Atoms, Molecules & Ions

Atoms
 Are the basic units of matter
 Are the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element

Law of Chemical Changes

 Were inferred from several experiments conducted during the 18th century using a balance for the
measurements.

Law of Conservation Mass

 In a chemical reaction no change in mass takes place. The total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of
the reactant.
 Formulated by brilliant French chemist Antoine Lavoisier

Law of Definite Proportion

 A compound always contains the same constituent elements in a found or definite proportion of mass
 If matter samples coming from different sources are analyzed at the same samples will contain the same ration
by mass id hydrogen to oxygen
 Formulated by Joseph Louise Prost

Mass of Mg Mass of Product Mass of O Ratio

3.00 7.56 4.56 1.52
5.00 12.60 7.60 1.52
7.00 17.64 10.64 1.52
In the previous set of problem, it was seen that 5.58 g iron reacted with 3.21g sulfur. Based on this information,
calculate how many grams of iron will combine with 80.0 g sulfur.
Iron Sulfur Product Ratio
5.58g 3.21g 8.79g 1.74
2
1.39x 10 g 80.0 g 219g 1.74
In the first problem given earlier, it was given that 1.00g hydrogen combines with 8.00 g oxygen. How many grams of
hydrogen will react with 10.0g oxygen.
Hydrogen Oxygen Product Ratio
1.00g 8.00g 9.00g .125
1.25g 10.0 g 11.25g .125
Law of Multiple Proportion
 If two elements can combine to form more than one compound the masses of one element that will combine
with a fused mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole number.
 Formulated by John Dalton
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Proposed by John Dalton, can be used to explain the laws of chemical change.
 This theory is based on the following set of postulates
 Elements are made up of very small particles known as atoms.
 All atoms of an elements are identical in mass and size and are different from the atoms of another element.
Dalton used the different shapes or figures to represent different elements
 Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element, combined in definite ratios with whole
number values.
  During a chemical reaction, atoms are created and no atoms are created and no atoms disappear.
Carbon + 2 oxygen = carbon dioxide

Which postulate could provide an explanation for the: Law of conservation mass and law of definite proportion
 The atom was believed to be the smallest particle comprising substances. However, before the end of the 19th
century, experiments provided proof of the existence of smaller particles within the atom.
 Elements has a characteristic atom
 Daltons differentiated the elements and their atoms through drawings. However in present day, elements are
differentiated and represented through symbols.
 Many symbols are derived from their Latin names.

Isotopes
 Atoms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass number.
 The existence of isotopes was shown by mass spectroscopy experiments wherein elements were found to be
composed of several types of atoms, each with different masses.
 The atomic number identifies an elements. The atoms of isotopes of an element have the same number of
protons and electrons
 The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons.

Ions
- Simple ions are derived from atoms through the gain or loss of an electron
- Ions can be made up of only one atom (monoatomic) or more than one type of atom (polyatomic)
 Cations- nagbibigay (+)
 Anions- natanggap (-)
A P+ e- N0
Na+ 11 23 11 10 12
Cl- 17 35 17 18 18
27
Ca 20 40 20 18 20
Atomic number= no. of proton =no. of electron
Mass number= no. of proton + no. of neutrons
Particle Location Charge Relative mass
Proton Nucleus +1 1
Neutron Nucleus 0 1
electron Space around nucleus +1 Very small
 Joseph john Thomson- electron
 Eugene Goldstein- proton
 James Chadwick- neutron

Monoatomic Ions
- For cations the name of the element is unchanged. If an element can form two ions of different charges, the
name which is usually derived from its Latin name is modified by the suffix –ic for the ion with the higher charge,
and –ous for that with the lower charge.
- For anions the name of the element is modified by the suffix –ide.
- Several anions are polyatomic and are named based on the atomic constituents and the suffix –ide.
- The most common examples are: OH and CN
 - A number of polyatomic anions containing oxygen atoms are named based on the root word of the central (or
non-oxygen) atom and the suffix –ate for the one with more oxygen atoms and
–ite for the one with less oxygen atom.
- Ex: NO3-1 Nitrate , SO4-2 Sulfate , PO4-3 Phosphate, NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide , SO3-2 Sulfite , PO3-3 Phosphite
- Some anions have common names ending wih suffix –ate.
- Ex: C2H3O2 Acetate ; C2O4-2 Oxalate

Chemical Formula
- Represent the composition of a molecule or an ion.
- Consists of the symbols of the atoms making up the molecule. If there is more than one atom present a
numerical subscript is used.
- Ex: O2 Oxygen ; H2 O dihydrogen monoxide ; NaOH sodium hydroxide ; HCi hydrogen chloride

Common Isotopes and their Uses

 Carbon-14 – carbon dating of organisms and substances (archeology), research to determine steps involved in
plant photosynthesis.
 Phosphorus-32 & phosphorus-33 – used in research involving biology and genetics
 Selenium-75 - protein studies in life science
 Strontium-85 - metabolism and bone formation studies.
 Hydrogen-3 or Tritium- used to study life science and drug metabolism
 Cobalt -60 radiation therapy to prevent cancer.
 Iodine- 131 – locate brain tumors, monitor cardiac, liver and thyroid activity.
 Carbon-14 – study metabolism changes for patients with diabetes, gout and anemia.
 Carbon-11 – tagged onto glucose to monitor organs during a PET scan
 Sodium-24 – study blood circulation
 Thallium-201 – determine damage in heart tissue, detection of tumors.
 Technetium- 99 – locate brain tumors and damaged heart cells, radio tracer in medical diagnostics (imaging of
organs and blood flow studies)
 Americium-241 – for uniform thickness when rolling steel and paper determine location of oil wells.
 Sodium-24 – oil well studies and to locate leaks in pipe lines.
 Iridium-192 - test integrity of boiler and aircraft parts.
 Uranium-235- nuclear power plant and naval propulsion systems fuel, production of fluorescent glassware and
colored wall tiles.
 Californium-252- determine moisture content of soil important for road construction and building industries.

Formula Writing and Naming of Compounds.

 Binary Compounds- are made up of two elements. There are two groups of binary compound.
1. Ionic compound- made up of a cation and an anion. They are named by giving the name of the cation
first, followed by the name of the anion.
NaCl sodium chloride MgCl2 magnesium dichloride
FeS ferrous sulfide K2O
2. Molecular compound- made up of two non-metals. They are named by giving the name
of the first non-metal and then that of the second non-metal modified by the ending –
ide. Molecular compounds are usually gases.
P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide CO2 carbon dioxide
CO carbon monoxide SO3

 Ternary compounds- made up of three elements. The naming of ternary compounds follows the
same rule as that of the binary ionic compound: the name of the cation is given first, followed by
the name of the anion.
 NaNO3 sodium nitrate Ba (OH)2 barium hydrooxide
K2SO4 potassium phosphate BaCrO4
Na2SO4 sodium phosphate

Acids- yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.

1. Binary acids- composed of hydrogen and another element, usually a non-metal. The first part of
the name starts with the prefix hydro- followed by the name of the element, modified by the
ending –ic. The second part consists of the word “acid.”
- Name= hydro- (root name of the element) –ic + acid
HCl hydrochloric acid H2S
HI hydroiodic acid
2. Ternary acids- made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually containing oxygen. The first part of
the name consists of the root word of the name of the element, modified by the ending –ic. The
second part consists of the word “acid”. If there is another acid with the same atoms. The suffix
–ous is used to denote the one with less number of atoms.
- Name= (root name of element) –ic (or –ous)
HNO3 nitric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO2 nitrous acid H3PO4
H2SO4 sulfuric acid

Empirical Formula
Ex: an insect repellant (dibutyl succinate) is found to contain 63.16% C, 8.77% H, and 2.07% O. what is
the empirical formula of the compound?
Atom Mass Atomic weight No. of mole No. of ratio
C 63.61 12 5.26 3
H 8.77 1 8.77 5
O 2.07 16 1.75 1
E.F.= C3H5O

Ex: what is the empirical formula of a compound containing 70.19% lead, 8.14% carbon, and 21.67%
oxygen?
atom Mass Atomic weight No. of mole No. of Ratio
Pb 70.19 207.2 .34 1
C 8.14 12 .68 2
O 21.67 16 1.35 4
E.F.= PbC2O4

atom Mass Atomic weight No. of mole No. of Ratio

Al 1.09 27 .04 1 x 2 =2
O .97 16 .06 1.5 x 2= 3
E.F.= Al2O3

Molecular Formula
What is the molecular formula of a substance containing 43.64% of phosphorus and 56.36% of oxygen
by mass? Its molecular mass is 141.9g
Given: Phosphorus= 43.64%
Oxygen= 56.36%
Molecular mass = 141.9 g
Solution:

1. Get the empirical formula of the compound

43.64𝑔
Mole P=30.97𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1.41 𝑚𝑜𝑙
56.36𝑔
Mole O=16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 3.52 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Get the ration of the elements
1.41𝑚𝑜𝑙
P= =1𝑥2=2
1.41 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3.52𝑚𝑜𝑙
O= = 2.5 𝑥 2 = 5
1.41𝑚𝑜𝑙
The empirical formula is P2O5 (diphosphorus pentoxide)
2. Get the empirical formula mass
Mass P = 2𝑥 30.97 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 61.94𝑎𝑚𝑢
Mass O= 5𝑥 16𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 80 𝑎𝑚𝑢
Empirical mass= 141.94 amu
3. Get the value of n
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 141.9 𝑎𝑚𝑢
N= 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 141.94 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 1
4. Derive the molecular formula using:
Molecular formula= empirical formula x n
Molecular formula= (P2O5) x 1
M.F.= P2O5

Example: what is the molecular formula of a compound containing 24.27% carbon, 4.07% hydrogen and
71.65% chlorine by mass? The molecular mass of the compound is 98.96 amu?
Atom mass Atomic weight No. of mole No. of ratio
C 24.27 12 2.02 1
H 4.07 1 4.07 2
Cl 71.65 35 2.05 1

E.F.= CH2Cl

C= 1 x12= 12

H= 2x1=2

Cl=1x35=35

Total= 49 amu
98.96
=2
49
M.F.= (CH2Cl) x 2

M.F.= C2H4O2