EXAM QUESTIONS

AQA TRILOGY

CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS

Q1-6 FOUNDATON

Q3-9 HIGHER

MARK SCHEME AT THE END OF

ALL THE QUESTIONS

Page 1 of 24
Q1.
A student used paper chromatography to identify the colours in a black ink.

The diagram below shows the student’s results.

(a)  What colours are in the black ink?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)  Suggest which colour is least soluble in the solvent.

Give a reason for your answer.

Colour  ______________________

Reason  __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)  Use the diagram above to complete the table below.

Distance in mm

Distance moved by green

colour

Distance moved by solvent

Calculate the Rf value for the green colour.

Use the equation:

Page 2 of 24
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rf value = ________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q2.
A student investigated the mass of dissolved solids in 5 cm3 samples of water.

The diagram below shows the apparatus.

The table below shows the student’s results.

Mass in g

Watch glass Watch glass Dissolved Dissolved

Type of water and solids in 5 solids in 1000
dissolved cm3 of water cm3 of water
solids

Sea water 9.34 9.48 0.14 28.00

River water 9.15 9.23 0.08 X

Rainwater 8.93 8.93 0.00 0.00

(a)  Calculate mass X in the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 24
 Mass X = ___________________ g
(1)

(b)  5 cm3 is a small volume of water for each experiment.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a larger volume.

Advantage __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Disadvantage _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)  Potable water is not pure water.

Describe the difference between potable water and pure water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)  Potable water is obtained from both groundwater and from sea water.

Describe how groundwater and sea water are treated to produce potable water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e)  The percentage by mass of dissolved solids in a 6.50 g sample is 2.2%

Calculate the mass of the dissolved solids.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass of dissolved solids = _______________________ g

(2)

Page 4 of 24
 (Total 9 marks)

Q3.
The apparatus in the figure below is used to separate a mixture of liquids in a fuel.

(a) What is apparatus W on above the figure above?

Tick one box.

Beaker

Boiling Tube

Flask

Jug

(1)

(b) What is the name of this method of separation?

Tick one box.

Crystallisation

Electrolysis

Filtration

Distillation

Page 5 of 24
 (1)

(c) Name the changes of state taking place at A and B in the figure above.

Use words from the box.

boiling condensing freezing melting

Change of state at A: _________________________________________________

Change of state at B: _________________________________________________

(2)

(d) Table 1 shows the boiling points of the hydrocarbons in the fuel.

Table 1

Boiling point
Hydrocarbon
in °C

Pentane 36

Hexane 69

Heptane 98

Octane 125

Which hydrocarbon will be the last to collect in the beaker?

Tick one box.

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

(1)

(e) The fuel is a mixture of liquids that has been designed as a useful product.

What name is given to this type of mixture?

Tick one box.

Catalyst

Page 6 of 24
 Formulation

Polymer

Solvent

(1)

(f) Describe how this fuel is different from crude oil.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) A student measured the melting point of a solid hydrocarbon four times.

The student’s results are in Table 2.

Table 2

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

Melting
35 48 37 37
point in °C

Calculate the mean melting point of the hydrocarbon, leaving out any anomalous
result.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean melting point = __________________ °C

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.
Rainwater is collected from the roofs of houses as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Page 7 of 24
(a) The water in the storage tank is not potable.

What does potable mean?

Tick one box.

Contains dissolved
substances

Pure

Safe to drink

Tastes nice

(1)

(b) Why should the water in the tank be filtered to make it potable?

Tick one box.

To kill microbes

To remove dissolved gases

To remove dissolved solids

To remove undissolved solids

(1)

(c) A gas which bleaches litmus paper can be added to the water to make it potable.

Name this gas and explain why it is added.

Page 8 of 24
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The storage tank is made from concrete reinforced with steel wire, as shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 3 shows how the distance between the steel wires affects the relative
strength of the concrete.

Figure 3

Use values from Figure 3 to describe the relationship shown by the graph.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 24
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q5.
The diagram shows a chromatogram for a food colouring.

(a) How does the chromatogram show that the food colouring is a mixture?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A student makes measurements for spot C.

The table shows the results.

Distance in
mm

Distance moved by spot C 7

Distance moved by solvent 39

Calculate the Rf value for spot C.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Use the results in the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 24
 Rf value = ____________________
(3)

(c) Plan a chromatography experiment to investigate the colours in an ink.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
Carbon dioxide is produced when copper carbonate is heated.

A student investigated heating copper carbonate.

The student used the apparatus to measure how long it took for carbon dioxide to be
produced.
The student also noted what happened during each minute for three minutes.

(a) The student used changes to the limewater to measure how long it took for carbon

Page 11 of 24
 dioxide to be produced.

Describe how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The student wrote down her observations.

Time interval
Observations
in minutes

A slow release of gas bubbles.

Between 0 and 1 The limewater did not change.
The solid in the test tube was green.

A fast release of gas bubbles.

Between 1 and 2
The limewater changed at 1 minute 10 seconds.

No release of gas bubbles.

Between 2 and 3
The solid in the test tube was black.

(i) Suggest the reason for the student’s observations between 0 and 1 minute.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Explain the student’s observations between 1 and 2 minutes.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Explain the student’s observations between 2 and 3 minutes.

______________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 24
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Q7.
The figure below shows a paper chromatogram of five different inks.

(a) Explain how paper chromatography separates substances.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Analyse the chromatogram. Describe and explain the result for black ink.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 24
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Use the figure above to calculate the Rf value of the blue ink.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rf value = ___________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q8.
Bleach is a solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO).

Chlorine gas is produced when bleach reacts with hydrochloric acid.

NaClO(aq) + 2HCl (aq) ⇌ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + Cl2(g)

(a)  Give the test and result for chlorine gas.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The diagram below shows a sealed flask of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid at
equilibrium.

(b)  Explain why equilibrium is reached in this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 24
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)  The stopper in the diagram above is removed and hydrochloric acid is added.

The stopper is replaced.

Explain what happens to the equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Chlorine gas is also produced when hydrogen chloride decomposes.

2HCl(g) ⇌ H2(g) + Cl2(g)

The forward reaction is endothermic.

(d)  Predict the effect of increasing the temperature on the amount of chlorine gas
produced at equilibrium.

Explain your answer using Le Chatelier’s Principle.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e)  Explain the effect of increasing the pressure on this equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 15 of 24
 (Total 12 marks)

Q9.
Aqamed is a medicine for children.

(a) The medicine is a formulation.

What is meant by a formulation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Children often do not like taking medicine.

Suggest a substance that could be added to Aqamed to increase the desire for
children to take it.

Give a reason for your suggestion.

Substance _________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The main ingredient in Aqamed is a painkiller called paracetamol.

The figure below represents a molecule of paracetamol.

Give the molecular formula of paracetamol.

Calculate its relative formula mass (Mr).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16

Molecular formula ____________________________________________________

Relative formula mass ________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mr = _____________________________
(2)

(d) Aspirin is a medicine for use by adults.

Page 16 of 24
An aspirin tablet contains 300 mg of acetylsalicylic acid.

Calculate the number of moles of acetylsalicylic acid in one aspirin tablet.

Give your answer in standard form to three significant figures.

Relative formula mass (Mr) of aspirin = 180

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of moles = ______________________

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 17 of 24
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)  red and blue
1

unknown
1
both needed for the mark

(b)  red
ignore black
1

travels least far

dependent on correct colour allow closest to the
start line
1

(c)  distance moved by green colour = 12 mm

allow 10 to 14 mm
1

distance moved by solvent = 36 mm

allow 35 to 36 mm
1

allow correct substitution of student’s

measurements
1

Rf value = 0.33
allow correct answer from student’s
measurements for 2 marks
1
[8]

Q2.
(a)  16(.0)
1

(b)  advantage: more accurate result

do not accept reliable
1

disadvantage: takes a long(er) time, more energy needed (to heat more water)
ignore expensive
1

(c)  pure: no dissolved solids / impurities

or no (dissolved) chlorine

Page 18 of 24
 allow only water / H2O
ignore safe to drink

and
potable: has dissolved solids / impurities
or has (dissolved) chlorine
ignore safe to drink
1
a clear comparative statement referring to
solutes gains the mark

(d)  groundwater:
•   filtered
allow acceptable method of filtration
1
•   sterilised
allow acceptable method of sterilisation
1

groundwater:
•   distilled or reverse osmosis
allow desalination
ignore salt removed
ignore boiling alone
ignore filtering
do not accept fractional distillation
1

(e) 
1

(=) 0.143 (g)

1
an answer of 0.143 (g)
or 0.14 (g) scores 2 marks
[9]

Q3.
(a) Flask
1

(b) Fractional distillation

1

(c) A – boiling
in this order
1

B – condensing
1

(d) Pentane
1

(e) Formulation

Page 19 of 24
 1

(f) the fuel is a pure compound

1

and crude oil is a mixture

or

the fuel is made up of four hydrocarbons

allow crude oil contains a large number of compounds and
the fuel contains four

and crude oil could have many more

1

(g) (35 + 37 + 37 / 3) = 36.33

1

36
1
allow (35 + 48 + 37 + 37 / 4 =) 39(.25) for 1 mark
[10]

Q4.
(a) Safe to drink
1

(b) To remove undissolved solids

1

(c) the gas is chlorine / Cl2

1

which sterilises water

1

(d) as distance between steel increases strength of concrete decreases

1

change above and change below 1.0 cm separation is compared and described
must refer to graph values for this mark
1
[6]

Q5.
(a) more than 1 dot in a vertical line
1

(b) correct equation and substitution 7/39

accept Rf = distance moved by spot C / distance moved by
solvent
1

calculation and answer 0.1795

1

Page 20 of 24
 answer to 2 significant figures 0.18
1

(c)
Level 3: The plan would lead to the
production of a valid outcome. All key steps 5-6
are identified and logically sequenced.

Level 2: The plan would not necessarily lead

to a valid outcome. Most steps are identified, 3-4
but the plan is not fully logically sequenced.

Level 1: The plan would not lead to a valid

outcome. Some relevant steps are identified, 1-2
but links are not made clear.

No relevant content 0

Indicative content
•   put dots of known colours, and a dot of
the ink on a pencil line on the
chromatography paper.
•   place the bottom of the paper in water,
making sure the start line is above the
water
•   leave for solvent to rise up through paper.
•   when solvent near top of paper, remove
and leave to dry.
•   compare positions of dots for known
colours with those from ink
6
[10]

Q6.
(a) time from when the heating is started until
1

the limewater turns cloudy / milky

1

(b) (i) the temperature was not high enough

accept the copper carbonate had not started to decompose /
react
accept it takes time to heat up the copper carbonate
1

the bubbles of gas were air

accept no carbon dioxide produced
1

(ii) the copper carbonate was decomposing / reacting

accept the temperature was high enough to cause

Page 21 of 24
 decomposition / a reaction
1

so carbon dioxide was produced

allow correct word / symbol equation
1

(iii) copper oxide was produced

allow correct word / symbol equation
1

because the copper carbonate had completely decomposed / reacted

ignore all of the carbon dioxide had been given off
1
[8]

Q7.
(a) mobile phase / solvent moves through paper
1

and carries substances different distances

1

which depend on their attraction for paper and solvent

allow which depend on solubility in solvent and attraction to
paper
1

(b) Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A relevant and coherent description which provides a clear analysis of the
chromatogram. The response makes logical links between the points raised and
uses sufficient examples
to support these links.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements are made which demonstrate a basic attempt to analyse the
chromatogram. The response may fail to make logical links between the points
raised.

0 marks:
No relevant content

Indicative content
• black ink is a mixture
• because more than one spot
• contains blue, red and yellow
• because Rf values / positions match
• does not contain green
• contains an unknown
• which is insoluble
• yellow is most soluble or has highest Rf value, blue is least
4

(c) both measurements from artwork for 1 mark (1.3 ± 0.1 cm and 5.3 ± 0.1 cm)
1

correct equation used for 1 mark

Page 22 of 24
 1

0.25 ± 0.02
1
accept 0.25 ± 0.02 without working shown for 3 marks
allow ecf from incorrect measurement to final answer for 2
marks
[10]

Q8.
(a)  damp / moist litmus paper
ignore colour of litmus paper
1

bleaches / goes white

1

(b)  forward and reverse rates equal

1

because no escape of reactants or products

allow closed system
allow particles for reactants or products
1

(c)  equilibrium shifts

allow no longer in equilibrium
1

to right-hand side
allow in favour of forward reaction
1

to produce more of any products

or
to reduce any reactants
allow correct references to Le Chatelier’s
Principle
1

(new) equilibrium will be established

1

(d)  amount of chlorine gas increases

1

(because) system shifts to counteract the change

allow (because) system shifts to take in energy

allow (because) system shifts in endothermic direction
1

(e)  no change
1

because equal numbers of molecules

or

Page 23 of 24
 moles (of gas) on each side
1
[12]

Q9.
(a) (medicine is) a mixture and

(designed as) a useful product

1

(b) sugar / flavouring

1

to make it taste better

or

colouring

to make it look more attractive

1

(c) C8H9NO2
any order of elements
1

151
1

(d) mass of acetylsalicylic acid = 0.3 g

1

=
method mark – divide mass by Mr
1

= 0.00167 (mol)
allow 0.0016666(66)
1

1.67 × 10-3 (mol)

correct answer with or without working scores 4 marks
allow ecf from steps1, 2 and 3
1
[9]

Page 24 of 24