AQA GCSE

Notes and Questions

Quantitative Chemistry
Conservation of mass and balanced symbol equations:

The law of conservation of mass states that no _______ are

l_______ or m_______ during a chemical reaction so the mass of
the p___________ equals the mass of the r_________.

Balanced symbol equations therefore tell us the ratio in which

reactants react or products are formed.

N2 + 3H2  2NH3

This means that 1 molecule of Nitrogen reacts with 3

molecules of Hydrogen.
So if you know how much Nitrogen you have you can work
out how much Hydrogen you would need.

Be careful though because it does not work for MASS

2. If 1.24g of Magnesium Carbonate is heated what will be the

total mass of products formed?

1. In an experiment 1.24g of Magnesium Carbonate was

heated. The mass of Magnesium Oxide formed was 0.96g
Why was it not 1.24g?
Relative Formula Mass:

This Relative Formula Mass (Mr) of a compound is the sum of the

Relative A_______ M_______ of the atoms in the numbers shown
in the formula.

e.g. H2O2

It contains 2 H atoms and 2 oxygen atom

If each H atoms has a mass of 1 the total for H is 2

If each O atom has a mass of 16 the total for O is 32

Therefore the total for H2O2 is 2 + 32 = 34

3.

a) H2O

b) H2SO4

c) H2CO3

d) NaNO3
 4.

a) Na2O

b) Mg(OH)2

c) AlCl3

d) Al2(SO4)3

e) Fe3(PO4)2

f) CuSO4

g) CuSO4.5H2O

h) Mg(NO3)2

i) Al(HCO3)3

j) (NH4)2SO4
Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas.

Some reactions may appear to involve a change in m________ but

this can usually be explained because a reactant or a product is a
g____ and its m____ has not been taken into account.

When a metal reacts with o_________ the mass of the

m_______ o_________ is g_____________ than the
mass of the m_________.

In this experiment the magnesium is

heated in a crucible. The crucible is
weighed before and after.

Use the following results to calculate the mass of oxygen:

Mass of crucible at start = 23.24g

Mass of crucible at the end = 24.01g

Mass of Oxygen =

In the thermal decomposition of metal carbonates; c_________

d_________ is produced and e____________ into the atmosphere
leaving the m______ o________ as the only product. The mass
therefore appears to d_______.
Moles.

Chemical amounts are measured in m__________.

5. What is the unit of a mole?

The mass of 1 m______ of any substance in g_____ is numerically

equal to its R_________ F_________ M_____.

So for H2O (Mr = 18), 1 mole has a mass of 18g

1 mole of a substance contains the same number of p_________,

a_______, m___________ or i_______ as 1 mole of any other
substance.

The number of particles in a mole of a given substance is

A____________ number.

6. What is the value of Avogadro’s number?

Iron 7. How many particles are there in 0.5 moles?

8. How many moles of O atoms are there in 1 mole of

SO3?
Moles, Mass and Mr

One can calculate the number of moles of a substance by using the

weighed mass of the substance and its Mr.

If n = the number of moles

m = the weighted mass of the substance

9. What equation allows you to calculate the number of

moles in a certain weighed mass of a substance?

10. What equation allows you to calculate the mass of a

certain number of moles of a substance?

11. Devise a triangle to help you remember these

equations.
Use this space to record some practice questions set by
your teacher.
12. Calculate the number of moles in the following.

a) 2g of Water (H2O)

b) 10g of Oxygen (O2)

c) 120g of CaCO3

d) 175g of Al2O3

e) 200g of Ammonia (NH3)

f) 1kg of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)

13. Calculate the mass of the following:

a) 5 moles of water (H20)

b) 2.5 moles of Ammonia (NH3)

c) 3.0 moles of H2SO4

d) 0.15 moles of Ca(OH)2

e) 0.25 moles of AlCl3

f) 0.0012 moles of PbO2

g) 0.033 moles of AgNO3

Amounts of substance in equations:

The masses of reactants or products can be calculated from

balanced symbol equations. Chemical equations show the ratio in
terms of moles of reactants and products.

e.g. Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

14. What does the equation tell us about the relative

amount of each reactant and product in this reaction.

So as long as we can calculate the number of moles of one substance

we can use the equation to calculate the number of moles of another
reactant or product and then find the mass required or produced.

Therefore you must carry out the following steps to successfully

complete the question.

1. Calculate the Mr or the substance for which you already know

the weighed mass.
2. Calculate the number of moles of this substance.
3. Use the equation (and ratio) to calculate the number of moles of
the substance required in the question.
4. Calculate the Mr of this substance.
5. Calculate the mass of this substance.
e.g What mass of Hydrochloric Acid is required to react
completely with 2.4g of Magnesium.

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2
a) Calculate the Mr of the substance for which you already
know the weighed mass.
Mr of Mg = 24

b) Calculate the number of moles of this substance.

n = m/Mr = 2.4/24 = 0.1 mol

c) Use the equation (and ratio) to calculate the number of

moles of the substance required in the question.

n (HCl) = 2 x n (Mg) = 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 mol

d) Calculate the Mr of this substance.

Mr of HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5

e) Calculate the mass of this substance.

m = n x Mr = 0.2 x 36.5 = 7.3g

e.g What mass of Magnesium Chloride is required to react
completely with 2.4g of Magnesium.

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

a) Calculate the Mr or the substance for which you already

know the weighed mass.

b) Calculate the number of moles of this substance.

c) Use the equation (and ratio) to calculate the number of

moles of the substance required in the question.

d) Calculate the Mr of this substance.

e) Calculate the mass of this substance.

14. 5.6g of iron react with excess sulphur to make WHAT
MASS of iron(II) sulphide?

Fe + S  FeS

15. 3.65g of HCl react with excess sodium hydroxide. What

mass of water is formed?
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2O
16. If 3.2 g of oxygen is reacted with excess hydrogen, what
mass of water is formed?

2H2 + O2  2H2O

17. 8g of hydrogen are exploded in excess oxygen. What mass

of water is formed?

2H2 + O2  2H2O
18. When sulphur (found in coal) burns it forms acid rain.
What mass of sulphur dioxide is formed from 32 tonnes of
sulphur and excess oxygen?

S + O2  SO2

19. When a hydrocarbon burns in excess oxygen, 2 products

are formed (water and carbon dioxide). What mass of the
greenhouse gas (CO2) forms when 10g of heptane (C7H16),
found in petrol, are burned in excess O2?

C7H16 + 11O2  7CO2 + 8H2O

20. 123g of sulphur are burned in excess oxygen. What mass
of sulphur dioxide forms?

S + O2  SO2

21. 29 tonnes of iron (III) oxide are reacted in the blast

furnace with excess carbon monoxide. What mass of iron is
produced?

Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2

Using moles to balance equations:

The balancing numbers of a symbol equation can be calculated from

the masses of reactants and products by converting the masses (g)
into m_______ and converting the number of m_____ to a simple
whole number r_______.

e.g 22.4 g of Iron and 9.6g of Oxygen gas react together to

form 32.0g of Iron Oxide. Use these to help you write a
balanced equation.
22. 48g of Iron (II) sulphide (FeS2) reacts with 35.2g of
Oxygen gas to form 32.0g of Iron (III) Oxide and 51.2g of
Sulphur Dioxide. Write a balanced symbol equation.
23. 23.6g of Silane (Si2H3) reacts with 54.4g of Oxygen to
produce 48.0g of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) and 30.0g of
Trioxidane (H2O3). Write a balanced symbol equation for
the reaction.
Limiting Factors:

In a chemical reaction involving two reactants, it is common to use an

e_______ of one of the reactants.

24. Why is an e________ of one reactant used?

The reactant that is completely used up is call the l_________

r__________ because it l________ the amount of products that
can be formed.

eg. Consider the following reaction:

2 Al + 6 HBr → 2 AlBr3 + 3 H2

When 3.22 moles of Al reacts with 4.96 moles of HBr which

reactant is in excess?
25. Consider the following reaction:

Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu

1g of Zinc is added to a solution containing 0.01 moles of Copper

Sulphate. Which reactant is in excess?

26. Consider the following reaction:

2Mg + O2  2MgO

When 2.4g of Magnesium is reacted with 3.2g of Oxygen which

reactant is in excess?
Concentration of Solutions:

Many chemical reactions take place in solutions.

27. Explain the way in which the concentration of a solution can

be measured?

28. What equation do you use to calculate the mass of solute in a

given volume of solution?

29. What mass of solute is in 50cm3 of a 40g/dm3 solution of

Sodium Thiosulphate?

30. Explain how the mass of a solute and the volume of a solution
is related to the concentration of the solution?