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Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 691-712 Article ID: IJCIET_10_03_067
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=03
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
ABSTRACT
Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room and distributes the air
within the building or room. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to
provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the
building and removing the pollutants from it. The research summarized the following:
1) Ventilation is two types (natural and private). The private ventilation
differs from the natural ventilation by adding filters and the work of blocking the air
going out from the space and then putting it out by private ducts. Private ventilation
also requires air rates and required ventilation models. The air is withdrawn from the
zones according to the intensity of air pollution in the space.
2) This research showed the methods of air supplying which are through the
air ducts, which are three methods (velocity reduction method, equal friction method,
and static regain method)
3) Fans were identified as Centrifugal fans, Vaneaxial Fan, Tubeaxial Fan,
and Propeller Fan. Vaneaxial fans were selected in the building model. It was
identified the types of filters in the ventilation, including Input Filters, Pre-Filters,
Primary, Final Filters, and High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters used in the
most polluted areas.
Keywords: Study of Ventilation Systems.
Cite this Article: Nehayat H. Amin, Design and Study of Ventilation Systems for
Natural and Private Buildings, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 691-712.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=03
1. FIRST CHAPTER
1.1. Introduction
Ventilation is defined as the process of providing or removing the air by nature or mechanical
methods, from and to space. This air may either pre-treated or not pre-treated [1]. The
quantities of required air for ventilation were a research field and controversy for many years
and still exist [2, 3]. Various principles and ideas have led to the emergence of different
ventilation standards. From these ideas and considerations of the adoption of quantities of
exhalation air mainly to determine the requirements of ventilation, and remove moisture from
internal air another basis and control the concentration of carbon dioxide, third basis [4]. The
rates of ventilation currently accepted in home applications, commercial buildings, and others
are based on the results of a number of scientific research began in the twenties and thirties of
this century and some processes and immunological activities are characterized by the
production of substances that may crumble or volatilize in the air, leading to producing air
pollutants, Some of these pollutants may be harmful, toxic, or may be non-toxic, but are
contaminated for air, flammable or explosive materials, or help them [5]. It is necessary for
these industrial applications to know the characteristics of pollutants in some detail and the
requirements of air purification and purifiers in the simple sense of the requirements of
ventilation in air conditioning systems for comfort, the climatic factors (temperature,
humidity, air movement, solar radiation) have a significant impact on the physiological
comfort for humans. So ventilation is very necessary for the buildings, it is one of the main
elements in the design of buildings, Natural conditioning and ventilation are important and
have a great role in reducing heat stress and high temperatures [6]. They are the main solution
for energy consumption crisis because the energy consumption crisis is due to mechanical
adjustment, require interacting with these climate variables to remove the thermal
accumulation and compensate it with a stream of refreshing moving air.
The question that arises is why ventilation?
The need to ventilate the spaces or provide them with fresh air is due to the following
reasons:
A. Oxygen is very necessary for human life and its continuity.
B. Air acts as an energizer, and the level of air required depends on the size of the room
to be conditioning because there are a lot of substances that release carbon dioxide
(CO2) and other odors which emanate from human bodies or radiate from other
substances present in the space.
C. Ventilation allows the air movement through the spaces and this, in turn, affects the
environment, here, Ventilation is considered a key to psychological comfort.
D. Control of the air combustions in factories.
2. VENTILATION METHODS
It is divided into two methods:
1. Natural ventilation.
2. Mechanical ventilation.
In natural ventilation, there are two reasons that make the air move through space.
The wind.
The density difference between the outside air and the air inside.
Figure showing the chimneys effect on the velocity and movement of air.
We can rely on the power of nature to display the dynamic impact of wind and to make
the necessary efforts to catch a large amount of wind, thus we conclude the inevitable and
essential importance of ventilation, which can be obtained in several ways, the most
important of which are:
* Stack effect as a result of changing temperatures
* Mechanical methods
* Pressure wind and air currents
3. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
In mechanical ventilation systems, Fans are used to control air movement. In this case, the
control is much more than natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is used in which the
fan, the filter to clean the air, the batteries and the heater, where the air circulates through the
air openings and goes to the rooms through the convection [12, 13]. Mechanical ventilation is
a process of Disruptive in atmospheric pressure, where it is scientifically known that the air is
moving from Positive pressure (+) to negative pressure (-), In other words, ventilation is:
"Renewal, change, passage, replacement" for air in the space with pure air. This means that
ventilation does not deal with the characteristics of the air, and this is done through Fans [13].
large air volume and good design. For ventilation systems, maintain the working area within
(2 ℃) for the temperature of the applied air with less air and higher temperature [14].
We can calculate the temperature rise in the following equation:
H=1,08 Tq . q (H = 1.2 T .q)
T: Temperature rise of the air (F°) (C°)
H: The removed Heat (tu/h) (w)
q: Air supply (CFM) (latter /sec)
The amount of removed heat (H) shall include the internal heat for the equipment,
processes, lighting, Solar cells and gain due to the transition through the roofs. Ventilation
usually expresses about the size per square unit area and this relationship fails to calculate the
true thermal discharge of the provided system. But it gives a relationship that not depending
on the height of the building. It is the most logical approach to air changes per hour. For the
appropriate design, the desired heat will be equipped that independent from the height of the
roof for the spaces with few exceptions [15]. If the ventilation rate is equal to (10 L/SM2), it
will give acceptable and good results for many factories that have an internal shop ranging
from (400-300 W/m2) / (125-100 ft2). When the outlet ventilation center requires contaminant
control, the output rates are constantly increasing than the natural ventilation required to
control the comfort under these conditions, and the outlet rate will determine the air rates of
the simple extruder system with the minimum distribution (and the designer or manufacturer
to equip the compensation air) without disturbances when booking the hood and desired
processes. To ensure the effective power of the outlet system center, we need a well-
organized distribution for air [14,15].
4. FANS
Fans are naturally used the device to drive and circulate air or other gases in air duct systems,
including air conditioning applications. Fans are divided into four types depending on how
they operate and place them [18].
Q: M3 /see
4.6.2. Ventilation for the Storage Room, toilet room and showrooms
This ventilation is important in the modern industrial facilities to remove the unacceptable
smell and high humidity, in some industries, appropriate control of pollution in the workplace
requires to avoid inhalation, as well as the appropriate health facilities with the appropriate
ventilation needed for storage rooms, dining rooms, and rest rooms and showrooms. The
entering air through doors or through walls In some cases factory air is polluted, Therefore air
is filtered by preferred mechanical methods for ventilation, when we control the components
in the work rooms is not appropriate or useless, the total exposure of workers and users
certainly reduces the level of contamination of storage rooms and dining rooms and Break
room is low by reducing the area with excessive of the supplied air. When using mechanical
ventilation, the applied system can regulate the distribution of diffusers from ceilings and
walls, or by supplying air from plenums to suit the distribution through the producing areas.
In the storage rooms, the Air discharge must begin from the sanitary facilities and showrooms
and the remaining draws from the roofs and storage rooms. These assumptions for the
conditioning areas, which are produced from the edges of the doors and the most important
different distributions, which allow the moving air in the storage area to the sanitary facilities
and then to the showrooms [24].
factor. The require to transport material through the boundaries of the designated area is one
of the central problems to give a convincing system design. As well as, it is the basic
principle of air duct between areas must be cleaning for most areas full pollution. While the
reverse flow has not an important risk and is not desirable at the same time the relationship of
size between zones represented by the limits of the process of air velocity and the need for a
system that eliminates safety in the dangerous latent parts of the experimental project, which
makes the design of the system very complex [26, 27]. It is for the modern methods that have
been completed and are changing from a project and there are no standard and acceptable
designs. The growth curve of the effective projects is the same in terms of figures for these
projects [26, 27]. The invention of Radioactive Decay involves use that leads to a broad
discussion with the admission laws which should in the future highlight the protection of
workers in radiological institutions. This confirms and emphasizes the need to review
experimental information and operational experience which are clustered in projects over the
past two decades with the purpose of authorizing common problems and developing broad
lines and convincing solutions for them in the future. In some projects, where the conditions
are variable and where the original design is necessary to consider the suitability of existing
ventilation systems [26, 27].
Figure 1: illustrates a good interaction model for ventilation is shown where all
extraction fans are attached to extraction filters and the extraction is 100% until it reaches the
main extraction fan.
Figure 2: illustrates the basis of simplified ventilation models where extraction is from
the most polluted zone.
Figure (3): illustrates a model for ventilation where extraction of this model from two
different zones in the intensity of the pollution [27].
Figure 1 illustrates a good interaction model for ventilation is shown where all extraction fans are
attached to extraction filters and the extraction is 100% until it reaches the main extraction fan.
Figure 2 illustrates the basis of simplified ventilation models where extraction is from the most
polluted zone.
Figure 3 illustrates a model for ventilation where extraction of this model from two different zones in
the intensity of the pollution [27].
4.13. Filters
The principle of dividing the building into booking zones and maintaining air movement in
these areas to prevent the spread of radioactive elements within the chosen building. Collect
the resulting efficiency within the building and avoid the spread of activity outside the
building, it is achieved by using different types of filters, including [30]:
4.15. Pre-Filters
When the high amount of transmitted radiation from the worktable uses filters with a good
filter for the working zone. The dust carries to the most hazardous zone and the High-
efficiency particulate air (HEPA) extractors remove the dust until it remains at a
concentration of (1 mg.m-3). The used isolators for high dust levels are re-filtered before the
first HEPA filter is used. Ventilation Extraction is done by removing a large number of
particles. The degree of re-filtration depends on the materials carried out and the cost of
changing the filters [31].
5. SECOND CHAPTER
5.1. Building specifications
The building consists of five workshops which are as follows:
6. THIRD CHAPTER
6.1. Design of air ducts
The air distribution system can be high, medium or low in air ducts. This depends on the
spaces of the air ducts, the cost, the type of used windows and when there is a wider area for
air ducts, It is recommended to use the system of low velocity because the construction of air
ducts for this system is not critical and the cost of operating the fans of pumping the air is less
If you use a high-velocity air system. When the need for the use of the central system or high-
velocity with high pressures resulting from the use of this system, must considering the
durability, sound and air leakage. In this case, circular air ducts and accessories are usually
ideal for medium or high-velocity systems. As for the points to be considered in the design of
ducts can be identified as follows [12]:
* Placing the air equipped unit in terms of placement in the appropriate place for the
average of air ducts
* Areas of the building that are ventilated
* placing the exits and entrances in terms of obtaining an integrated air distribution
* Suitable sizes for air inlets and outlets
* The sizes of Air ducts and their distribution
* placing air regulator valves in natural areas
The fresh air drawn into the heating and cooling air machines is an important factor in
increasing the capacity of the cooling machines in summer and winter, and this is more
obvious in our country in summer where the temperature of the air is relatively high. The air
flow through the ducts is accompanied by pressure loss due to friction. The larger the air
volume, the greater the friction loss. Similarly, the smaller the area of the duct, the greater the
friction loss. The initial cost of the air ducts depends on its size. The small air ducts are
initially cost-effective but the capacity required to pumping the air through these ducts is high
and therefore the operating costs are high. Therefore, air duct designs depend on the balance
between initial costs and operating costs
friction factor by the equivalent length of the duct network. The friction factor is determined
at the primary velocity in the main duct and air volume [34].
The ventilation rate for each person in the Administration office = (3)
= ⇒ 4b = w (2)
Sub the equation (2) in the (1)
b = 100 mm
w = 400 mm
Calculating the dimensions of takeoff (b1 and w1 from the first table)
b2 = b1
b2 = 100 * = 20.75 mm
As well as for (w2)
considering (R = 1.5 m)
= = 0.25 R
b and w from the table
= = 3.76
From scheme (2) we use the equation
n = - 2.13 ( ) 0.126
L/W = ( 0.33
= = 0.5
= = 2.5
L = 0.873 m
Total length = 2 + 2 0.873 + 0.012 = 3.758
We take the amount of pressure losses (1.0 Pa / m)
T.P.L = 1.0 3.758 = 3.758 Pa
Power of each fan = flow rate T.P.L
7. CONCLUSIONS
Ventilation is two types (natural and private). The private ventilation differs from the natural
ventilation by adding filters and the work of reserving the air outside the space and then
putting it out by private ducts. The private ventilation also requires air rates and required
ventilation models. The air is withdrawn from the zones according to the intensity of air
pollution in the space. Air is withdrawn from areas according to the intensity of air pollution
in the space
From this research we know the methods of air supplying which are through the air ducts,
which are three methods
1. velocity reduction method
2. equal friction method
3. static regain method
Fans were identified as Centrifugal fans, Vaneaxial Fan, Tubeaxial Fan and Propeller
Fan. Vaneaxial fans were selected in the building model. Through this research we identified
the types of filters in the ventilation, including Input Filters, Pre-Filters, Primary, Final Filters
and High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters used in the most polluted areas
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