
ber
tyofAbodeandTr
avel

Pur
poseoftheProvi
sion(Art
.II
I,Sec.6):
tof
urt
heremphasizetheindi
vi
dual'
sliber
tyassaf
eguar
dedi
ngener
alt
ermsbyt
heduepr
ocesscl
ause. Li
ber
tyundert
hatcl
ause
i
ncl
udestheri
ghttochooseone'
sr esi
dence.

Li
mit
ati
ons
1. LIBERTYOFABODE-“uponlawfulor
derofthecourt
”
2. RIGHTTOTRAVEL-“nati
onalsecuri
ty,
publ
i
csaf et
yorpubl
i
cheal
thasmaybepr
ovi
dedbyl
aw”

CauncavsSal
azar Whet heramai dhadt her ightt ot r
ansfert oanot herr esidenceev eni fshehadnotpai dy ettheamount
82Phil851 advancesbyanempl oy mentagency :
Yes.Thef ortunesofbusi nesscannotbecont rolledbycont r
oll
ingaf undament alhumanf r
eedom.
Humandi gnityandfreedom ar eessent i
allyspi ritual–i nsepar ablefrom t hei deaofeternal.Money ,power,
etc.bel ongt otheephemer alandper i
shabl e.
Rubiv s Prov
incialBoar d of Ther espondent swer ej usti
fiedi nrequiringt hemember sofcer tainnon- Christ
iantri
best or esidei na
Mindor o reservat i
on,f ortheirbet tereducat i
on,adv ancementandpr otection.Themeasur ewasal egiti
mate
1919 exerciseofpol i
cepower .
Vil
l
av icenci
ovsLukban Prostitutes, despitebei ngi nasensel eper s, arenotchat telsbutPhi lippineci ti
zens,protectedbyt hesame
1919 const i
tut ionalguaranteeoff r
eedom ofabode.Theymaynotbecompel ledt ochanget heirdomi cil
einthe
absenceofal awal l
owi ngsuch.
Sal
ongav sHermoso thecasebecamemootandacademi cwhent heper mittot r
avelabr oadwasi ssuedbefor ethecasecoul d
97SCRA121 behear d.
Lorenzov sDir
.ofHeal th Lawsf ort hesegregationofl eper shav ebeenpr ov idedt hewor l
dov erandi ssuppor tedbyhi ghsci enti
fi
c
1927 author i
ty .Suchsegr egat i
oni spr emisedont hedut ytopr otectpublicheal th.
Manot okv sCA Bailpost edi nacr i
mi nalcase,i sav al
idr est ri
ctionont her i
ghttot rav el.Byi t
snature,itmayser veasa
1986 prohibitiononanaccusedf rom l eavi
ngt hej ur i
sdicti
onoft hePhi l
ippineswher eor dersofPhi l
ippi
ne
courtswoul dhav enobi ndingf orce.
Mar cosv sManglapus Thel iber tyofabodeandt her ighttot rav eli ncludest her i
ghtt ol eav e,resideandt ravelwi thinone’s
1989 count rybuti tdoesnoti ncl udet herighttor eturnt oone’ scount ry.
NOTE: Cour twarnedt hatt hiscaseshoul dnotcr eat eapr ecedentbecauseMar coswasacl assi nhi mself
.
Phil
ippine Associ at
ion of Ri ghtt ot ravelmaybei mpai redi ntheinter estofnat ionalsecur it
y,publ icheal thorpublicor der,asmaybe
ServiceExport
ersv sDril
on providedbyl aw.
1988 Anor dert emporaril
ysuspendi ngt hedepl oy mentofov er seaswor ker si sconst i
tuti
onalf orhav i
ngbeen

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 i
ssuedi
nthei
nter
estoft
hesaf
etyofOFWs,
aspr
ovi
dedbyt
heLaborCode.

XI
.FREEDOM OFRELI
GION

Rel
igi
ondefined
 “ anyspeci fi
csy stem ofbeli
ef,
wor shi
p,conduct, et
c.,of
teni nv
olvi
ngacodeofet hicsandphilosophy”(defini
ti
onniCruz)
 Theaf oresaiddef ini
ti
oniscompr ehensivethant hatgiv
eni nAglipayvsRuiz(aprofessionoffait
ht oanact i
vepowert hat
bindsandel evatesmant ohisCr eat
or).Thisisbecauset herearerel
igi
ons,whichdonotmaker eferencetoaGod,e. g
Buddhi sm, Atheism,etc.
 ( commentko:Thedef i
nit
ionistoov ague.Iti
st oobroadt hatitcanevencoversy st
emsofbel i
efthatwedonotconsi der
asr el
igions.Ifwear etoacceptt hedefini
ti
on,itwoul dbet antamounttocall
i
ngdi ff
erentschoolsofthought ,e.
g.Anal
y t
ic
tradit
ion,Existenti
ali
sm,asr el
i
gions.)

TWOGUARANTEESCONTAI NEDI NSEC.5:

1. Non-
establ
ishmentclause
2. Fr
eeexerci
seofreli
giousprof
essi
onandwor
shi
p

[
1]NON-
ESTABLI
SHMENTCLAUSE

 asstat
edbyCr uz:t
her
eisnov i
olati
onoft hi
sclauseif:
1. t
hestatutehasasecularpurpose
2. i
tspri
nipaleff
ecti
sonet hatneitheradvancesnorinhi
bit
srel
igi
on;and
3. i
tdoesnotf ost
eranexcessivegov ernmententangl
ementwithrel
igi
on

 r
einf
orcesSec.6,
Art
.IIont
hesepar
ati
onofchur
chandSt
ate

 otherprovi
sionswhi chsupportthis:Sec2( 5),Art
.IX-C[ areli
gioussectordenomi nati
oncannotber egister
edasapol iti
cal
party
],Sec5(2) ,
Ar t
.VI[nosectoral r
epresentati
vefrom t hereligioussect
or]
,andSec29( 2) ,
Ar t
.VI[prohibi
tionagai
nstt he
useofpubl i
cmoneyorpr oper
tyf orthebenef i
tofanyr eli
gion, orofanypri
est,mini
sterorecclsiasti
c],Sec.28(3),Art.VI
[
exempt ionfrom t axat
ionofpr oper t
iesactuall
y,directlyandexcl usi
vel
yusedf orreli
giouspur poses,Sec4( 2),ArtXI V
[
citi
zenshiprequirementofowner shipofeducat i
onali nsti
tutionsexceptthoseownedbyr eli
giousgr oups],Sec29(2),Art
VI[appropri
ational l
owedwher et hemi ni
sterisempl oyedi nt hear medforces,penalinsti
tuti
onorgov ernment-
owned
orphanageorl eprosari
um]

 Scope:
thest
atecannotsetupachur
ch,
norpassl
awswhi
chai
doner
eli
gion,
aidal
lrel
i
gion,
orpr
eferoner
eli
gion.
..

 Rat
ional
e:
o t odeli
neateboundari
esbetweenthe2i nst
it
uti
ons;and
o t oavoi
dencr oachmentbyoneagainsttheother
.
o [ Str
ongfencesmakegoodnei ghbors;RenderuntoCeasart
het
hingst
hatar
eCeasar
'sandunt
oGodt
het
hings
t
hatar
eGod's.]

 Auni
onofChurchandStatewouldeit
her:
o tendtodest
roygov er
nmentandtodegr
adereli
gion;or
o resul
tinaconspir
acybecauseofi
tscomposit
est r
ength

 separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
at snotawal
ei lofhost
il
it
y

 TheGov
er sneut
nmenti ral
.Itpr
otect
sal
l
,butpr
efer
snoneanddi
spar
agesnone.

 Fr
eedom ofr
eli
gioni
ncl
udesf
reedom f
rom r
eli
gion;
ther
ightt
owor
shi
pincl
udesr
ightnott
owor
shi
p

-Twoval
uessoughtt obepr otectedbyt henon-establi
shmentclause:
(a) Voluntari
sm –t hegr owthofar el
i
gioussectasasoci alfor
cemustcomef rom thevol
unt
arysuppor
tofitsmember s
becauseoft hebeliefthatbothspiri
tualandsecul arsociet
ywi l
lbenef
iti
freli
gionsareal
l
owedtocompet eonthei
rown
i
nt r
insi
cmer i
twithoutbenefitofoff
ici
al patr
onage.
(b) Insulat
ionoft hepol i
ticalprocessfrom i nterf
aithdi
ssension– v ol
unt
arism cannotbeachi
evedunlessthepoli
ti
cal
processisinsul
atedf r
om reli
gionandunl essr el
i
gioni
sinsulat
edf r
om pol
it
ics.

Engel
vsVi
tal
e recit
ati
onbyst udent sinpubl icschoolsi
nNewYor kofapr ayercomposedbytheBoardofRegent
swas
unconstit
utional
Ever
sonv
sBoardofEducati
on US Supr eme Cour tsust ained the l
aw providi
ng free transport
ati
on foral
lschool
chi
ldr
en wit
hout
discri
mination,includingt hoseat t
endi
ngparochialschool
s
Boar
dofEducat
ionv
sAllen USSupr emeCour tsust ainedt helaw r
equir
ingthepet it
ionert olendtext
booksf
reeofchargetoall
studentsfrom gr ades7- 12, i
ncludingt
hoseatt
endingpr i
vateschools
Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 InEversonandAll
en,t
hegovernmentai dwasgi v
endi r
ectlytot hestudentandparents,nottothechurch-r
elat
edschool
Adongv sCheongSengGee inli
newi ththeconstituti
onalprincipleofequaltreatmentofallrel
igi
ons,t
heSt aterecognizestheval
idi
ty
ofmar r
iagesper f
ormedi nconf ormi t
ywi t
ht heri
tesofMohammedanr eli
gion
RubivsProvi
ncialBoar
d theexpression“non-Chr i
sti
an”in“ non-Christi
antri
bes”wasnotmeantt odiscri
minate.Itr
eferstodegree
ofcivi
li
zation,
nott othereli
giousbel ief
.
I
slamicDa'wahCounci loft
he byar rogatingtoitsel
ft hetaskofi ssui
nghal alcert
if
icat
ions,t
heSt atehas,ineffect,f
orcedMuslimst o
Phil
i
ppinesvsOf ficeofExec. acceptitsowni nt
erpretati
onoft heQur 'anandSunnaonhal alf
ood.
Sec.

 I ntramur
alReli
giousDi
sput
e=out sidet
hejuri
sdicti
onoft hesecul
arauthor
it
ies
GonzalesvsArchbi
shopof wher
eaci vi
lri
ghtdependsuponsomemat t
erpertai
ningtoeccl
esi
asti
calaffai
rs,t
heciv
ilt
ri
bunal
tri
est
he
Manil
a ci
vi
lri
ghtandnothingmor e.
Fonaci
ervCA wher
et hedisputeinvolvesthepropertyri
ghtsofther el
igi
ousgroup,orther el
ati
onsofthemembers
wher
et heproper
tyright
sar einvol
ved,
thecivi
lcourt
smayassumej uri
sdict
ion.

[
2]FREEEXERCI
SECLAUSE

 2aspect
s:
1. FREEDOM TOBELI EVE
 absol ut e
 i ncl
udesnott obel i
eve
 “ everyonehasar ightt ohisbeliefsandhemaynotbecal ledt oaccountbecausehecannotpr ovewhathe
beli
ev es”
2. FREEDOM TOACTACCORDI NGTOONE' SBELI EFS
 happenswhent hei ndivi
dualext ernali
zeshi sbelief sinact soromi ssions
 subj ectt or egul ation; canbeenj oyedonl ywi t
hpr operr egar dt or i
ghtsofot hers
 Just iceFr ankf ur ter: t
heconst i
tut i
onal provisi
ononr eligiousf reedom t ermi nateddisabi l
i
ties,itdidnot
createnewpr i
v i
leges. ..i
tsessencei sfreedom f rom conf or mityt oreligiousdogma, notf r
eedom f r
om
confor mityt ol awbecauseofr eligiousdogma
Germanv sBar angan SC f ound t hatpet i
tioners wer e notsi ncer ei nt heirprofession of
reli
giousl iber tyandwer eusi ngi tmer elyt oexpr esst heiroppositiont o
thegov ernment
Ebralinag vs di vi
sion SCr ever sedGer onav sSec.ofEduc., anduphel dt her i
ghtofpetit
ioner s
Super intendentofSchool s of t or efutet o sal utet hePhi li
ppi nef l
agonaccountoft heirreli
gious
Cebu scruples.
Peopl ev sZosa i
nv ocationofr eligiousscr upl esi nor dert oav oidmi li
taryservi
cewas
brushedasi debyt heSC
Victorianov sElizal
deRope SCuphel dt hev ali
dityofRA3350,exempt ingmember sofar eli
gious
Wor ker sUni on sectf r
om bei ngcompel l
edt oj oi
nal aboruni on
Amer i
canBi bleSocietyv sCi ty theconst itutionalguar anteeoff reeexer cisecar rieswi thittherightt o
ofMani la dissemi nat ei nf or mat ion,andanyr estrai
ntofsuchr i
ghtcanbej ust i
fied
onlyont hegr oundt hatt her e i sacl earandpr esentdangerofanev i
l
whicht heSt atehast her i
ghtt opr event;
Hence,Ci tyor dinancei mposi ngl i
censef eest oonsal eisinapplicable
tothesoci et y
Tolent i
nov sSec.ofFi nance the f r
ee exer cise cl ause does notpr ohibiti mposi ng a gener all
y
applicabl esal esanduset axont hesaleofr eli
giousmat eri
als;
theregi strationf eei snoti mposedf ortheexer i
seofapr i
vi
lege,butonl y
forthepur poseofdef rayi
ngpar tofthecostofr egistrati
on

 Compel l
ingSt ateI nterestt est[
Est radav sEscr it
or]
 t heconst i
tution'sreligioncl ause'spr escri
benotast rctbuabenev
i olentneut r
alit
y( whichrecogni
zes
thatgov ernmentmustpur suei tssecul argoalsandi nterest
s,butatthesamet i
me, str
ivet
ouphol d
reli
giousl i
ber tytot hegr eatestext entpossi blewi t
hinflexi
bleconst
ituti
onal l
imits
 benev olentneut r
alitycouldal lowf oraccomodat i
onmor al
it
ybasedonr eli
gionpr ov i
deditdoesnot
of f
endt hecompel l
ingst atei nteresttest.
 t wost eps( asr egar dst het est):
1. i nquirewhet herr espondent '
srighttor el
igiousf r
eedom hasbeenbur dened; and
2. ascer tainrespondent 'ssincer i
tyinherr eli
giousbel i
ef.
 sol
i
citiati
onsf orr eli
giouspur posesr equiresnotapr iorper mitfr
om DSWDasi tisnoti ncludedin
sol
i
citationsf or“char i
tabl eorpubl i
cwel farepurposes. ”[CentenovsVill
alon-Porni
llos]

RELI
GIOUSTESTS

 Pur
pose:tost
opgov er
nment
'scl
andest
ineat
tempt
stopr
eventaper
sonf
rom exer
cisi
nghi
sci
vi
lorpol
i
tical
right
sbecauseof
hi
srel
igi
ousbeli
efs.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 Peopl
evsZosa i
nvocat
ionofr
eli
giousscr
upl
esi
nor
dert
oav
oidmi
l
itar
yser
vicewasbr
ushedasi
debyt
heSC

XI
I.FREEDOM OFEXPRESSI
ON

Fr
eedom ofSpeech–“
atoncet
hei
nst
rumentandt
heguar
ant
yandt
hebr
ightconsummat
efl
owerofal
ll
iber
ty.
”(Wendel
lPhi
l
ips)

Scope
 Freedom ofExpr essionisav ail
ableonl yi
nsofarasiti
sexer cisedfort
hedi onofmat
scussi t
ersaff
ecti
ngt hepubli
c
i
nterest.Purel
ypr i
vateinterestmat tersdonotcomewi thintheguaranty(i
nv asi
onofpr ivacyisnotsancti
onedbyt he
Constitut
ion).
 coversideasthatar eaccept abletothemaj ori
tyandt heunor t
hodoxv i
ew.( Oneofthef unctionsofthi
sfreedom i
s“ t
o
i
nv i
tedispute”–USSupr emeCour t
;“Imaynotagr eewi t
hwhaty ousay,butIwilldefendt othedeathyourr i
ghtt
osayit
.”-
Voltai
re)
 Thef r
eedom t ospeaki ncludest herightt
osilent.(
Thisfreedom wasmeantnotonl ytopr ot
ecttheminoritywhowantto
tal
kbutal sotobenef itt
hemaj orit
ywhor efusetolist
en.-Socr at
es)

I
mpor t
ance
Theult
imategooddesi
redi
sbetterr
eachedbyafreet
radeinideas–thatt
hebesttestoft
rut
histhepowerofthethoughtt
oget
i
tsel
facceptedi
nthecompeti
ti
onofthemarket
;andthatt
ruthistheonl
ygrounduponwhichthei
rwishessaf
elycanbecarr
iedout
.

ModesofExpr
ession
 Or alandwri
tt
enlanguage
 Symbol i
sms( e.
g.bendedknee,
sal
utet
othef
lag,
car
toons)

ELEMENTS:
 Freedom f
rom previ
ousrestr
aintorcensor
shi
p
 Freedom f
rom subsequentpunishment

[
1]FREEDOM FROM PREVI
OUSRESTRAI
NTORCENSORSHI
P

 embodi
edinAr
t.I
II
,Sec.4[
Nolawshal
lbepassedabr
idgi
ngt
hefreedom ofspeech,
ofexpressi
on,
oroft
hepr
ess,
ort
her
ight
oft
hepeopl
epeacabl
ytoassembl
eandpeti
ti
onthegover
nmentf
orredressofgri
evances.
]

 CENSORSHIPcondi
ti
onstheexer
ciseoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
onupont
hepr
iorappr
oval
oft
hegov
ernment
.Onl
ythosei
deas
accept
abl
etoi
tareall
owedtobedissemi
nated.

 CENSOR,t
her
efore,
assumestherol
eofar
bit
erf
orthepeopl
e,usual
l
yappl
yi
nghi
sownsubj
ect
ivest
andar
dsi
ndet
ermi
ningt
he
goodandt
henot.Suchisanat
hemainafr
eesoci
ety.

Grosj
eanvsAmericanPress Ther
eneednotbet
otal
suppr
essi
on;
evenr
est
ri
cti
onofci
rcul
ati
onconst
it
utescensor
shi
p
Co.
BurgosvsChi
efofStaf
f thesear ch,padlocking and seal i
ng oftheof fi
cesofMet r
opoli
tan Mailand WeFor um bymi l
itary
authori
ti
es,resul
tingint hedisconti
nuanceofpublicati
onoft henewspapers,washel
dt obepri
orrest
raint
Mut
ucv
sCOMELEC theCOMELECpr ohi
bitionagainsttheuseoft apedj i
nglesinthemobi l
eunitsusedinthecampaignwas
heldtobeunconst it
utional,
asi twasinthenat ur
eofcensor ship
Sani
dadv
sCOMELEC theCourtannul l
edtheCOMELECpr ohi
bit
ionagainstradiocomment atorsornewspapercol
umnistsfrom
comment i
ngont heissuesi nvolvedinthescheduledplebiscit
eontheor gani
clawcreati
ngtheCordil
lera
AutonomousRegi onasanunconst it
uti
onalrestr
aintonfreedom ofexpressi
on
But
..
.
Gonzal
esv
sCOMELEC theCour tuphel dt hev al
idit
yoft hel awwhi chpr ohibited, exceptdur ingt hepr escribedel ecti
onper i
od,the
making ofspeeches,announcement sorcomment ari
esf ororagai nstt heel ect i
onofanypar t
yor
candidat eforpubl icof fi
ce.
JUSTI FICATI ON:t hei nordinat epreoccupat i
onoft hepeopl ewi thpol i
ticst endedt owar dt heneglectoft he
otherser i
ousneedsoft henat i
onandt hepol l
ut i
onofi t
ssuf frages.
I
glesi
ani
Cri
stov
sCA TheBoar dofRev iew f orMot i
onPi cturesandTel evision( BRMPT)hast heaut horitytor eview the
peti
tioner'st elevisionpr ogr am.
Howev er,theBoar dact edwi t
hgr av eabuseofdi scretionwheni tgav ean“ X-r
ating”tot heTVpr ogr am on
thegr oundof“ at t
acksagai nstanot herreligi
on. ”Suchacl assificationcanbej ustifi
edonl yi fthereisa
showi ngt hatt het vpr ogram woul dcr eateacl earandpr esentdangerofanev ilwhi cht heSt ateoughtt o
prevent .
Pr
imi
ciasv
sFugosos Ther espondentmay orcoul donl yr easonabl yregul ate,notabsol utelypr ohibi
t,theuseofpubl i
cpl acesfor
thepur posei ndi
cat ed.
Nat
ional Pr
ess Cl
ub v
s theSupr emeCour tuphel dt hev al
idityofSec.11( b),RA6646, whichpr ohibit
edanyper sonmaki nguseof
COMELEC themedi at osel lort ogi vef reeofchar gepr i
ntspaceorai rtimef orcampai gnorot herpol it
icalpur poses
exceptt ot heCOMELEC.Thi swashel dt obewi thint hepoweroft heCOMELEC t osuper vi
set he

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 enjoymentorut ili
zati
onoff r
anchi sesf ortheoper ationofmedi aofcommuni cationandi nformati
on,f or
thepur poseofensur i
ngequaloppor t
uni t
y,timeandspace, andt he“ri
ghtt oreply,”aswel lasuniform and
reasonabl er at esofchar gesf ortheuseofsuchmedi afacil
ities.
Osmeňav
sCOMELEC SCr eaffirmedv ali
dit
yofRA6646asal egiti
mat eexer ciseofpol icepower .Ther egulati
oni sunrel
atedt o
thesuppr essi onofspeech,asanyr estri
ctiononf reedom ofexpr essionoccasi onedt her
ebyi sonl y
i
ncident alandnomor et hani snecessar yt oachievet hepur poseofpr omot i
ngequal i
ty.
NOTE:Thi si snoti nconsi stentwi thther uli
ngi nPPIv sCOMELEC,becausei nt hel atter,SCsi mplysai d
thatCOMELECcannotpr ocur epr i
ntspacewi thoutpay ingjustcompensat ion.
Adi
ongv
sCOMELEC COMELEC' sr esol uti
onpr ohibit
ingt hepost i
ngofdecal s,andst i
ckersinmobi l
euni tsli
kecar sandot her
mov ingv ehi cleswasdecl aredunconst it
utional f
orinfri
ngmenetoff reedom ofexpr ession.
Besides,t heconst i
tuti
onalobj ectiveofgi vi
ngt herichandpoorcandi dat es'equaloppor tunitytoinf orm
theelect orat eisnotv iolatedbyt hepost ingofdecal sandst ickersoncar sandot herv ehicles.
“Overbreadt hdoct ri
ne”=pr ohibi
tst hegov ernmentf rom achi evi
ngi t
spur posebymeanst hatweep
unnecessar ilybr oadly,reachingconst i
tutionallyprotectedaswel lasunpr otectedact i
vi
ty;thegov ernment
hasgonet oof ar;it
sl egiti
mat einterestcanbesat i
sfiedwi t
houtreachi ngsobr oadlyint othear eaof
protectedf reedom.
Gonz
alesv
skat
igbak petit
ionerquest ionedt hecl assifi
cationoft hemov i
eas“ foradul t
sonl y .
”thepet i
ti
onwasdi smi ssed
becauset heBoar ddidnotcommi tgrav eabuseofdi screti
on.

[
2]FREEDOM FROM SUBSEQUENTPUNI
SHMENT

 embodi
edi
nAr
t.I
II
,Sec.18(
1)[
Noper
sonshal
lbedet
ainedsol
elybyr
easonofhi
spol
i
tical
bel
i
efsandaspi
rat
ions]

 wit
houtthi
sassurance,
thei
ndivi
dualwouldhesi
tatetospeakf
orfearthathemi
ghtbehel
dtoaccountf
orhi
sspeech,
ort
hat
hemightbeprovokingt
hevengeanceoftheoffi
cial
shemayhav ecri
ti
cized.

 notabsol
ute;
subj
ectt
opol
i
cepowerandmayber
egul
ated(
freedom ofexpr
essi
ondoesnotcov
eri
deasof
fensi
vet
opubl
i
c
order
)

-Obsceni
ty
USvsKotti
nger SC acquittedaccusedwhowaschar gedofhav i
ngof f
er edf orsal epi ct
uresofhal f
-cl
ad
member sofnon- Christiantri
bes,holdi
ngt hathehadonl ypresent edthem intheirnativeatti
re
Peopl
evsGoPi
n Accusedwasconv i
ctedf orexhibiti
ngnudepai ntingsandpi ct
ures,notwithstandinghisclaim
thathehaddonesoi nt heinter
estofart.SC, notingthathehaschar gedadmi ssi
onf eestothe
exhibi
ti
on,heldt hathi spurposewascommer cial,notmer elyartisti
c.
Pi
tavsCA SCdeclaredt hatthedet erminati
onofwhati sobscenei saj udicialf
unction.
Mi
ll
ervsCal
i
for
nia TestofObsceni t
y:
 whet hertheav erageper son,applyingcont empor arycommuni tystandards,would
fi
ndt hatthewor k,takenasawhol e,appeal stot hepr uri
entinterest
 whet herthewor kdepi cts,i
napat ent l
yof fensiveway ,sexualconductspeci fi
cally
definedbyt heappl i
cablelaw
 whet hert hewor k,takenasawhol e,lacksser iousl i
terar
y ,arti
sti
c,pol i
ti
calor
sci
ent i
ficv alue

Justi
ceDouglas,di
ssent:Idonott hinkwe,t hej udges,wereev
ergi v
entheconsti
tut
ional
powertomakedef i
nit
ionsofobsceni
ty.Obscenit
yisahodgepodge.
-TheCour
tsshoul
dnotappl
yanati
onalst
andardbutthestandar
dofthecommuni tyinwhichthemater
iali
sbei
ngtest
ed.

-Cri
tici
sm ofOffi
cialConduct
Lagunzadv sSott
oVda.de theCour tgr antedt hepet it
iont or estraint hepubl i
cexhi bit
ionoft hemov i
e“ Moi sesPadill
a
Gonzales Stor y
,”becausei tcont ai
nedf i
ctionalizedembel l
i
shment s.
Beingapubl icf i
guredoesnotdest r
oyone' sr ightt opr i
vacy .
AyerProducti
onsv sJudge thet ribunaluphel dt hepr i
macyoff reedom ofexpr essi onov erEnr i
le'
s“ ri
ghtt opr i
vacy,
”
Capulong becauseEnr ilewasapubl i
cf i
gur eandapubl icfigur e'
sr i
ghtt opr iv
acyi snarrowert hanthatof
anor dinaryci ti
zen.Besi des,themov ie“ FourDay sofRev ol
ution( sabini Cr
uz)”/“ ADanger ous
Life( sabiniNachur a) ”/“TheFourDayRev olution( sabisacase) ”woul dnotbehi st
ori
call
y
fait
hf ulwithouti ncl
udi ngthereinthepar ti
cipationofEnr ileintheEDSAr evol
ution.
USv sBustos SC compar ed cr i
ti
ci sm ofof f
icialconductt oa“ scalpelt hatr eli
evest heabscessesof
offici
aldom”
PeoplevsAlarcon newspaperpubl i
cationst endi ng t oimpede,obst ruct,embar r
assori nfl
uencet hecour tsin
admi nisteri
ngj ust i
cei napendi ngsui torpr oceedi ngconst i
tutescr iminalcont emptwhi chis
summar i
lypuni shablebyt hecour ts.
InreJurado apubl i
cationt hatt endst oimpede,embar rassorobst ructt hecour tandconst i
tutesaclear
andpr esentdangert ot headmi nistrati
onofj usticei snotpr otectedbyt heguar ant eeofpress
freedom andi spuni shabl ebycont empt .
Itisnotnecessar ythatpubl icati
onact uallyobst ructst headmi nistr
ationofjustice,itisenough
thatitt endst odoso.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 I
nreSot
to asenat orwaspuni shedf orcont
emptf orhav ingat tackedadeci sionofSCwhi chhecal led
i
ncompet entandnar r
ow- minded,
andannounci ngt hathewouldf il
eabi l
lforitsreor ganizati
on
I
nreTul
fo Tulfo'
s“ SangkatutaknaBobo”col umnwashel dcont umaci
ous.Fr eedom oft hepr essi s
subor dinatet ot he deci si
on,aut hori
ty and i ntegri
ty of the j udi ciar
y and t he pr oper
admi nistrati
onofj ust
ice.
I
nreLaur
eta alawy erwashel dincont emptandsuspendedf rom thepracticeofl awf orwr ti
ngi ndividual
l
etterst omember soft heSC divisionthatdeci dedacaseagai nsthi scl i
ent ,arrogant l
y
quest i
oningt hei
rdeci si
on
Zal
div
arv
sSandi
ganbay
an amemberoft heBarwhoi mputedchar gesofi mproperinfluence,cor r
uptionandot her
misdeedst omember softheSupr emeCour twassuspendedf rom t hepr acticeofl aw as
“nei
thert her i
ghtoff reespeechnort herightt oengagei npol i
ticalact ivi
tiescanbeso
constr uedorext endedast opermitanysuchl ibertiestoamemberoft hebar .”

 Rightofst
udentstof r
eespeechi nschoolpr emisesnotabsolut
e.
GENERALRULE: astudentshall
notbeexpel l
edorsuspendedsol el
yonthebasi
sofarti
cleshehaswrit
ten
EXCEPTION: whenthearti
clemat eri
all
ydisr
uptsclassworkorinvol
vessubst
anti
aldi
sorderorinv
asi
onofright
sofot
her
s,t
he
schoolhastheri
ghttodiscipl
ineitsstudent
s( i
nsuchacase, i
tmayexpelorsuspendt
hest udent
)

 Test
sofval
idgover
nment
ali
nter
fer
ence(
cri
ter
iai
ndet
ermi
ningt
hel
i
abi
l
ityoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualf
ori
deasexpr
essedbyhi
m):

1. ClearandPr esentDangerRule
-mostl i
bertar
ian
-whetherthewor dsareusedinsuchcircumstancesandofsuchanat ur east ocreat
eacl earandpr esentdangerthat
theywillbr
ingaboutthesubstanti
veevil
sthattheStatehast
her i
ghttopr event.
-thesubstantiveevi
lmustbeextremelyseri
ousandt hedegr
eeofi mmi nenceextremelyhighbef oreutter
ancescanbe
punished
-CLEAR=causal connect
ionwiththedangerofthesubstant
iveevi
l ar
isingfrom theutt
erance
-PRESENT=t imeelement;i
mmi nentandimmedi at
edanger(thedangermustnotonl ybepr obablebutalsoinevi
table)

Ter
mini
ell
ovsCi
tyof  (speechi nsi
deanaudi t
orium wi t
h800per sons)
Chi
cago  speechi sof t
enpr ovocativeandchal lenging.hence,“ fi
ght i
ngwor ds”ar enot
sufficientt oconv ictaper sonabsentacl earandpr esentdangerofaser i
ous
subst antiveev i
l
Pr
imi
ciasv
sFugosos Therespondentmay orcoul donlyr easonablyregul ate,
notabsolut elyprohibi
t,theuse
ofpublicplacesf ort hepur posei ndicat
ed.
 t hecondi ti
onofMani l
aatt hat t imedi dnotj usti
fythemay or'
sf ear
s.ther ewas
nocl earandpr esentdanger .
 deci dedi n1947
Nav
arr
ovsVi
l
legas (compar ewi thPrimiciascase)
SCsust ainedr espondentmay or'sactofr efusingt oissueaper mi tenablingstudents
toholdapubl icrall
y.May orfearedt heral
lywoul dr esul
ttopubl i
cdi sorder.
-decidedi n1970
Rey
esv
sBagat
sing thedenialofaper mi ttohol dapubl i
crall
ywasi nvali
dast herewasnoshowi ngoft he
probabil
ityofacl earandpr esentdangerofanev ilt
hatmi ghtariseasar esultofthe
meeting.Thebur denofpr ovingsuchev entuall
yr estsontheMay or.

2. Danger ousTendencyDoct ri
ne
-i
fthewor dsutt
eredcreateadanger oustendencyofanevi
lwhichtheSt at
ehastheri
ghttopr
event,
thensuchwordsare
punishable.
-JusticeHolmes, cr
it
iqueofthisdoctri
ne:Everyideai
saninci
tement.Ifbel
iev
ed,
itisact
edonunlesssomeotherbel
ief
outweighsi t
,orsomef ai
lur
eofener gysti
flesthemovementatit
sbirth.

BayanvsExecut
ive 6. t heCal ibratedPr e-emptiveResponsePolicyi
snullandv oi
d.Respondent sare
Secret
aryEr
mita enjoinedf rom usi ngi tandt ostri
ctl
yobserv
et herequi
rement sofmaxi mum
tolerance.
Cabansagv
sFer
nandez I
tisnotnecessar yt hatsomedef i
nit
eori mmediat
eactsoff orceorv iol
encebe
advocated.Itissuf f
ici
entt hatsuchactsbeadvocat
edingeneralt
erms.
Amer et endencyt owar dtheev i
lwasenough.
Peopl
evsPer
ez Accuseddecl ared:“TheFi li
pinosli
kemy sel
fmustusebolosforcutti
ngoff(Governor
-
General)Wood' sheadf orhavingrecommendedabadt hi
ngfortheFi l
i
pinos,f
orhe
haskil
ledouri ndependence. ”
Hewassent encedt ojail.

3. BalanceofInt
erestTest
-whenpar t
icul
arconductisr
egulat
edintheinter
estofpubl
i
corder,
andther
egul
ati
onr
esult
sinanindi
rect
,condi
ti
onal
,
parti
alabri
dgmentofspeech,thedutyofthecourt
sistodet
erminewhi
chofthet
woconfl
i
cti
ngint
erest
sdemandst he
greaterpr
otect
ionundertheci
rcumstancespresent
ed.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 -Justi
ceBlack,cri
ti
que:i
t,i
nef
fect
,al
l
owst
hecour
tst
odeci
det
hatt
hisf
reedom maynotbeenf
orcedunl
esst
heybel
i
eve
i
tisreasonabletodoso.

CLEARANDPRESENTDANGERRULE DANGEROUSTENDENCYRULE BALANCEOFI

NTERESTRULE
l
i
ber
tyi
spr
efer
red Aut
hor
it
yispr
efer
red thei
ssueisresolvedintheli
ghtofthe
pecul
i
arci
rcumst ancesobtai
ningineach
part
icularcase

AssemblyandPeti
ti
on
 publ ici
ssuesarebet
terr
esolvedafteranexchangeofv
iewamongci
ti
zensmeet
ingwi
theachot
herf
ort
hepur
pose.
 notsubj ectt
oprevi
ousrestr
aintorcensorshi
p
 r egulat
edbyBP880( Publ
icAssembl yAct)

Tanadav
sBagat
sing SCsust ainedt hepet itioner'
smot ioncompel l
ingt hemay orofMani latoi ssueaper mitt oholdar al
ly,but
changedt hemeet ingpl acet oUgar teField,apr i
vatepar k
Malabananv
s (severalst udent swer esuspendedf or1y earforconduct ingdemonst r
ationi nt hepremi sesofauni versit
y
Ramento outsidet hear eaper mi ttedbyt heschool aut horit
ies)
SCemphasi zedt hatt hest udentsdi dnotshedt heirconst it
utionalrightstof r
eespeechatt heschool house
gate,andper mi tt
edt hest udent store-enrollandf inishtheirstudies.
Vi
l
larv
sTI
P (several student swer ebar redfrom re-enrollmentf orpar t
icipatingindemonst rati
ons)
whilet heCour tuphel dt heacademi cfreedom ofi nsti
tuti
onsofhi gherlear ning, whi
chi ncludest her i
ghtt o
setacademi cst andar dst odet ermineunderwhatci r
cumst ancesf ai
li
nggr adessuf ficef orexpul sionof
student s,i twashel dt hatt hi
sr ightcannotbeut i
li
zedt odi scri
mi nateagai nstthosewhoexer ciset hei
r
constitutional rightstopeacef ul assembly .
Nonv
sDames SCabandonsi tsruli
ngi nAlcuazv sPSBA( thatenr olmentofast udenti sasemest er
-to-semest ercont ract
andt heschoolmaynotbecompel l
edt or enew t hecont ract)uphol dingt heprimacyoff reedom of
expressi on, becauset hest udent sdonotshedt heurconst it
utionallyprotect edr i
ghtsatt heschool gate.
PBM Employ
ees ri
ghtt of reeassembl yandpet i
tionpr evai
lsov ereconomi cr i
ght s.
AssocvsPBM

 Test
sofalawfulassembl
y
 Pur poseTest
-i
deally,t
hetestshouldbet hepurposeforwhicht
heassemblyi
shel
d,regar
dlessoftheauspi
cesunderwhi chiti
s
organized
 AuspicesTest
-Evengeli
stavsEar nshaw:themay orofMani
laprohi
bit
edthemembersoftheCommuni stPar
tyfrom hol
dinganykindof
meeting,rev
okingal l
permitsprevi
ouslygr
antedbyhi
m onthegr
oundthat thepartyhadbeenfound(bythef i
scal
's
offi
ce)tobeani l
legalassociat
ion.

Ri
ghtofAssoci
ati
on

 Ar
t.I
II
,Sec.8

 deemedembracedi
nfr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onbecauset
heor
gani
zat
ioncanbeusedasav
ehi
clef
ort
heexpr
essi
onofv
iews
thathav
eabeari
ngonpubl
icwelf
are.

SSSEmploy eesAssoc ri
ghttoorganizedoesnotcarrywithitri
ghttostri
ke
vsCA
Vict
ori
anov sEli
zal
de
RopeWor kers'
Union
OccenavsCOMELEC ri
ghtofassoci ati
onwasnotv iolat
edwher epoli
ti
calpart
ieswerepr ohi
bit
edf r
om part
ici
pat
inginthe
barangayelecti
onstoi
nsurethenon- par
tisanshi
pofthecandidat
es.
I
nr eEdi
ll
on Barintegr
ationdoesnotcompelt helawyertoassociat
ewithanyone.I
ntegr
ationdoesnotmakealawyera
memberofanygr oupofwhichhei snotalreadyamember .

Accesst
oInf
ormat
ion

-thecit
izenr
yhasarighttoknowwhati
sgoi
ngoni
nthecount
ryandi
nhi
sgov
ernmentsohecanexpr
esshi
svi
ewst
her
eon
knowledgeablyandi
ntel
li
gentl
y

ValmontevBel
monte Thepeopl ehavearighttoaccessoff
ici
alrecordsbuttheycannotcompelcustodi
ansofoffi
cialrecor
dsto
1989 preparel
ists,
abst
racts,summar i
esandthelike,suchnotbeingbasedonademandablelegalright.
BaldozavDi
maano Judgescannotpr ohibi
taccesstojudici
alrecords.Howev er,ajudgemayregulat
ethemanneri nwhich
1976 personsdesiri
ngt
oi nspect
,examineorcopyr ecordsi
nhisof fi
ce,
mayexerci
sethei
rri
ghts.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
LegaspivCiv
ilSer
vice Per
sonal
int
eresti
snotrequi
redinasserti
ngtheri
ghtt
oinformati
ononmat t
ersofpubl
i
cconcer
n.
Commi ssi
on Whatmatt
ersconst
it
ute“publ
icconcern”shoul
dbedeter
mi nedbythecour
tonacasetocasebasi
s.
1987
ChavezvPCGG Publicconcern(def.)–wr it
ingscomi ngintothehandsofpubl i
cof f
icer
sinconnecti
onwitht hei
roff
ici
al
1998 functi
ons
I
ll-
gottenwealt
his,byi t
snat ur
e,amat terofpubl
icconcer
n.
Priv
il
egedcommuni cation:
(1)nationalsecur
it
y,(
2)tradesecr
ets,(3)cri
minal
matter
spendingi ncour
t,
Echegar
aycase SChel dthatmakingt heLethalI
njecti
onManual i
naccessi
bletotheconv i
ctwasunconsti
tut
ional.

XI
II
.THEI
MPAIRMENTCLAUSE
 Art
.II
I,
Sec.10oft
heConst
it
uti
on

Purpose
-t
osaf eguar
dthei
ntegr
it
yofv
ali
dcont
ract
ual
agr
eement
sagai
nstunwar
rant
edi
nter
fer
encebyt
heSt
ate.

Contr
actdef i
ned
-anylawfulagreementonpr oper t
yorpr opertyri
ghts,whetherrealorpersonal,tangibleorintangibl
e.
-doesnotcov er:
(a) License(merelyaper mitorpr i
vil
eget odowhatot herwisewoul dbeunl awf ulandisnotacont r
actwiththegover
nment
(b) Mar r
iagecontract(regardedassoci alinst
itut
ionsubjectatallt
imest or egulati
onbyt helegi
slat
ureandtochangeofthe
origi
nalcondi
tions).
(c) Publicoff
ice(publ i
cofficeisapubl ictr
ust).EXCEPTI ON:wheret hesal aryhasal readybeenearned,i
nwhichcaseitwil
l
bedeemedav est edpropertyrightthatcannotbewi thdrawnorr educed.

Impairment
-ret
roacti
ve
-anythi
ngthatdiminishestheeffi
cacyoft hecontr
act
-ri
ghtofapar t
yischangedt ohispr ej
udice
-whenal aw:
(a) Changest het er
msofacont ractbet
weenparti
es
(b) Imposesnewcondi ti
ons
(c) Dispensest hoseexpressed
(d) Authori
zesf orit
ssatisfacti
onsomet hi
ngdi
ffer
entf
rom t
hatpr
ovi
dedi
nit
ster
ms.

**Amer echangei
nPROCEDURALREMEDI ESwhi
chdoesnotchangethesubst
anceoft
hecont
ract
,andwhi
chst
il
lleav
esan
eff
icaci
ousremedyf
orenf
orcementdoesNOTi
mpai
rtheobl
i
gat
ionofcont
ract
s.

Li
mit
ati
ons
 Poli
cePower
-whenacontractsuffer
sfr
om congenit
alinfi
rmit
y,i.
e.acont
ractwhichaffects t hepubli
cwelfar
e
 EminentDomain
 PowerofTaxation
-Taxexempti
onsar enotcontr
actual
andsomayber ev
okedatwill
byt helegisl
ature.
EXCEPTION:wher eal aw grant
sat axexempt ioninexchangef orv aluabl
econsi derat
ion,suchexempt
ioni
s
consi
deredacontractandcannotberepealedbecauseoftheimpai
rmentcl ause.

ClemonsvNol
ti
ng Thefoll
owi ngimpai rtheobl i
gationofacont r
act:
1922 1. Al awwhi chchangest heter
msofal egalcontr
actwithrespectto:
a. t i
meormodeofper f
ormance
b. condi tions–t hatwhichimposesnewordi spenseswi thexpr
essedcondi
ti
ons
2. Al awwhi chaut horizesfort
hesat i
sfacti
onofacont ractsomet hingdi
ffer
entf
rom t
hatprovi
ded
i
nitst erms
Alawwhi chcompel sacreditortoacceptPhili
ppinepesoswhenadebti nUScur rencyi
sowingimpair
sthe
obl
igat
ionoft hecont r
act.
Char
lesRi
verBr
idgev Thestateisnev erpr esumedt osur r
enderitspoli
cepower .
Warr
enBri
dge Afranchisegr ant edtoacompanyt ocollecttoll
sf r
om abridgei ssubjecttothedutyandpoweroft he
1837 st
atetopr ovi
def ortheimpr ovementofani mpor t
antli
neoftravel
.

HomeBui l
ding&Loan Thel egisl
aturecan’
tbar gainawaypubl ichealth,morals& safet
y.Thepolicepowerisconsider
eda
Assoc.vBlai
sdel
l reser
v edpower .
1934 Thelegislaturemaynotimpai rtheobli
gati
onofacont r
actbutmaymodi f
y,accor
dingt
oitswisdom,the
remedywi thwhichtheobligati
onsmaybeenf or
ced.
 r emedy–modesofpr oceedi
ngandf ormstoenfor
cethecontr
actpr
ovi
deditdoesnot
seri
ouslyimpairthevalueoftheri
ght
Thereser vati
onofstat
eaut hor
ityi
sreadintoanddeemedpar tofcontr
act
s.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
StonevMi
ssi
ssi
ppi A statut
ewhi chsubsequentlyoutlawsgambl i
ngdoesnoti mpairt
heobl i
gati
onofcont
ract.A lottery
1879 charteri
sonlyapr i
vil
egewhichmayber evokedbytheexerciseofthepol
icepoweroft
hestate,gambl i
ng
beinganappropri
atesubjectofregulat
ion.
Manil
a Tr adi
ng v Therei snov estedr i
ghtinremedi esormodesofpr ocedure.Thelegisl
atur
emaymodi fyparticular
Reyes remediesfortheenforcementofacont ractwithouti
nter
fer
ingwi t
htheobl
igati
onoft
hecont
ract.
1935
Rutt
ervEst
eban Policepowermayonl ybei nvokedagai nsttheimpairmentofcont ractsi f:
1953 1. j ust i
fiedbyanemer gency– f ur
nishedt hepr operoccasi onf ortheexer ciseoft hereserved
poweroft hestat e
2. t empor aryi nnat ur
e–oper ationli
mitedtot heexi gencywhi chcal l
editforth,whichperi
odmay
ber educedbyt hecour t
3. exer ci seduponr easonablecondi ti
ons
4. i mpai rmentr ef
er sonlytoremedyandnott osubst anti
veright
5. addr essedt oal egit
imatepur pose–t hepr otectionoft hebasi ci nt
erest
sofsoci ety
I
lusor
iavCAR Thepr ohibi ti
oni nt heConst it
uti
onr efersonlytocont r actswi threspectt opropert
y.I tdoesnotappl yto
1966 statut esr el ati
ngt opubl i
csubj ectswi thinthedomai noft hegener all egisl
ati
vepower softhestateand
i
nv olv i
ngt her i
ghtandpubl i
cwel f
areoft heentir
ecommuni t
yaf f
ectedbyi t.
Al awwhi chal lowst enantst ochanget hei
rcontractsf rom t enancyt ol easeholdsystem doesnoti mpair
theobl igationofcont ract
sbecausei twasenact edpur suantt osocialjust i
cepreceptsoft heconst
itut
ion.
Ort
igasvFeati
Bank Zoni ngl aws, promul gatedi ntheexerciseofpol i
cepower ,justif
ynulli
ficationofcontractualobli
gat
ions.
1979
Confer
ence of Cont
ract
soflaborareexpl
i
cit
lysubj
ectt
ot hepol
i
cepower
.
Marit
ime Manni
ng CC1700:Relati
onsbetweencapitalandlaborar
enotmerel
ycont
ract
ualbutar
eimpr
essedwi
thpubl
i
c
AgenciesvPOEA i
nter
estandmustyiel
dtothecommongood…
1995

XI
V.EXPOSTFACTOLAWS
 Ar t.I
II,
Sec.22oftheConsti
tuti
on
 Pr ohibi
tionagai
nstExPostfact
oLaws-t
heequi
val
entoft
hei
mpai
rmentcl
ausei
ncr
imi
nal
mat
ter
s

Ki
nds

1) Onewhi chmakesanact i
ondonebef orethepassi ngoft helaw,andwhichwasi nnocentwhendone,cr i
minal,andpunishes
suchaction.
2) Onewhichaggr av at
est hecr imeormakesi tgreaterthanwheni twascommi t
ted.
3) Onewhi chchangest hepuni shmentandi nfl
ictsagr eaterpunishmentthant hatwhicht helawannexedtot hecrimewheni t
wascommi t
ted.
4) Onewhichal t
erst helegal rulesofevi
denceandr eceiveslesstesti
monythant helawr equir
edattheti
meoft hecommi ssi
onof
theoff
enseinor dertoconv icttheaccused.
5) Onewhi chassumest or egul at
ecivi
lri
ghtsandr emedi esonl yBUT,inef
fect,i
mposesapenal tyordepr
ivat
ionofar i
ght,
whi ch,
whendone, wasl awful.
6) Onewhi chdepr i
v esaper sonaccusedofacr i
meofsomel awfulpr
otecti
ont owhi chhehasbecomeent i
tl
edsuchast he
prot
ecti
onofaf or merconv icti
onoracquittal
,orapr oclamationofamnest y
.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs[CPR]
 [ C]mustrefert
ocri
minalmatter
s
 [ P]prej
udici
alt
otheaccused
 [ R]retr
oacti
vei
nappli
cati
on

BI
LLOFATTAINDER
 Al egisl
ati
veactthati
nfl
ict
spunishmentwit
houttr
ial
.
 Essencei sthesubsti
tut
ionofl
egisl
ati
vefi
atforaj
udici
aldet
ermi
nat
ionofgui
l
t

BA→ EPF
ΔBA=Bil
lofAt
tai
nder
;EPF=ExPostFact
oLaw

(
All
Bil
l
sofAt
tai
nderar
eExPostFact
oLaws)

El
ement
sofBi
llofAt
tainder
1. Ther
emustbeal aw.
2. Thel
awi mposesapenal bur
denonanamedindi
vidualoreasi
lyascer
tai
nabl
emember
sofagr
oup.
3. Ther
eisadirectimposi
ti
onofpenal
burdenwi
thoutjudi
cial
tri
al.

XV.NON-
IMPRI
SONMENTFORDEBT

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
  Art
.II
I,Sec.20oft heConsti
tut
ion
 ForHUMANI TARIANreasons…anaddedguarantyoft
hel
iber
tyofper
sonsagai
nstt
hei
rincar
cer
ati
onf
ort
heenf
orcement
ofpurelypri
vatedebtsbecauseofthei
rmi
sfort
uneofbei
ngpoor

Debtdef
ined
 Anyci vilobl
i
gati
onarisi
ngfr
om acont
ract
 Expr essedorimpli
ed
 Resul ti
nginanyli
abil
i
tytopayi
nmoney

Scopeofguarant
yagai
nstimpri
sonmentf
ornon-
pay
mentofdebt
**Ifanaccusedfai
l
stopayt hefi
nei
mposeduponhim,t
hismayresul
tinhi
ssubsi
diar
yimpr
isonmentbecausehi
sli
abi
l
it sex
yi
del
ict
oandnotexcontr
actu.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
*
*AFRAUDULENTdebtmayr esul
tintheimpri
sonmentoft
hedebt
ori
f:
1. Thef r
audul
entdebtconsti
tutesacri
mesuchasestaf
aand
2. Theaccusedhasbeendul yconvict
ed.

POLLTAX
GENERALRULE:Non-
paymentoftaxesi
spuni
shabl
ewi
thi
mpr
isonment
.
EXCEPTI
ON:Fai
l
uretopayapollt
ax

Pol
ltaxdef
ined
 Aspeci f
icsum l
evi
eduponev
eryper
sonbel
ongi
ngt
oacer
tai
ncl
asswi
thoutr
egar
dtohi
spr
oper
tyoroccupat
ion

XVI
.INVOLUNTARYSERVITUDE
 Sec.18, Ar
tII
I,
Consti
tut
ion

I
nvol
unt
aryServit
udedef i
ned
 Thecondi t
ionofonewhoi scompell
edbyf or
ce,
coercion,ori
mprisonment,andagainsthiswi
l
l,t
olaborforanot
her
,
whetherheispaidornot.
 I ncludes:
1. Sl avery–civ
ilr
elat
ioninwhichonemanhasabsol utepowerovertheli
fe,f
or t
uneandli
bert
yofanother
2. Peonage–acondi ti
onofenfor
cedservi
tudebywhi cht
heservit
orisrest
rainedofhi
sli
bertyandcompell
edt
o
laborinl
iqui
dati
onofsomedebtorobl i
gation,r
ealorpr
etended,agai
nsthiswi l
l

Gener
alRul
e
Noinv
olunt
aryser
vicei
nanyf
orm shal
lexi
st.

Except
ions
1. Puni shmentf oracr i
mef orwhi cht hepar tyshallhav ebeendul yconv icted(Sec.18,Art.II
I)
2. Per sonalmi l
itaryorcivi
lser viceint heinterestofnat i
onal defense( Sec. 4, Ar
t .I
I)
3. Nav alenlist
ment–r emai ni nser viceuntiltheendofv oyagesot hatthecr ewwoul dnotdeserttheship,maki
ngit
di
ffi
cultfortheowner stor ecruitnewhandst ocont i
nuet hev oyage( Robertsonv sBaldwin)
4. Possecomi t
at us–inpur sui tofper sonswhomi ghthav eviolat
edt hel aw,theauthori
ti
esmi ghtcommandal lmale
i
nhabitantsofacer t
ainaget oassi stthem ( USv sPompey a)
5. Ret ur ntowor kor derinindust ri
esaf f
ectedwi thpublicinterest(KapisananngManggagawasaKahoyv sGotamco)
6. Pat ri
aPot estas–unemanci pat edmi norsar eobligedtoobeyt heirparentssol ongast heyareunderparent
alpower
andtoobser ver espectandr everencet ot hem alway s(Art.311,CivilCode)

USvs AnAct pr ovidingforthemethodbywhi chthepeopl

eoft hetownmaybecal ledupont orenderassist
anceforthe
Pompey
a prot
ect i
onoft hepubl i
candt hepreservat
ionofpeaceandgoodor derisconst i
tutional
.Itwasenact edint he
exerciseofthepol i
cepoweroft hestateanddoesnotvi
olatetheconstit
uti
onalprohibit
iononi nvol
untar
yserv
itude.
Pol
lockv
s Noindebt ednesswar rantsasuspensionoftheri
ghtt
obef reefrom compulsoryservice,andnost at
ecanmaket he
Wil
l
iams quit
tingofwor kanycomponentofacr i
me,ormakecriminalsanctionsavail
ableforhol dingunwill
i
ngpersonst o
l
abor .

XVI
I.THEWRI
TOFHABEASCORPUS
 Sec.15,
Art
.II
I

Wr
itofHabeasCor pusdefi
ned
 Awr i
tissuedbyacour t
 di rectedtoapersondet aini
nganot her
 commandi nghim
toproducethebodyoft hepri
soner
 atadesi gnatedtimeandplace
 wi ththedayandcauseofhi scapti
onanddet
enti
on
todo,tosubmi tto,andreceiv
ewhateverthecour
torj
udgeawar
dingt
hewr
itshal
lconsi
deri
nhi
sbehal
f

*
**Thewr i
tisaprer
ogativ
ewr itempl
oyedt
otestthevali
dit
yofdetent
ion
*
**tosecurethedet
ainee’
sr el
ease
*
**Theactionshal
ltakeprecedencei
nthecal
endarofthecourtandmustbeact
eduponi
mmedi
atel
y

Whenav
ail
abl
e(enumer ati
onnotexcl
usi
ve)
 r est
orat
ionoflibert
yofanindi
vi
dualsubj
ect
edtophy sicalrest
rai
nt
 maybeav ail
edofwher e,
asaconsequenceofajudicialproceedi
ng:
1. t her
ehasbeendepr i
vati
onofaconsti
tut
ional ri
ghtresul
ti
ngi
nther
est
rai
ntoft
heper
son
2. t hecourthasnojuri
sdi
cti
ontoimposethesent ence,or

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 3. anexcessi v
epenal tyhasbeeni mposed, sincesuchsent
enceisvoidast
otheexcess.
 Maybeext endedtocasesbywhi chrightf
ulcustodyofanyper soniswit
hheldfr
om t
hepersonenti
tl
edtheret
o
 Whenmor alrest
rai
ntisexerted(Cauncav sSal
azar )
 Rightwasaccor dedapersonwassent encedtoal ongerpenaltyt
hanwassubsequentl
ymetedouttoanotherper
son
convict
edoft hesameof fense.(Gumabonv sDirect orofPri
sons)
 Unlawfuldenialofbai
l

Whennotavail
able(enumerati
onnotexcl
usive)
 t hepersonallegedtoberest
rai
nedisint
hecust
odyofanoff
icerunderaprocessi
ssuedbythecourtwhi
chhas
j
urisdi
cti
ont odoso
 desapar eci
dos( di
sappear
edpersons)–per
sonscoul
dnotbefound;remedyistor
eferthematt
ertoCommissi
onon
HumanRi ghts

Procedur
e
Needtocompl
ywi
thwr
it
;di
sobedi
encet
her
eofconst
it
utescont
empt

Whomaysuspendt
hepr
ivi
lege
ThePr
esi
dent

Gr
oundsf
orSuspensionoft hepri
vil
ege
1. inv
asionorrebell
i
on
2. whenpublicsafetyrequi
resit

-
-readAr
ti
cl
eVI
I,
Sec.18oft
heConst
it
uti
on

Lansangdoct
ri
ne(LansangvsGar ci
a)
 SChast hepowertoinquir
eint
othefact
ualbasi
soft
hesuspensi
onoft
hepr
ivi
l
egeoft
hewr
it
 Const i
tuti
onal
izedi
nAr t
icl
eVII
,Sec.18oft
heConsti
.

XVI
II
.SPEEDYDI
SPOSITI
ONOFCASES
 Sec.16,Art
.II
I

Rel
atedconcept
sandpr ovisions
 Ri
ghtt
ospeedyt rial(Sec.14,Ar
t.I
II
)
Speedyt rial Speedydi sposi
ti
onofcases
Referstot ri
alphaseonly Referstodisposi
ti
onofcases(Al
lphases)
Cri
mi nalcasesonl y Judici
al,quasi
-j
udici
aloradmi
n.Pr
oceedings

 Per
iodsf
ordecisi
onforcourts (Sec.15,Art
.VI I
I)
 SC: 24mont hsfr
om submi ssi
on
 Alllowercoll
egi
atecourts:12monthsunl essreducedbySC
 Allotherl
owercour t
s:3mont hs
 Per
iodsf
ordecisi
onforConstitut
ionalCommi ssi
ons( Sec7,Art.IX-
A)
 60days from dateofsubmi ssi
onfordecisi
onorr esoluti
on

Fact
orsconsi
deredindetermini
ngwhet hert
heri
ghtisv
iol
ated
1. Lengthofdelay
2. Reasonofdel ay
3. Assert
ionofther i
ghtorfai
lur
etoasser
tit
4. Prej
udicecausedbydel ay

Remedyincasether
ehasbeenunr
easonabl
edel
ayi
nresol
uti
onofacase
Dismi
ssalt
hroughmandamus

XI
X.RI
GHTSOFTHEACCUSED

Cr
imi
nal
processincl
udes:
a) Invest
igati
onpri
ortothefi
li
ngofcharges
b) Preli
minaryexaminat
ionandinv
esti
gati
onaf
terchar
gesar
efi
l
ed
c) Periodoftri
al

CRI
MINALDUEPROCESS
- Sec.14,
par
agr
aph1ofAr
t.I
II
Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 - REQUI RES:
1. I
mpar t
ialandcompet entcourtinaccor
dancewi t
hprocedur
eprescri
bedbylaw
2. Properobserv
anceofal ltheri
ghtsaccordedtheaccusedundert
heConstit
uti
onandt
heappl
i
cabl
est
atut
es
(exampleofstatut
oryrightoftheaccused:r
ighttoPrel
imi
naryi
nvesti
gat
ion)

- MISTRI
ALmaybedeclar
edifshownthatpr
oceedi
ngswerehel
dunderci
rcumst
ancesaswoul
dpr
eventt
heaccusedf
rom
f
reel
ymaki
nghi
sdefenseorthejudgefr
om f
reel
yarr
ivi
ngathi
sdeci
sion

- Whenal
awnotpubl
i
shedandaper
soni
simpl
eadedf
orv
iol
ati
onofsuchl
aw-
-–v
iol
ati
onofduepr
ocess

- Whenappeal
isper
mit
tedbyl
awbutt
her
eisdeni
alt
her
eof-
-–v
iol
ati
onofduepr
ocess

SELF-
INCRI
MINATION
- Sec.17,
Art
.II
I

- Basedon:
1. HUMANI TARIANreasons–i ti
sint
endedt opr
eventtheSt
ate,wi
thall
itscoer
civ
epower
s,fr
om ext
ract
ingfr
om
thesuspectt
esti
monyt hatmayconvicthi
m
2. PRACTICALreasons–aper sonsubjectedtosuchcompulsi
onisli
kel
ytoperj
urehi
msel
fforhi
sownpr ot
ecti
on

- AVAI
LABLETO:
- Cr iminalprosecut
ions,
gov
ernmentpr
oceedi
ngs,
incl
udi
ngci
vi
lact
ionsandadmi
nist
rat
iveorl
egi
slat
ive
i
nvesti
gati
ons

- MAYBECLAI MEDBY:
1. ACCUSED–atal lti
mes; t
her eisar easonabl eassumpt ionthatt hepurposeofhi sinterrogat
ionwil
lbeto
incri
minatehim
2. WI TNESS–onl ywhenani ncri
mi nati
ngquest i
onisasked, sincet hewitnesshasnowayofknowi nginadvance
thenatureoreffectofthequest iontobeputt ohim
- Hecannoti nv okerighttosel f-
incri
mi nati
onwhen:
a) Thequest ionisr elevantandot herwiseal l
owedev enift
heanswermayt endto
i
ncr iminatehim orsubj ecthimt ocivill
iabili
ty
b) t hequest ionr elatest opastcr i
mi nali
tyf orwhichthewi t
nesscannol ongerbe
prosecut ed
c) hehasbeenpr ev i
ouslygrant edimmuni tyunderav al
i
dlyenact edstat
ute
- Onlynat ur
alpersonscani nv oket hisright . Judi cialper sonsar esubj ectt othevisi
tor i
alpowersofthestatein
ordert
odet erminecompl i
ancewi ththecondi tionsoft hechar tergrant edtothem.

- SCOPE:
- Test imonialCompulsi
on
- Pr oductionofDocuments,
Paper
sandChatt
els.EXCEPTI
ON:
whenbooksofaccount
sar
etobeexami
nedi
nthe
exerciseofpoli
cepowerandpoweroft
axat
ion.

- WhatisPROHIBITEDi
stheuseofphysi
calormor alcompulsi
ontoextor
tcommunicat
ionfrom t
hewi
tnessort
o
ot
her
wiseel
i
citev
idencewhi
chwoul
dnotexi
stwereitnotfortheacti
onscompel
ledf
rom t
hewitness.

- Theri
ghtdoesNOTPROHI BIT theexaminati
onoft hebodyoft
heaccusedort
heuseoffi
ndingswithrespectto
hisbodyasphy sicalevi
dence. Hence,thefingerpr
int
ingofanaccusedwoul dnotviol
atet
her ightagainstsel
f-
i
ncriminati
on. Howev er
,obtai
ningasampl
eofthehandwr i
tingoft
heaccusedwoul
dvi
olat
ethi
sri
ghtifheischargedfor
fal
si
ficati
on.

- Theaccusedcannotbecompell
edt
oproduceapr
ivat
edocumenti
nhispossessi
onwhi
chmi
ghtt
endt
oincr
imi
nat
ehi
m.
However,at
hir
dpersonincust
odyoft
hedocumentmaybecompell
edtoproduceit
.

- WAI
VER:

- Ei
ther:
a) Di
rect
ly,
or
b) Byfai
l
uretoi
nvokei
tPROVI
DEDt
hewai
v scer
eri tai
nandunequi
vocalandi
ntel
l
igent
lyandwi
l
li
ngl
y
made.

CUSTODI ALINVESTIGATI
ON
-Sec.12,Ar
t.I
II
-cal
ledthe“Mir
andaDoct
ri
ne”(
Mir
andav
sAr
izona)

- CUSTODI
ALI
NVESTI
GATI
ONdef
ined
Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 - Anyquestioni
nginiti
atedbyl awenf orcementof ficersaft
eraper sonhasbeent akenintocust odyorotherwi
se
depri
vedofhisf r
eedom ofact ioninanysigni fi
cantway .
- BEGINSassoonast heinvesti
gationisnol ongeragener alinqui
ryuntoanunsol vedcrime, anddir
ecti
oni st
hen
ai
meduponapar t
icularsuspectwhohasbeent akeni ntocustodyandt owhom thepol icewoul dt
hendi r
ect
i
nterr
ogatoryquestionswhi chtendt oeli
citincri
mi nati
ngstatement s.
- Shal
lincl
udet hepracticeofissuinganI NVITATI ONt oapersonwhoi sinvest
igat
edinconnect i
onwithanoffense
heissuspectedtohav ecommi tt
ed, wit
houtpr ej
udi cetotheli
abili
tyoftheinvi
ti
ngofficerforanyviol
ationoflaw.

- EXTRAJUDI
CIALCONFESSI ONISADMI SSI
BLEwhen:
a) Voluntar
y
b) Withassistanceofcounsel
c) I
nwr it
ing,and
d) Express

- RI
GHTSUNDERCUSTODI ALI NVESTI GATION
a) Tobei nf
or medofr ighttoremai nsilentandt ocounsel
b) Tober emindedt hatifhewai veshi srighttoremainsil
ent ,
anythinghesayscanandwi llbeusedagainsthim
c) Toremai nsilent
d) Tohav ecompet entandi ndependentcounselpr ef
er yofownchoi
abl ce
e) Tobepr ovidedwi t
hcounseli ftheper soncannotaf f
ordt heservicesofone
f) Notorture,force,violence,t
hreat, i
ntimidati
onoranyot hermeanswhi chvi
ti
atet hefreewi l
lshal
lbeusedagainst
hi
m
g) Secr
etdet entionplaces, soli
tary,i
ncommuni cado,orothersimilarformsofdetentionarepr ohi
bit
ed
h) Confessi
onsoradmi ssi
onsobt ainedi nviol
ati
onoftheser ight
sar einadmi
ssibleasev idence(excl
usi
onaryrul
e)

- WHATRIGHTSMAYBEWAI VED
[*
**wai
vermustbeinwrit
ingandi
nthepr
esenceofcounsel
]
a) Rightt
oremainsi
lent
b) Rightt
oCounsel

- WHATRI
GHTSCANNOTBEWAI VED
a) Ri
ghtt
obeinfor
medofhisrightt
oremainsi
l
entandtocounsel
b) Ri
ghtt
ocounselwhenmakingthewaiv
erofther
ightt
oremainsi
lentort
ocounsel

- Rightt
ocounseldepar
tei
snotunl
i
mit
ed.Accusedcannotr
epeat
edl
yaskf
orpost
ponement
.Hemustbepr
ovi
dedwi
th
counseldeof
ici
o.

- RA7309:
vict
imsofunj
usti
mpr
isonmentmayf
il
ethei
rcl
aimswi
tht
heBoar
dofCl
aimsunderDOJ

- HEARSAYEXCEPTI ON: anyofseveraldev

iat
ionsfrom thehear
sayrule;al
l
owingtheadmissionofotherwi
seinadmissi
ble
stat
ementsbecausethecircumstancessurr
oundingthestatementsprovi
deabaissforconsideri
ngthestat
ementsrel
iabl
e.
- RESGESTAE: Thedeclarat
ionoft
heaccusedacknowl edgi
ngguil
tmadet othepoli
cedeskof f
iceraf
tert
hecrimewas
commi t
tedmaybegiveni nevi
denceagainsthim bythepoli
ceoffi
certowhom theadmissionwasmade, aspartoftheres
gestae.

- TERMINATIONOFRIGHTSUNDERCUSTODI
ALI
NVESTI
GATI
ON:
WhenChar
gesar
efi
l
edagai
nstt
heaccused(
insuchcase,
Sect
ions14and17comeint
opl
ay)
.

BAI
L
- Sec.13,
Art
.II
I

- BAI
Ldef i
ned
- Securi
tygivenf
orther
eleaseofaper
sonincust
odyofl
aw,
fur
nishedbyhi
m orabondsman,
toguar
ant
yhi
s
appearancebef
oreanycourtasmayberequi
red

- FORMS:
a) Corpor
ateSuret
y
b) Proper
tyBond
c) CashDeposit
d) Recogni
zance

- WHOMAYI
NVOKE:
aper
sonunderdet
ent
ionev
eni
fnof
ormal
char
geshav
eyetbeenf
il
ed(
Rul
e114,
Rul
esofCour
t)

- WHOARENOTENTI TLED
1)Personschargedwit
hoffensesPUNISHABLEbyRECLUSI ON PERPETUAorDEATH,whenev
idenceofgui
l
tis
st
rong
2)PersonsCONVICTEDbythetri
alcour
t. Bai
li
sonlydi
scr
eti
onar
ypendingappeal
.
3)Personswhoar emember
soft heAFPfaci
ngacourtmar
ti
al.
Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 - OTHERRIGHTSI NRELATIONTOBAI L
1) Therighttobai
lshal
lNOTbeimpair
edev
enwhent
hepr
ivi
l
egeoft
hewr
itofhabeascor
pusi
ssuspended.
2) Excessiv
ebailshal
lnotber
equi
red.

- FACTORSINFI XI NGAMOUNTOFBAI L
4.Abilit
yt opostbai l
5.Nat ureoft heof f
ense
6.Penal t
yi mposedbyl aw
7.Char acterandr eputationoftheaccused
8.Heal t
hoft heaccused
9.Strengt hoft heevidence
10.
Probabi li
tyofappear ingatthet r
ial
11.
Forfeitureofpr evi
ousbai lbonds
12.
Whet heraccusedwasaf ugit
ivefrom j
ust
icewhenar
rest
ed
13.
Ifaccusedi sunderbondi not hercases

-I
MPLI
CITLI
MITATIONSONTHERI GHTTOBAI L
1. Thepersoncl
aimingther i
ghtmustbei
nactual
det
ent
ionorcust
odyofthel
aw.
2. Theconsti
tut
ionalr
ightisavai
l
ableonl
yincr
imi
nal
cases,
not,e.
g.i
ndeport
ati
onandext
radi
ti
onpr
oceedi
ngs.

- Not
e:
1. Ri
ghttobaili
snotav
ailabl
eint
hemi l
i
tar
y.
2. Apar
tfrom bai
l,
apersonmayattai
nprovi
sional
li
ber
tyt
hroughr
ecogni
zance.

PRESUMPTI ONOFI
NNOCENCE
-Sec.14

-Burdenofprooftoest
abli
sht
heguiltoft
heaccusediswiththepr
osecuti
on.
-Convict
iondependsonthest
rengt
hofprosecut
ion,notontheweaknessoft
hedef
ense

-Thepr
esumptionmaybeover
comebycontrar
ypresumpti
onbasedont
heexper
ienceofhumanconduct
.(e.
gunexpl
ained
fl
i
ghtmayleadtoani
nfer
enceofgui
l
t,as“
thewickedfl
eewhennomanpursuet
h,butther
ight
eousar
easboldasalion.”
)

-Theconstit
uti
onal
presumpti
onwill
notapplyasl
ongasther
eissomerati
onalconnect
ionbet
weent hefactpr
ovedandthe
ul
ti
matefactpr
esumed,andthei
nferenceofonef
actf
rom pr
oofofanot
hershal
lnotbesounreasonableastobeapurel
y
ar
bit
rar
ymandate.–Cooley

-Noi
nfer
enceofgui
l
tmaybedr
awnagai
nstanaccusedf
orhi
sfai
l
uret
omakeast
atementofanysor
t.

-EQUIPOI
SERULE–evidenceofbot
hsidesar
eequal
l
ybal
anced,
inwhi
chcaset
heconst
it
uti
onal
presumpt
ionofi
nnocence
shoul
dti
l
tthescal
esi
nfavoroft
heaccused.

RI
GHTTOBEHEARDBYHI
MSELFANDCOUNSEL

-I
ndi
spensabl
einanycr
imi
nal
prosecut
ionwher
ethest
akesar
ethel
i
ber
tyorev
ent
hel
i
feoft
heaccused

- ASI
STANCEOFCOUNSEL–begi nsf r
om thetimeaper sonistakenintocustodyandplacedunderinvest
igat
ionf
ort
he
commissionofacri
me.
- Thi sisnotsubj ecttowaiver.
 Ri ghttocounselmeanst herighttoEFFECTIVEREPRESENTATI ON.
 I ftheaccusedappearsatar r
aignmentwi t
houtcounsel,t
hejudgemust :
 I nfor
mt heaccusedt hathehasar ighttoacounsel bef
orearrai
gnment
 Askt heaccusedifhedesi r
estheaidofcounsel
 I ftheaccuseddesirescounsel,butcannotaffor
done, acounseldeofici
omustbeappoi nted
 I ftheaccuseddesirestoobt ai
nhisowncounsel ,t
hecour tmustgivehim areasonabl
etimetogetone.

NATUREANDCAUSEOFACCUSATI
ON
- Sec.14

- PURPOSESOFTHERI GHT
1)Tofur
nishtheaccusedwit
hadescr ipt
ionoft
hechar
geagai
nsthim aswil
lenabl
ehi
mtomakehisdef
enses
2)Toavai
lhimsel
fofhisconvict
ionoracquit
tal
agai
nstaf
urt
herprosecut
ionfort
hesamecause
3)Toi
nformthecourtofthefactsal
leged.

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 - CONTROLLINGFACTOR
Thedescri
pti
onandnotthedesignat
ionoftheoffenseiscont
rol
l
ing
(Ther
ealnatur
eofthecri
mechar gedisdeter
minedf r
om ther
eci
taloffactsint
heinf
ormation.I
tisnotdet
ermi
nedbased
onthecapti
onorpreamblet
hereofnorfrom t
hespecifi
cati
onoftheprovisi
onoflawall
egedlyvi
olat
ed.
)

- I
fthei
nformati
onfai
l
stoal
legethemater
ialel
ement
softheoffense,t
heaccusedcannotbeconv
ict
edt
her
eofev
eni
fthe
pr
osecut
ionisabl
etopr
esentev
idenceduri
ngthet
ri
alwi
threspecttosuchelement
s.

- VOIDFORVAGUENESSRULE–accusedi sdeniedther i
ghttobeinf
ormedoft hechargeagainsthi
m andtodueprocess
aswell
,wherethestatut
eitselfi
scouchedinsuchindefini
tel
anguagethati
tisnotpossiblef
ormenofor di
nary
i
ntel
li
gencetodeter
mi netherefr
om whatactsoromissionsarepuni
shedandhence, shall
beav oi
ded.
- Estr
adavsSandiganbayan:thedoctr
inemerelyr
equiresareasonabl
edegreeofcertaint
yandnotabsolutepr
ecisi
onor
mathemati
calexacti
tude.

THETRI
AL
 FACTORSI NDETERMI NINGWHETHERTHEREI SVIOLATION
1)Timeexpiredfr
om thefil
ingoft hei
nfor
mat i
on
2)Lengthofdelayi
nvolved
3)Reasonsforthedelay
4)Assert
ionornon-assert
ionoft heri
ghtbytheaccused
5)Prej
udicecausedtothedef endant.

 EFFECTOFDI
SMI
SSALBASEDONVI
OLATI
ONOFTHI
SRI
GHT
Ift
hedismissali
svali
d,itamount
stoanacqui
tt
alandcanbeusedasbasi
stocl
aim doubl
ejeopar
dy.Thi
swoul
dbet
he
eff
ectevenift
hedismissalwasmadewi
ththeconsentoft
heaccused

 REMEDYI
FTHERIGHTISVI OLATED
1. Hecanmovef orthedi
smissal
ofthecase.
2. Ifhei
sdet
ained,hecanfi
leapeti
ti
onforthei
ssuanceofwr
itofhabeascor
pus.

 SPEEDYTRIAL
 Fr eefr
om vexat
ious,capri
ciousandoppressi
vedel
ays
 Tor eli
evetheaccusedfrom needlessanxi
eti
esbef
oresent
encei
spr
onounceduponhi
m

 I
MPARTIALTRIAL
Theaccusedi
sent
it
ledt
othe“
col
dneut
ral
i
tyofani
mpar
ti
alj
udge”
.Iti
sanel
ementofduepr
ocess.

 PUBLICTRIAL
Theattendanceatthetri
alisopentoalli
rr
espectiv
eoft heirrel
ati
onshipt
ot heaccused. Howev
er,i
ftheevidenceto
beadducedi s“of
fensi
vetodecencyorpubli
cmor al
s”,t
hepubl icmaybeexcluded.
Therightoft heaccusedtoapublictr
ialisnotv i
olat
edi fthehearingsareconductedonSatur
days,ei
therwiththe
consentoftheaccusedoriffai
l
edtoobjectther
eto.

 RI
GHTTOBEPRESENTATTRI AL
A. Ther
ightt
obepr
esentcover
stheper
iodf
rom ARRAI
GNMENTt
oPROMULGATI
ONofsent
ence.

B. Tr
ialmaypr oceed not
wit
hstanding absenceofaccused,pr ovi
ded 3 r
equi
sit
esar
emet
.Not
e,t
hatTRI
AL I
N
ABSENTI
Ai sall
owedonlyi
ftheaccusedhasbeenv al
idlyarr
aigned.
1.Accusedhasal readybeenarrai
gned
2.Accusedhasbeendul ynoti
fi
edofthet
rial
;and
3.Hi sfai
lur
etoappearisunjusti
fi
abl
e.

C. Theaccusedmaywai v
etherightt
obepr esentatthetri
albynotshowingup.However,
thecour tcansti
ll
compelthe
att
endanceoftheaccusedifnecessaryfori
denti
ficat
ionpurposes.EXCEPTI
ON:Iftheaccused,af t
erarrai
gnment
,
hassti
pulatedt
hatheisindeedtheper sonchargedwi t
htheof f
enseandnamedi nthei nfor
mat i
on,andthatany
ti
meawi tnessr
efer
stoanamebywhi chheisknown, thewit
nessistobeunderst
oodasr eferr
ingtohim.

D. Tr
ial
inAbsent
iai
smandat
oryupont
hecour
twhenev
ert
heaccusedhasbeenar
rai
gned.

E. Ther
eisal
soPr
omul
gat
ioni
nAbsent
ia(
onl
yincasesofl
ightof
fenses)

 Whil
etheaccusedi
senti
tl
edtobepresentdur
ingpr
omul
gat
ionofj
udgment
,theabsenceofhi
scounsel
dur
ingsuch
pr
omulgat
iondoesnotaf
fecti
tsv
ali
dity

 Thet
ri
ali
nabsent
iadoesnotabr
ogat
ethepr
ovi
sionsoft
heRul
esofCour
tregar
dingf
orf
eit
ureofbai
lbondi
ftheaccused

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 f
ail
stoappearathi
str
ial
.

 Acourthasthepowert
oprohi
bitapersonadmi
tt
edtobai
lfr
om l
eav
ingt
hePhi
l
ippi
nesast
hisi
sanecessar
y
consequenceoft
henat
ureandfunct
ionofabai
lbond

THERI
GHTOFCONFRONTATION
 Tomeetthewi
tnessesf
acet
oface

 PURPOSESOFTHERI GHT
 Toaf
for
dt heaccusedanopport
uni
tyt
ocross-
exami
nethewit
ness
 Toal
l
owt hejudgetheoppor
tuni
tyt
oobserv
ethedepor
tmentoft
hewi
tness

 FAI
LUREOFTHEACCUSEDTOCROSS- EXAMINEAWITNESS
I
fthefai
lureoft
heaccusedt
ocross-
examineawit
nessisduet
ohi
sownf
aul
torwasnotduet
othef
aul
toft
he
pr
osecut
ion,t
het
est
imonyoft
hewit
nessshoul
dbeexcl
uded.

 WHENTHERIGHTTOCROSS-EXAMI NEISDEMANDABLE
Iti
sdemandabl
eonl
ydur
ingt
ri
als.Thus,
itcannotbeav
ail
edofdur
ingpr
eli
minar
yinv
est
igat
ions.

 PRI
NCI
PALEXCEPTIONSTOTHI SRIGHT
1. Theadmi ssi
bil
i
tyof“dyi
ngdecl arati
ons”
2. Tr i
ali
nabsenti
aunderSection14( 2)
 Wi
threspecttochil
dt esti
mony

 Test
imonyofwi
tnesswhowasnotcr
oss-
exami
nedi
snotadmi
ssi
bleasev
idencef
orbei
nghear
say
.

 I
faprosecuti
onwit
nessdi
esbeforehi
scross-
examinati
oncanbecompleted,
hisdir
ecttest
imonycannotbest
ri
ckenof
f
t
herecord,
provi
dedthemater
ial
point
sofhisdir
ecttest
imonyhadbeencoveredoncross.

 Ther
ightt
oconf
ront
ati
onmaybewai
ved.

COMPULSORYPROCESS
 Theaccusedi sent i
tl
edtot ssuanceofsubpoenaadt
hei est
if
icandum andsubpoenaducestecum forthepurposeof
compell
ingtheattendanceofwi t
nessandtheproducti
onofev i
dencethathemayneedf orhisdef
ense.
 Fai l
uret
oobey–puni shableascontemptofcourt
.
 Ther eareexcept
ionalcircumstanceswhenthedefendantmayaskf orcondi
ti
onalexaminati
on,pr
ovidedtheexpected
test
imonyismater i
alofanywitnessunderci
rcumstancesthatwouldmakehim unavai
lablefr
om attendi
ngthetri
al.

PROHI
BITEDPUNI
SHMENTS

 Whenisapenalty“
cruel
,degr
adingandinhuman”?
1. Apenal t
yiscr
uelandinhumani fi
tinv
olv
estort
ureorl
inger
ingsuff
eri
ng. Ex.Bei
ngdrawnandquar
ter
ed.
2. Apenal t
yisdegradi
ngifitexposesapersontopubli
chumi l
i
ati
on. Ex. Beingtar
redandfeat
her
ed,thenpar
aded
t
hroughoutt
own.

 STANDARDSUSED
1. Thepuni
shmentmustnotbesosev er
east obedegradingt
othedi
gnit
yofhumanbeings.
2. I
tmustnotbeappli
edarbi
trar
il
y.
3. I
tmustnotbeunaccept
abletocont
empor ar
ysoci
ety
4. I
tmustnotbeexcessi
ve,i
.e.i
tmustserv
eapenal purposemoreef
fect
ivel
ythanal
esssever
epuni
shmentwoul
d.

 EXCESSI
VEFINE
Afi
neisexcessi
ve,
whenunderanyci
rcumst
ance,
iti
sdi
spr
opor
ti
onat
etot
heof
fense.

Note: Fr.Bernassaysthattheaccusedcannotbeconvict
edoft
hecr
imet
owhi
cht
hepuni
shmenti
sat
tachedi
fthe
courtf
indsthatthepunishmentiscruel
,degradi
ngori
nhuman.
Reason: Withoutav al
i
dpenal t
y,t
hel awisnotapenal
law.

DOUBLEJEOPARDY

**
*2Ki
ndsofDoubl
eJeopar
dy:
1. Whenapersoni
sputtwiceinj
eopardyofpuni
shmentf ort
hesameof fense(1stsent
enceofSect
ion21)
nd
2. Whenalawandanordinancepuni
shthesameact(2 sent enceofSec.21)

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
I
.SAME OFFENSE

Requi
sit
esforavali
ddefenseofdoublejeopardy:[ATS]
1)[
A]Fir
stj
eopardymusthaveatt
achedpr i
ortothesecond.
2)[
T]Thefi
rstj
eopardymusthaveterminat
ed.
3)[
S]Thesecondjeopar
dymustbef hesameof
ort f
enseasthati
nthef
ir
st.

Whendoesj eopardyATTACH: ( 1strequi

sit
e)[CICAV]
1)[
C]Aper sonischar ged
2)[
I]Underacompl aintorinformationsuffi
cienti
nform andsubst
ancet
osust
ainaconv
ict
ion
3)[
C]Beforeacour tofcompet entjur
isdi
cti
on
4)[
A]Afterthepersoni sarraigned
5)[
V]Suchper sonent ersav ali
dplea.

Whendoesj
eopar
dyNOTat
tach:
1)I
finfor
mationdoesnotchar geanyoffense
2)I
f,uponpleadi ngguil
ty,theaccusedpr esentsevidenceofcomplet
esel
f-
defense,andt
hecour
tther
eaf
teracqui
tshi
m
wit
houtenteringanewpl eaofnotguiltyforaccused.
3)I
ftheinfor
mat ionforanof f
ensecognizablebytheRTCi sf i
l
edwi
ththeMTC.
4)I
facompl aintfil
edforpreli
minar
yinvestigat
ionisdismissed.

Whendoesf
ir
stj
eopar
dyTERMI 2ND REQUI
NATE: ( SITE)

1)Acqui
tt
al
2)Convi
cti
on
3)Di
smissalW/OtheEXPRESSconsentoft
heaccused
4)Di
smissalont
hemerit
s.

Exampl
esoft
ermi
nat
ionofj
eopar
dy:
1)Di
smissalbasedonviol
ati
onoftherighttoaspeedytri
al. Thisamountstoanacquit
tal
.
2)Di
smissalbasedonademur r
ertoevidence. Thisisadismissalont
hemer it
s.
3)Di
smissalonmotionoftheprosecut
ion,subsequentt
oamot i
onforr
einvest
igati
onf
il
edbyt
heaccused.
4)Di
schargeofanaccusedtobeast at
ewi tness. Thi
samount stoanacquitt
al.

Whencant
hePROSECUTI
ONappealf
rom anor
derofdi
smi
ssal
:

I
fdi
smi
ssali
sonmot
ionoft
heaccused. Except
ion: I
fmot
ioni
sbasedonv
iol
ati
onoft
her
ightt
oaspeedyt
ri
alorona
demur
rert
oev
idence.
I
fdismi
ssaldoesNOTamountt oanacquitt
alordi
smissalont hemerit
s
I
fthequest
iontobepasseduponispurel
ylegal
.
I
fthedi
smissalvi
olat
esther
ightofdueprocessoft
hepr osecuti
on.
I
fthedismissalwasmadewi thgraveabuseofdi screti
on.( Cer
ti
orar
iisappl
i
cabl
eonl
ywhencor
rect
inger
ror
sof
j
uri
sdi
cti
on,
butnoti
nor
dert
ocor
rectf
indi
ngsorconcl
usi
onsoft
hecour
t)

Whatareconsideredtobethe“ SAMEOFFENSE” :
1)Exacti
denti
tybetweentheoffenseschargedinthefi
rstandsecondcases.
2)Oneoffenseisanattempttocommi toraf r
ustr
ati
onoft heotherof
fense.
3)Oneoffenseisnecessar
il
yincludedornecessaryi
ncl
udest heother
.

Not
e: wher
easingleactresul
tsi
ntheviol
ati
onofdif
ferentl
awsordif
fer
entpr
ovi
sionsoft
hesamel
aw,t
hepr
osecut
ion
f
oronewi
l
lnotbartheot
hersolongasnoneoftheexcepti
onsappl
y.

I
I.SAMEACT

Doubl
ejeopardywill
resulti
ftheactpuni
shabl
eundert
helawandt
heor
dinancear
ethesame. Fort
her
etobedoubl
e
j
eopardy
,itisnotnecessarythatt
heoff
ensebethesame.

SUPERVENI NGFACTS
1)UndertheRul
esofCour
t,aconv
ict
ionforanoff
ensewi
l
lnotbarapr
osecut
ionf
oranof
fensewhi
chnecessar
il
yincl
udes
theof
fensechar
gedint
hefor
merinfor
mationwher
e:

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
 a) Thegraveroffensedev el
opedduet oasuperveni
ngfactari
singf
rom thesameactoromissionconst
it
uti
ng
thef
ormerchar ge.
b) Thefactsconstit
utingthegraveroff
ensebecameknownorwer edi
scoveredonlyaft
ert
hef
il
ingofthef
ormer
i
nfor
mat i
on.
c) Thepleaofguilt
yt othelesseroff
ensewasmadewi t
houttheconsentofthefi
scalandt
heof
fendedpart
y.

2)Under(1)
(b)
,ifthefactscouldhavebeendi scoveredbytheprosecut
ionbutwer
enotdi
scov
eredbecauseoft
he
pr
osecuti
on’
sincompet
ence,i
twouldnotbeconsideredasuper
veni
ngevent.

Ef
fectofappealbyt
heaccused:
I
ftheaccusedappeal
shisconv
ict
ion,heWAI
VEShisri
ghttopl
eaddoublej
eopar
dy. Thewhol
ecasewil
lbeopentor
evi
ew
byt
heappell
atecourt
. Suchcourtmayev
enincr
easethepenal
ti
esimposedont
heaccusedbythet
ri
alcour
t.

XX.FREEACCESSTOTHECOURTS

- Sec.11,Art.I
II
- SocialJust
iceProvi
sion,
implement
edbyt heRulesofCour
tpr
ovi
sional
l
owi
ng“
paupersui
ts”
- Additi
onalguarant
ee:Adequatel
egalassi
stance

XXI
.CI
TIZENSOFTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES

Whoar
eci
ti
zensoft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes?

1) Thosewhoareci
tizensofthePhil
ippinesatthetimeoftheadopti
onofthe1987Consti
tut
ion
2) Thosewhosefat
hersormot her
sar eciti
zensofthePhil
ippi
nes.
3) Thosebor
nbeforeJanuary17,1973ofFi l
ipi
nomot her
s,whoelectPhi
l
ippi
necit
izenshi
puponreachi
ngt
heageofmaj
ori
ty.
4) Thosewhoarenatural
izedi
naccor dancewithlaw.

Modesofacqui
ri
ngci
ti
zenshi
p:
1) JusSoli–acqui
sit
ionofcit
izenshi
pont hebasisofplaceofbir
th
2) JusSangui
nis–acquisi
ti
onofci ti
zenshi
pont hebasisofbloodrel
ati
onshi
p
3) Natur
ali
zat
ion–thelegalactofadoptinganalienandclot
hinghim wi
ththepr
ivi
l
egeofanat
ive-
bor
nci
ti
zen.

Not
e: ThePhi
l
ippi
nesf
oll
ows(
2)and(
3)

El
ect
ionofci
ti
zenshi
pundert
he1987Const
it
uti
on:

Pri
ort othe1973Const it
uti
on,i
faFi l
ipi
namarri
edanal ien,shel ostherFil
ipi
nociti
zenship. Hence,herchil
dwouldhaveto
electFil
i
pi nocit
izenshipuponreachingt heageofmaj orit
y. Undert he1973Const i
tut
ion,however,
chil
drenbornofFil
ipi
nomot her
s
wer ealr
eadyconsi deredFil
ipi
nos. Ther efore,
theprovisi
ononel ectionofciti
zenshipunderthe1987Const it
uti
ononlyappl
iesto
thoseper sonswhower ebornundert he1935Const i
tution. Inorderf orthechil
drentoelectFil
i
pinocit
izenshi
p,themother
smust
hav ebeenFi l
i
pinosatt heti
meoft heirmar ri
age. So,ifyourmot herwasaFi l
i
pinawhomar ri
edanalienunderthe1935constit
uti
on
andy ouwer ebor nbeforeJanuary17, 1973,youcanelectFili
pinociti
zenshipuponr eachingtheageofmaj ori
ty.

Whenmusttheel
ecti
onbemade:
Theel
ect
ionmustbemadewi
thi
nareasonabl
eper
iodaf
terr
eachi
ngt
heageofmaj
ori
ty.

Ef
fect
sofnat
ural
izat
ion:
 Thelegit
imateminorchi
l
drenofthenatural
i
zedfatherbecomeFi
li
pinosaswel
l.
 Thewi f
ealsobecomesaFi l
ipi
nocit
izen,prov
idedthatshedoesnothaveanydisqual
i
ficat
ionwhi
chwoul
dbarherf
rom
bei
ngnat ur
ali
zed.

Nat
ural
-bor
nci
ti
zens:
1) Cit
izensoft
hePhil
ippinesfrom bir
thwhodonotneedtoperfor
m anyactt
oacquireorper
fectt
hei
rPhi
l
ippi
neci
ti
zenshi
p.
2) ThosewhoelectPhil
ippinecit
izenshi
punderAr
t.I
V,Sec.1(
3)of1987Consti
tut
ion.

Mar
ri
ageofFi
li
pinowi
thanal
ien:

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©
1) GeneralRul
e: TheFi
l
ipi
noRETAI
NSPhil
ippi
neci
ti
zenshi
p
2) Excepti
on: If
,byt
hei
ractoromi
ssi
ont
heyaredeemed,undert
hel
aw,
tohav
erenouncedi
t.

Exampl
esofr
enunci
ati
onofPhi
li
ppi
neci
ti
zenshi
p:
1) Vol
unt
ari
l
yobtai
ningfor
eignpasspor
t
2) Pl
edgi
ngall
egi
ancetoanothercount
ry(
ex.bybecomi
nganat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zenofanot
hercount
ry)

 Re-acquisi
ti
onofciti
zenship
Natur
al-
bornFili
pinoswhoaredeemedt ohavel
ostthei
rci
ti
zenshi
pmayr e-acqui
ret
hesamev
iar
epat
ri
ati
onpr
oceedi
ngs. Thi
s
i
nvolv
estakinganoat hofal
legianceandfil
i
ngthesamewiththecivi
lregi
stry
.

Howmayonel
oseci
ti
zenshi
p:

 Bynatural
i
zationinaf oreigncount ry
 Byexpressrenunciat
ionofci t
izenship
 Bysubscri
bingoathoral legiancet oaforei
gnConsti
tut
ion
 Byservi
nginthear medf or cesofanenemycount ry
 Bybeingadeser t
eroft hear medf orcesofone’
scountr
y

Howmayoner
eacqui
reci
ti
zenshi
p:
1. Bydir
ectactofCongr
ess
2. Bynatur
ali
zati
on
3. Byrepat
ri
ati
on

Di
oryRabaj
ant
e©