ASSIGNMENT NO 03

Moman Naeem
15-ME-167
October 17, 2017

ANSWER 1: MAGNITUDE RATIO:

It is the ratio of amplitude of output signal in steady state to the amplitude
of input signal.
B
M = KA =√ 1 2
1+(wτ )
RISE and SETTLING TIME:
It is the time required to achieve a value within 90 percent of the step
−t
input.For example consider the error fraction e τ it has its rise time when t/τ
ratio equals to 2.3, so its rise time is 2.3.
Settling time is defined as time required to achieve to steady response.It is
also defined as time required for a measurement system’s oscillations to settle
to within 10 percent of the steady value.
RINGING FREQUENCY:
In instruments, the oscillatory behavior is known as ringing and the fre-
quency associated with such kind of behavior is known as ringing frequency.In
another words for under-damped systems, the transient response is oscillatory
about the steady
p value and given by
wd = wn 1 − ζ 2 where wd is known as ringing frequency.
NATURAL FREQUENCY:
It is the property of the system.Every instrument oscillates with its own
frequencyq which is known as natural frequency and for second order it is given
by w = aa02 .
DAMPING RATIO:
It is the property of the system that enables it to dissipate energy internally.It
is represented by a symbol ζ.Generally there are three modes of it,

when 0 ≤ ζ ≤ 1 then under-damping system

when ζ = 1 then critically damped system
when ζ > 1 then over-damping system
PHASE SHIFT:
It tells us when the system is ready and it has the following formula

φ(w) = − arctan(wτ )

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 PHASE LINEARITY:
The systems having damping ratio equal to 0.7 have variety of frequency
range over which magnitude ratio will remain at or near unity and over that
frequency range the phase shift varies linearly with frequency which is known
as phase linearity.
ANSWER 2:MATLAB CODE
Magnitude ratio vs w/wn :
x=0:0.01:167;
z=0;
y1 = 1/sqrt((1 − x2 )2 + (2 ∗ z ∗ x)2 );
z = 0.25;
y2 = 1/sqrt((1 − x2 )2 + (2 ∗ z ∗ x)2 );
z = 0.5;
y3 = 1/sqrt((1 − x2 )2 + (2 ∗ z ∗ x)2 );
z = 1;
y4 = 1/sqrt((1 − x2 )2 + (2 ∗ z ∗ x)2 );
z = 2;
y5 = 1/sqrt((1 − x2 )2 + (2 ∗ z ∗ x)2 );
plot(x, y1 , x, y2 , x, y3 , x, y4 , x, y5 )

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

2
 Phase Shift vs w/wn :
x=0:0.01:167;
z=0;
y1 = atan(−2 ∗ z ∗ x/(1 − x2 ));
z = .25;
y2 = atan(−2 ∗ z ∗ x/(1 − x2 ));
z = .5;
y3 = atan(−2 ∗ z ∗ x/(1 − x2 ));
z = 1;
y4 = atan(−2 ∗ z ∗ x/(1 − x2 ));
z = 2;
y5 = atan(−2 ∗ z ∗ x/(1 − x2 ));

plot(x, y1 , x, y2 , x, y3 , x, y4 , x, y5 )

Figure 3:

Figure 4: