RADAR Baseband Verification Library

SystemVue
2016.08
RADAR Baseband
Verification Library
Notices
© Keysight Technologies, Inc. 1983-2016
1400 Fountaingrove Pkwy., Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1738, United States
All rights reserved.
No part of this documentation may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage
and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from
Keysight Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws.
Restricted Rights Legend

If software is for use in the performance of a U.S. Government prime contract or subcontract, Software is
delivered and licensed as "Commercial computer software" as defined in DFAR 252.227-7014 (June 1995),
or as a "commercial item" as defined in FAR 2.101(a) or as "Restricted computer software" as defined in
FAR 52.227-19 (June 1987) or any equivalent agency regulation or contract clause.
Use, duplication or disclosure of Software is subject to Keysight Technologies' standard commercial license
terms, and non-DOD Departments and Agencies of the U.S. Government will receive no greater than
Restricted Rights as defined in FAR 52.227-19(c)(1-2) (June 1987). U.S. Government users will receive no
greater than Limited Rights as defined in FAR 52.227-14 (June 1987) or DFAR 252.227-7015 (b)(2)
(November 1995), as applicable in any technical data.
Portions of this software are licensed by third parties including open source terms and conditions.
For detail information on third party licenses, see Notice.
RADAR Baseband Verification Library 2

Contents
RADAR Baseband Verification Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Radar Receiver Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Radar Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
RADAR Rx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
RADAR Rx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
RADAR_Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
RADAR DDC Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
RADAR DDC Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
RADAR_DDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
RADAR QuadSample Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
RADAR QuadSample Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
RADAR_QuadSample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
RADAR CICDecimate Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
RADAR CICDecimate Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
RADAR_CICDecimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
RADAR Antenna Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RADAR Antenna Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RADAR Antenna Rx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RADAR Antenna Rx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RADAR_Antenna_Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RADAR Antenna Tx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RADAR Antenna Tx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RADAR_Antenna_Tx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
RADAR AntennaPolarizationRx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
RADAR AntennaPolarizationRx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationRx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
RADAR ANTENNA Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
RADAR ANTENNA Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
RADAR_ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
RADAR AntennaPolarizationTx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
RADAR AntennaPolarizationTx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationTx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Radar Tx Rx Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Radar Tx Rx Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
RADAR Switch Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
RADAR Switch Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
RADAR_Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
RADAR GainCtrl Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
RADAR GainCtrl Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
RADAR_GainCtrl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Radar Array Signal Processing Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Radar Array Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
RADAR Rx DBS 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
RADAR Rx DBS 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
RADAR_Rx_DBS_2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
RADAR Tx DBS 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RADAR Tx DBS 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
RADAR_Tx_DBS_2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
RADAR STAP Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
RADAR STAP Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
RADAR_STAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
RADAR ADBF Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
RADAR ADBF Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
RADAR_ADBF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Radar Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Radar Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Basic Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Digital Array Radar Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
EW Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
GeneralFramework Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
PD RADAR Performance Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
PD RADAR Receiver Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
PD RADAR Transmitter Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
SAR Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Signal Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Signal Processing Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
System Test Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Radar Transmitter Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Radar Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
RADAR CICInterp Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
RADAR CICInterp Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
RADAR_CICInterp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
RADAR DUC Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
RADAR DUC Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
RADAR_DUC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
RADAR Tx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
RADAR Tx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
RADAR_Tx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Radar Signal Sink Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Radar Signal Sink Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
RADAR TOA Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
RADAR TOA Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
RADAR_TOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
RADAR PDW Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
RADAR PDW Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
RADAR_PDW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
RADAR EW Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
RADAR EW Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
RADAR EWJamming Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
RADAR EWJamming Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
RADAR_EWJamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
RADAR PulseDetection Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
RADAR PulseDetection Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
RADAR_PulseDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Radar Array TR Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Array TR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
RADAR ArrayCouple Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
RADAR ArrayCouple Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
RADAR_ArrayCouple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
RADAR Tx 4x4 Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
RADAR Tx 4x4 Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
RADAR_Tx_4x4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
RADAR AngleTransform Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
RADAR AngleTransform Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
RADAR_AngleTransform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
RADAR Rx 4x4 Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
RADAR Rx 4x4 Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
RADAR_Rx_4x4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
RADAR MultiCH Rx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
RADAR MultiCH Rx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
RADAR_MultiCH_Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
RADAR PhasedArrayRx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
RADAR PhasedArrayRx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
RADAR_PhasedArrayRx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
RADAR MultiCH Tx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
RADAR MultiCH Tx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
RADAR_MultiCH_Tx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
RADAR PhasedArrayTx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
RADAR PhasedArrayTx Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Radar Signal Source Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Radar Signal Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
RADAR SignalX Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
RADAR SignalX Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
RADAR_SignalX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
RADAR ZCCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
RADAR ZCCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
RADAR_ZCCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
RADAR PolyTimeCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
RADAR PolyTimeCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
RADAR_PolyTimeCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
RADAR DDS Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
RADAR DDS Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
RADAR_DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
RADAR MatchedSrc Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
RADAR MatchedSrc Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
RADAR_MatchedSrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
RADAR PULSE Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
RADAR PULSE Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
RADAR_PULSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
RADAR FrankCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
RADAR FrankCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
RADAR_FrankCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
RADAR LFM Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
RADAR LFM Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
RADAR_LFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
RADAR BarkerCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
RADAR BarkerCode Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
RADAR_BarkerCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
RADAR FSK Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
RADAR FSK Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
RADAR_FSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
RADAR SAR Echo Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
RADAR SAR Echo Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
RADAR_SAR_Echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
RADAR PRNSeq Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
RADAR PRNSeq Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
RADAR_PRNSeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
RADAR NLFM Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
RADAR NLFM Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
RADAR_NLFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
RADAR StepFreq part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
RADAR StepFreq Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
RADAR_StepFreq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
RADAR CW Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
RADAR CW Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
RADAR_CW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Radar Measurement Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Radar Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
RADAR Equation Clutter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
RADAR Equation Clutter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
RADAR_Equation_Clutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
RADAR RangeMeas Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
RADAR RangeMeas Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
RADAR_RangeMeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
RADAR VelocityMeas Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
RADAR VelocityMeas Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
RADAR_VelocityMeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
RADAR Tx DBS Measurement Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
RADAR Tx DBS Measurement Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
RADAR_Tx_DBS_Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
RADAR AmbgtResolution Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
RADAR AmbgtResolution Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
RADAR_AmbgtResolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
RADAR SignalAnalyzer Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
RADAR SignalAnalyzer Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
RADAR_SignalAnalyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
RADAR Pd Measurement Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
RADAR Pd Measurement Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
RADAR_Pd_Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
RADAR PdMeasure Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
RADAR PdMeasure Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
RADAR_PdMeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
RADAR Equation Bistatic Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
RADAR Equation Bistatic Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
RADAR_Equation_Bistatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
RADAR Equation Jamming Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
RADAR Equation Jamming Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
RADAR_Equation_Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
RADAR UnAmbVelocity Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
RADAR UnAmbVelocity Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
RADAR_UnAmbVelocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
RADAR UnAmbRange Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
RADAR UnAmbRange Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
RADAR_UnAmbRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
RADAR Equation Augmentation Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
RADAR Equation Augmentation Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
RADAR_Equation_Augmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
RADAR Pf Measurement Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
RADAR Pf Measurement Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
RADAR_Pf_Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
RADAR Equation Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
RADAR Equation Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
RADAR_Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
RADAR Misc Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
RADAR Misc Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
RADAR TCPSink Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
RADAR TCPSink Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
RADAR_TCPSink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
RADAR UDPSink Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
RADAR UDPSink Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
RADAR_UDPSink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Radar Environments Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Radar Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
RADAR RCS Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
RADAR RCS Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
RADAR_RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
RADAR TargetScatterLocation Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
RADAR TargetScatterLocation Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
RADAR_TargetScatterLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
RADAR Target Vector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
RADAR Target Vector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
RADAR_Target_Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
RADAR SummerBusRF Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
RADAR SummerBusRF Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
RADAR_SummerBusRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
RADAR ClutterGen Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
RADAR ClutterGen Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
RADAR_ClutterGen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
RADAR Clutter 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
RADAR Clutter 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
RADAR_Clutter_2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
RADAR TargetTrajectory Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
RADAR TargetTrajectory Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
RADAR_TargetTrajectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
RADAR Clutter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
RADAR Clutter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
RADAR_Clutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
RADAR FrameConversion Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
RADAR FrameConversion Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
RADAR_FrameConversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
RADAR Platform Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
RADAR Platform Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
RADAR_Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
RADAR DBF Target 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
RADAR DBF Target 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
RADAR_DBF_Target_2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
RADAR PhaseShift Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
RADAR PhaseShift Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
RADAR_PhaseShift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
RADAR PropagationLoss Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
RADAR PropagationLoss Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
RADAR_PropagationLoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
RADAR LocInAntennaFrame Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
RADAR LocInAntennaFrame Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
RADAR Target2 Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
RADAR Target2 Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
RADAR_Target2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
RADAR TargetEcho Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
RADAR TargetEcho Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
RADAR_TargetEcho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
RADAR SEA Clutter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
RADAR Sea Clutter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
RADAR_SEA_CLUTTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
RADAR Clutter H Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
RADAR Clutter H Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
RADAR_Clutter_H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
RADAR DBF Clutter 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
RADAR DBF Clutter 2D Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
RADAR_DBF_Clutter_2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
RADAR Target Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
RADAR Target Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
RADAR_Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
RADAR Tx Synthesis Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
RADAR Tx Synthesis Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
RADAR_Tx_Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
RADAR EchoGenerator Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
RADAR EchoGenerator Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
RADAR_EchoGenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Radar Signal Processing Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Radar Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
RADAR CoIntgr Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
RADAR CoIntgr Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
RADAR_CoIntgr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
RADAR Detector M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
RADAR Detector M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
RADAR_Detector_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
RADAR KALMAN Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
RADAR Kalman Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
RADAR_Kalman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
RADAR TargetTrack Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
RADAR TargetTrack Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
RADAR_TargetTrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
RADAR CoIntgr M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
RADAR CoIntgr M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
RADAR_CoIntgr_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
RADAR WaveGate Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
RADAR WaveGate Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
RADAR_WaveGate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
RADAR DBF Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
RADAR DBF Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
RADAR_DBF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
RADAR DOA Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
RADAR DOA Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
RADAR_DOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
RADAR MTI Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
RADAR MTI Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
RADAR_MTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
RADAR MNDetector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
RADAR MNDetector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
RADAR_MNDetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
RADAR Detector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
RADAR Detector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
RADAR_Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
RADAR PD Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
RADAR PD Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
RADAR_PD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
RADAR TargetDetect Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
RADAR TargetDetect Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
RADAR_TargetDetect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
RADAR MatchedFilter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
RADAR MatchedFilter Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
RADAR_MatchedFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
RADAR BinaryDetector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
RADAR BinaryDetector Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
RADAR_BinaryDetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
RADAR MTD M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
RADAR MTD M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
RADAR_MTD_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
RADAR MTD Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
RADAR MTD Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
RADAR_MTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
RADAR NonCoIntgr M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
RADAR NonCoIntgr M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
RADAR_NonCoIntgr_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
RADAR PulseCompression Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
RADAR PulseCompression Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
RADAR_PulseCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
RADAR CFAR M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
RADAR CFAR M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
RADAR_CFAR_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
RADAR CFAR Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
RADAR CFAR Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
RADAR_CFAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
RADAR PC Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
RADAR PC Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
RADAR_PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
RADAR MTI M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
RADAR MTI M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
RADAR_MTI_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
RADAR PulseCompression M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
RADAR PulseCompression M Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
RADAR_PulseCompression_M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
RADAR NonCoIntgr Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
RADAR NonCoIntgr Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
RADAR_NonCoIntgr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
RADAR LFMRef Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
RADAR LFMRef Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
RADAR_LFMRef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
About Radar Baseband Verification Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Release Notes for Off-cycle release for SystemVue 2015.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Radar Library Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Radar Library Block List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Radar Examples and Test Benches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
RADAR Baseband Verification Library
About Radar Baseband Verification Library (see page 424)
Antenna Array Signal Processing Array TR Environment
RADAR ANTENNA Part RADAR ADBF RADAR RADAR Clutter 2D

(see page 50) Part (see page AngleTransform Part (see page 293)
78) Part (see page
RADAR Antenna Rx RADAR Clutter H Part
134)
Part (see page 32) RADAR Rx DBS (see page 339)
2D Part (see RADAR
RADAR Antenna Tx RADAR Clutter Part
page 67) ArrayCouple
Part (see page 38) (see page 301)
Part (see page
RADAR STAP
RADAR 128) RADAR ClutterGen
Part (see page
AntennaPolarizationRx Part (see page 289)
75) RADAR
Part (see page 46)
MultiCH Rx Part RADAR DBF Clutter
RADAR Tx DBS
RADAR (see page 141) 2D Part (see page 344
2D Part (see
AntennaPolarizationTx )
page 71) RADAR
Part (see page 53)
MultiCH Tx Part RADAR DBF Target
(see page 155) 2D Part (see page 311
)
RADAR
PhasedArrayRx RADAR
Part (see page EchoGenerator Part
144) (see page 353)
RADAR RADAR
PhasedArrayTx FrameConversion Part
Part (see page (see page 304)
157) RADAR
RADAR Rx 4x4 LocInAntennaFrame
Part (see page Part (see page 319)
136) RADAR PhaseShift
RADAR Tx 4x4 Part (see page 314)
Part (see page RADAR Platform Part
129) (see page 307)
RADAR
PropagationLoss Part
(see page 317)
RADAR RCS Part (see
page 275)
RADAR Sea Clutter
Part (see page 335)
RADAR
SummerBusRF Part
(see page 288)
13 RADAR Baseband Verification Library

RADAR Target Part

(see page 347)
RADAR Target Vector
Part (see page 283)
RADAR Target2 Part
(see page 324)
RADAR TargetEcho
Part (see page 328)
RADAR
TargetScatterLocation
Part (see page 279)
RADAR
TargetTrajectory Part
(see page 297)
RADAR Tx Synthesis
Part (see page 350)
EW Measurement Misc Receiver
RADAR EWJamming RADAR RADAR RADAR CICDecimate

Part (see page 121) AmbgtResolution TCPSink Part Part (see page 29)
Part (see page (see page 272)
RADAR RADAR DDC Part (see
236)
PulseDetection Part RADAR page 24)
(see page 126) RADAR Equation UDPSink Part
RADAR QuadSample
Augmentation (see page 273)
Part (see page 26)
Part (see page
257) RADAR Rx Part (see
page 18)
RADAR Equation
Bistatic Part (see
page 247)
RADAR Equation
Clutter Part (see
page 225)
RADAR Equation
Jamming Part
(see page 251)
RADAR Equation
Part (see page
261)

RADAR Pd
Measurement
Part (see page
243)
RADAR
PdMeasure Part
(see page 245)
RADAR Pf
Measurement
Part (see page
259)
RADAR
RangeMeas Part
(see page 228)
RADAR
SignalAnalyzer
Part (see page
240)
RADAR Tx DBS
Measurement
Part (see page
233)
RADAR
UnAmbRange
Part (see page
255)
RADAR
UnAmbVelocity
Part (see page
253)
RADAR
VelocityMeas
Part (see page
230)
Signal Processing Signal Source Transmitters Tx/Rx
RADAR RADAR RADAR GainCtrl Part

BinaryDetector Part BarkerCode Part (see page 63)
(see page 393) (see page 200)
RADAR Switch Part
RADAR CFAR M Part RADAR CW Part (see page 61)
(see page 405) (see page 221)

RADAR CFAR Part RADAR DDS Part RADAR

(see page 408) (see page 179) CICInterp Part
(see page 104)
RADAR CoIntgr M Part RADAR
(see page 367) FrankCode Part RADAR DUC
(see page 187) Part (see page
RADAR CoIntgr Part
106)
(see page 357) RADAR FSK Part
(see page 203) RADAR Tx Part
RADAR DBF Part (see
(see page 109)
page 372) RADAR LFM Part
(see page 195)
RADAR Detector M
Part (see page 360) RADAR
MatchedSrc Part
RADAR Detector Part
(see page 183)
(see page 383)
RADAR NLFM
RADAR DOA Part (see
Part (see page
page 375)
215)
RADAR Kalman Part
RADAR
(see page 362)
PolyTimeCode
RADAR LFMRef Part Part (see page
(see page 420) 175)
RADAR MatchedFilter RADAR PRNSeq
Part (see page 390) Part (see page
RADAR MNDetector 212)
Part (see page 380) RADAR PULSE
RADAR MTD M Part Part (see page
(see page 396) 185)
RADAR MTD Part (see RADAR SAR

page 398) Echo Part (see
page 207)
RADAR MTI M Part
(see page 414) RADAR SignalX
Part (see page
RADAR MTI Part (see
169)
page 378)
RADAR StepFreq
RADAR NonCoIntgr M
Part (see page
Part (see page 400)
218)
RADAR NonCoIntgr
RADAR ZCCode
Part (see page 418)
Part (see page
RADAR PC Part (see 172)
page 412)
RADAR PD Part (see
page 385)

RADAR
PulseCompression M
Part (see page 415)
RADAR
PulseCompression
Part (see page 402)
RADAR TargetDetect
Part (see page 387)
RADAR TargetTrack
Part (see page 364)
RADAR TOA Part (see
page 115)
RADAR WaveGate Part
(see page 369)
Signal Sink
RADAR PDW Part (see

page 117)

Radar Receiver Category
Radar Receiver
Contents
RADAR CICDecimate Part (see page 29)
RADAR DDC Part (see page 24)
RADAR QuadSample Part (see page 26)
RADAR Rx Part (see page 18)
RADAR Rx Part
RADAR Rx Part
Categories:Receiver (see page 18)
RADAR Receiver Front End

The models associated with this part are listed below. To view detailed information
on a model (description, parameters, equations, notes, etc.), please click the
appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Rx (see page 18)
RADAR_Rx
Description: RADAR Receiver Front End

Associated Parts: RADAR Rx Part (see page 18)

Model Parameters
Name Description Default Units Type Runtime

Tunable
TStep simulation time step; 0 s Float NO

TStep=0 results in use
of externally set TStep
([0:∞))
RF_Freq RF carrier frequency ((0: 1000000000 Hz Float NO

∞))
RF_Gain Complex voltage gain; 1 none Complex NO

with form re+j*im; to number
specify gain in dB use
dbpolar( dB, degree) ((-
∞:∞))
IF_Freq IF carrier frequency ((0: 25000000 Hz Float NO

∞))
IF_Gain Complex voltage gain; 1 none Complex NO

with form re+j*im; to number
specify gain in dB use
dbpolar( dB, degree) ((-
∞:∞))
IF_SamplingRate Digital IF signal 100000000 Hz Float NO

sampling rate ((0:∞))
BandWidth passband bandwidth of 5000000 Hz Float NO

IF filter ((0:∞))
ADC_NBits number of bits for DAC 8 none Integer NO

([2:∞))
PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in 0 deg Float NO

degrees, Q channel
relative to I channel ((-∞:
∞))
BB_DownSamplingRatio the downsampling ratio 20 none Integer NO

from digital IF to
baseband ([1:∞))

Tunable
RC_ExcessBW Excess bandwidth of 0.22 none Float NO

raised cosine filter ((0.0:
1.0))
Out_CenterFreq The center frequency of 0 Hz Float NO

the output signal ([0:∞))
NoiseFigure_RFGain input noise figure for 0 none Float NO

gain in RF, in dB ([0:∞))
NoiseFigure_IFGain input noise figure for 0 none Float NO

gain in IF, in dB ([0:∞))
NoiseFigure_Mixer input noise figure for 0 none Float NO

MixerRF, in dB ([0:∞))
GCType_RFGain Gain compression type: PSat+GCSat+TOI+dBc1 none Enumeration NO

none, TOI, dBc1,
TOI+dBc1,
PSat+GCSat+TOI,
PSat+GCSat+dBc1,
PSat+GCSat+TOI+dBc1,
RappNonlinearity, Gain
compression vs input
power, AM/AM and AM
/PM vs input power
TOIout_RFGain Third order intercept 3 W Float NO

power ((-∞:∞))
dBc1out_RFGain 1 dB gain compression 1 W Float NO

power ((-∞:∞))
PSat_RFGain Saturation power ((-∞: 1 W Float NO

∞))
GCSat_RFGain Gain compression at 1 none Float NO

saturation; dB ([3:7])
GComp_RFGain Array of triple values for [0,0,0] none Floating NO

large signal gain point array
change vs signal power.
Input Power in dBm,

Tunable
Gain change from small

signal in dB, and Phase
change from small
signal in degree
GCType_IFGain Gain compression type: none none Enumeration NO

none, TOI, dBc1,
TOI+dBc1,
PSat+GCSat+TOI,
PSat+GCSat+dBc1,
compression vs input
power, AM/AM and AM
/PM vs input power
TOIout_IFGain Third order intercept 3 W Float NO

power ((-∞:∞))
dBc1out_IFGain 1 dB gain compression 1 W Float NO

power ((-∞:∞))
PSat_IFGain Saturation power ((-∞: 1 W Float NO

∞))
GCSat_IFGain Gain compression at 1 none Float NO

saturation; dB ([3:7])
GComp_IFGain Array of triple values for [0,0,0] none Floating NO

large signal gain point array
change vs signal power.
Input Power in dBm,
Gain change from small
signal in dB, and Phase
change from small
signal in degree
Input Ports
Port Name Signal Type Optional
1 RF_Signal envelope NO
Output Ports
Output Ports
2 BB_Signal complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This subnetwork implements receiver front end for the RADAR system.
2. The RADAR_Rx schematic is shown below:
RADAR_Rx schematic
3. Parameter details:
TStep specifies the simulation time step which is the reciprocal of
IF_SamplingRate.
RF_Freq specifies the RF carrier frequency in Hz.
RF_Gain specifies the gain of RF power amplifier in dbpolar.
IF_Freq specifies the digital downconverter carrier frequency in Hz.
IF_Gain specifies the gain of IF power amplifier in dbpolar.
IF_SamplingRate specifies the sampling rate of digital downconverter
which is also the sampling rate of the input signal.
Bandwidth specifies the bandwidth of IF bandpass filter which should
be no smaller than the bandwidth of the baseband signal.
ADC_NBits specifies the number of bits for ADC which converts the
analogy signal to digital signal.
PhaseImbalance specifies phase imbalance in the degree which is
used to add certain impairments to the ideal IF signal as
PhaseImbalance (see page 26).
BB_DownSamplingRatio specifies the downsampling ratio from IF to a
baseband signal.
RC_ExcessBW specifies the excess bandwidth of raised cosine filter
which performs filtering after baseband signal downsampling.
Out_CenterFreq specifies the center frequency of output signal.
NoiseFigure_RFGain specifies the input noise figure for the power
amplifier in RF in dB.

NoiseFigure_IFGain specifies the input noise figure for the power
amplifier in IF in dB.
NoiseFigure_Mixer specifies the input noise figure for RF Mixer in dB.

GCType_RF_Gain specifies the compression type of power amplifier in
RF.
TOIout_RFGain specifies the third order intercept power for the power
amplifier in RF.
dBc1out_RFGain specifies the 1 dB gain compression power for the
power amplifier in RF.
PSat_RFGain specifies the saturation power for the power amplifier in
RF.
GCSat_RFGain specifies the compression at saturation for the power
amplifier in RF in dB.
GComp_RFGain is an array parameter which specifies the triple values
for large signal gain change vs signal power in RF.
GCType_IF_Gain specifies the compression type of power amplifier in
IF.
TOIout_IFGain specifies the third order intercept power for the power
amplifier in IF.
dBc1out_IFGain specifies the 1 dB gain compression power for the
power amplifier in IF.
PSat_IFGain specifies the saturation power for the power amplifier in
IF.
GCSat_IFGain specifies the compression at saturation for the power
amplifier in IF in dB.
GComp_IFGain is an array parameter which specifies the triple values
for large signal gain change vs signal power in IF.
4. The following figure provides a block diagram of a digital receiver front end
that translates an RF signal down to a complex baseband signal.
Digital receiver front-end architecture

An analogy envolop RF waveform is first passed through an RF power amplifier

then mixed with an RF (complex envelope) to get the IF signal, followed by a
passband filter then a power amplifier, and passed through a digital downconverter
to generate the baseband signal.
The Nyquist rate is a minimum but not sufficient sampling
frequency for a bandlimited bandpass signal. The IF
sampling rate should be chosen carefully to ensure that
aliasing does not occur.
The sampling rate of output baseband signal should be no

smaller than Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.
See:
RADAR_DDC (see page 24)
RADAR_Tx (see page 109)
Reference
1. Merrill Skolnik, RADAR HANDBOOK, Third Edition, Chapter 25.
RADAR DDC Part
RADAR DDC Part

RADAR Digital Down Converter

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_DDC
Description: RADAR Digital Down Converter

Associated Parts: RADAR DDC Part (see page 24)

Model Parameters

Tunable
IF_Freq IF carrier frequency ((0:∞)) 25000000 Hz Float NO
IF_SamplingRate Digital IF signal sampling rate ((0:∞)) 100000000 Hz Float NO
ADC_NBits number of bits for ADC ([2:∞)) 8 none Integer NO
PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in degrees, Q channel 0 deg Float NO

relative to I channel ((-∞:∞))
BB_DownSamplingRatio the downsampling ratio from digital IF 20 none Integer NO

to baseband ([1:∞))
RC_ExcessBW Excess bandwidth of raised cosine filter 0.22 none Float NO

((0.0:1.0))
Out_CenterFreq The center frequency of the output 0 Hz Float NO

signal ([0:∞))
Input Ports
1 IF_Signal envelope NO
Output Ports
Notes/Equations
1. This subnetwork implements digital downconverter.

2. The RADAR_DDC schematic is shown below:

RADAR_DDC schematic
IF_Freq specifies the IF modulation frequency.
IF_SamplingRate is the sampling rate of digital IF which is also the
input sampling rate.
ADC_NBits specifies the number of bits for analog to digital converter
which converts the analogy signal to digital signal.

used to add certain impairments to the ideal output signal. The IF is
given by
is the phase imbalance.

BB_DownSamplingRatio specifies the downsampling ratio from IF to
the baseband signal.
The Nyquist rate is a minimum but not sufficient sampling

frequency for a bandlimited bandpass signal. The IF
sampling rate should be chosen carefully to ensure that
aliasing does not occur.
The sampling rate of output baseband signal should be no

smaller than Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.
See:
RADAR_DUC (see page 106)
References
RADAR QuadSample Part
RADAR QuadSample Part

RADAR quadrature sampling

appropriate link.

Model
RADAR_QuadSample (see page 27)
RADAR_QuadSample
Description: RADAR quadrature sampling

Associated Parts: RADAR QuadSample Part (see page 26)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in degrees, Q channel 0 none Float NO

BB_DownSamplingRatio the downsampling ratio from digital IF 20 none Integer NO

to baseband ([1:∞))

((0.0:1.0))
Out_CenterFreq The center frequency of the output 0 Hz Float NO

signal ([0:∞))
Input Ports
3 IF_Signal real NO

Output Ports
Notes/Equations
1. This subnetwork implements digital quadrature demodulation.

2. The RADAR_QuadSample schematic is shown below:
RADAR_QuadSample schematic
input sampling rate.
given by

BB_DownSamplingRatio specifies the downsampling ratio from IF to
the baseband signal.

Reference

2. Peter B. Kenington, RF and Baseband Techniques for Software Defined
Radio.
RADAR CICDecimate Part
RADAR CICDecimate Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CICDecimate (see page 29) RADAR CIC Decimation
RADAR_CICDecimate
Description: RADAR CIC Decimation

Domain: Untimed
C++ Code Generation Support: NO
SystemVueEngine Support: YES
Associated Parts: RADAR CICDecimate Part (see page 29)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Order the concatenation order of the CIC filter 5 Integer NO

Tunable
Ratio the Decimation ratio applied to the input signal 2 Integer NO
DiffDelay Differential delay. Changes both the shape and number of 1 Integer NO
nulls in the filter response. Also affects the null locations.
In practice, it is usually held to one or two
Phase downsampling phase 0 Integer NO
Input Ports
Port Name Description Signal Type Optional
1 input complex signal to be decimated complex NO
Output Ports
2 output decimated complex signal complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model implements a multiple order cascaded integrator comb filter with
decimation.
2. Each firing,
Ratio tokens are consumed at the input port. It is equal to 2 by
default.
1 token is produced at the output port.
Order specifies the concatenation order of CIC filter.
Ratio specifies the decimation ratio applied to the input signal.
DiffDelay specifies the differential delay for basic comb part as
specified in DiffDelay (see page ).
The Phase parameter specifies which one sample (out of the Ratio
input samples read) to output: if Phase = 0, the first input sample is
output; if Phase = Factor - 1, the latest input sample is output. The
equation describing the behavior of this model is y[n] = x[Ratio × n +
Phase], where n is the output sample number, y is the output, and x is
the input.
4.
4. The CIC filter is a flexible, multiplier-free filter suitable for hardware
implementation, that can also handle arbitrary and large rate changes as
specified in CICFilterBasic (see page ).
References
1. E. B. Hogenauer. An economical class of digital filters for decimation and

interpolation.IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,
ASSP-29(2):155-162, 1981.

RADAR Antenna Category
RADAR Antenna Category
Contents
RADAR ANTENNA Part (see page 50)
RADAR Antenna Rx Part (see page 32)
RADAR Antenna Tx Part (see page 38)
RADAR AntennaPolarizationRx Part (see page 46)
RADAR AntennaPolarizationTx Part (see page 53)
RADAR Antenna Rx Part
RADAR Antenna Rx Part

Categories:Antenna (see page 32)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Antenna_Rx (see page 32) Receiving Antenna
RADAR_Antenna_Rx

RADAR_Antenna_Rx
Description: Receiving Antenna

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Antenna Rx Part (see page 32)
Model Parameters

Tunable
RadarWorkMode Radar Work Mode : Tracking, Search Tracking Enumeration NO
Pattern User-defined antenna pattern or Uniform Enumeration NO

antenna pattern which is decided by
illumination distribution function:
UserDefinedPattern, Uniform, Cosine,
Parabolic, Triangle, Circular,
CosineSquaredPedestal, Taylor
Factor1 The factor which is defined in the 0 Float NO

distribution function


Tunable
AntennaPatternArray Antenna Pattern: elevation * azimuth [ones Floating NO

with dB (180 * point array
360, 1)]
Sidelobe_Levels Sidelobe_levels in dB -20 Float NO
nBar This parameter is used to generate the 2 Integer NO

Taylor distribution
AntennaHeight The vertical length of antenna 5 m Float NO
AntennaWidth The horizontal length of antenna 5 m Float NO
AntennaScanPattern Antenna Scan Pattern: Circular, Circular Enumeration NO

Bidirectional Sector, Unidirectional
Sector, Bidirectional Raster,
Unidirectional Raster
ScanRate Scan Rate sets the antenna scan rate, 15 Float NO

the unit is rpm(round per minute).
ElevationAngle Elevation Angle Vaule in degree 0 deg Float NO
SectorScanStartAngle The start angle of scan sector 0 deg Float NO
SectorScanEndAngle The end angle of scan sector 0 deg Float NO
FlybackTime The flyback time from the end postion 0 s Float NO

to start position
NumberOfRasterBars The number of raster bars when using 0 Integer NO

Bidirectional Raster or Unidirectional
Raster scan
RasterBarWidth The angle between the raster bars 5 deg Float NO

when using Bidirectional Raster or
Unidirectional Raster scan
TargetAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of target related to [0] deg Floating NO

the radar reference coordinate point array
TargetElevationAngle The elevation angle of target related to [0] deg Floating NO


BeamAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of beam direction 0 deg Float NO
related to the radar reference
coordinate
BeamElevationAngle The elevation angle of beam direction 0 deg Float NO

coordinate
Input Ports
Port Name Description Signal Optional

Type
1 TargetAzimuth The azimuth angle of target related to the radar reference multiple YES
cooridnate (radian) real
2 TargetElevation The elevation angle of target related to the radar reference multiple YES
3 BeamAzimuth The azimuth angle of beam direction related to the radar real YES
reference cooridnate (radian)
4 BeamElevation The elevation angle of beam direction related to the radar real YES
5 input The input signal of antenna in the Rx chain multiple NO

envelope
Output Ports
6 output The output signal of antenna in the Rx chain envelope NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to simulate the receive antenna. In the case of mono-
static radar, same parameters are set to both Radar_Antenna_Tx and
Radar_Antenna_Rx models.
2. This model supports two working modes: search and tracking.
a. The antenna pattern is imported by user-defined pattern or calculated
based on the size of antenna and illuminating window function.
b.
b. When the pattern is user-defined, the parameter,
"AntennaPatternArray" is used to accept the user-defined model. The
size of "AntennaPatternArray" parameter is the product of the number
of azimuth angles (columns) and the number of elevation angles (rows).
The user-defined pattern format is a matrix. Each element value
represents the antenna gain at the corresponding azimuth angle and
elevation angle.
The ThetaAngleStart and TheatAngleEnd give the scope of the
elevation angle. The PhiAngleStart and PhiAngleEnd give the scope of
the azimuth angle. AngleStep is the value of angle step for the user-
defined pattern.
Besides UserDefinedPattern, there are several other commonly used
patterns. The antenna radiated pattern is decided by the various
aperture distributions. The aperture distributions include Uniform,
Cosine, Parabolic, Triangle, Circular, CosineSquarePedestal, and
Taylor. Please refer the reference list for details.
c. The parameter, "Factor1" is used as the parameter of Cosine (n),

Parabolic (delta), and Cosine-squared plus pedestal functions (the
const value:0.33, 0.08 or other values). The parameter, "Factor2" is
used as the parameter in the Cosine-squared plus pedestal functions
(0.66, 0.92 or other values).
d. For Taylor illumination function, the parameters, "Sidelobe_Levels" and
"nBar" are used to configure the Taylor function. Taylor illumination
function is widely used in the antenna.
3. When antenna works in the search mode, the scan types include circular, bi-
directional sector scan , uni-directional sector scan, bi-directional raster, and
uni-directional raster.
circular: the elevation angle is set by "ElevationAngle" parameter and
remains same during scan simulation. The azimuth angle changes
from 0 degrees to 360 degrees and the scan rate is determined by
ScanRate. Scans at one elevation angle.
bi-directional sector scan: same as circular scan, the elevation angle
remains same during scan simulation. Different from circular scan, the
azimuth angle changes from "SectorScanStartAngle" to
"SectorScanStopAngle", then from "SectorScanStopAngle" to
"SectorScanStartAngle", and then from "SectorScanStartAngle" to
"SectorScanStopAngle". Scans at one elevation angle.
uni-directional sector scan: Same as bi-direction sector scan except
that the azimuth angle changes from "SectorScanStartAngle" to
bi-directional raster: elevation scope is decided by the production of
"NumberOfRasterBars" and "RasterBarWidth". When
"NumberOfRasterBars" is set to 1, the scan result is the same as the
bi-directional sector scan. When NumberOfRasterBars > 1, the
elevation angle increments "RasterBarWidth" from current elevation
angle on the completion of one bi-directional scan. The elevation

angle will be 0, RasterBarWidth, 2* RasterBarWidth,
(NumberOfRasterBars-1) * RasterBarWidth, and then 0,
RasterBarWidth, 2* RasterBarWidth, (NumberOfRasterBars-1) *
RasterBarWidth.
uni-directional raster: Same as bi-directional raster, except that the
azimuth scan mode is uni-directional scan. In addition, elevation
angle change is same as the bi-directional raster.
*When the target is behind the antenna plane, the gain is set to 0.
The scan rate is used to set the scan rate. Parameters, "TargetAzimuthAngle"
and "TargetElevationAngle" are used to set the azimuth and elevation angles
of different targets. When port, "TargetElevation" and "TargetAzimuth" are
connected, the parameters of "TargetAzimuthAngle" and
"TargetElevationAngle" is disabled. For more detailed information about
search mode, refer to RADAR_Antenna_Tx (see page 39).
4. When antenna works in the tracking mode, the parameters,
"BeamAzimuthAngle" and "BeamElevationAngle" are used to set the azimuth
and elevation angles of the main beam. When the port, "BeamElevation" and
"BeamAzimuth" are connected, the corresponding parameters are disabled.
5. The input is connected to the echo from different targets. The width of input
is same as the number of targets. The output port is the sum of echoes from
different targets with different receive antenna gain and it is connected with
the receive chain.
In and Out Data Rate
Port Rate Description
Input 1
BeamElevation 1
BeamAzimuth 1
TargetElevation 1
TargetAzimuth 1
Output 1
Example
The following example illustrates the usage of RADAR_AntennaTx and
RADAR_AntennaRx. In this example, there is one target and one mono-static radar
that works in search mode; the related parameter can be seen in the example. The
simulation result is the received echo by the antenna.

The received echo is as follows:
The example is /Examples/Radar/GeneralFramework/TxTargetRx.wsv.
Reference
[1] Merrill I. Skolnik., Introduction to radar systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.
Chap.9.3.
RADAR Antenna Tx Part
RADAR Antenna Tx Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Antenna_Tx (see page 39) Transmitting Antenna
RADAR_Antenna_Tx
RADAR_Antenna_Tx
Description: Transmitting Antenna

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Antenna Tx Part (see page 38)
Model Parameters

Tunable
RadarWorkMode Radar Work Mode : Tracking, Search Tracking Enumeration NO
Pattern Uniform Enumeration NO

Tunable
User-defined antenna pattern or

antenna pattern which is decided by
illumination distribution function:
UserDefinedPattern, Uniform, Cosine,
Parabolic, Triangle, Circular,
CosineSquaredPedestal, Taylor


AntennaPatternArray Antenna Pattern: elevation * azimuth [ones Floating NO

with dB (180 * point array
360, 1)]
Sidelobe_Levels Sidelobe_levels in dB -20 Float NO
nBar This parameter is used to generate the 2 Integer NO

Taylor distribution
AntennaHeight The vertical length of antenna 5 m Float NO
AntennaWidth The horizontal length of antenna 5 m Float NO
AntennaScanPattern Antenna Scan Pattern: Circular, Circular Enumeration NO

Bidirectional Sector, Unidirectional
Sector, Bidirectional Raster,
ScanRate Scan Rate sets the antenna scan rate, 15 Float NO

the unit is rpm(round per minute).
ElevationAngle Elevation Angle Vaule in degree 0 deg Float NO
SectorScanStartAngle The start angle of scan sector 0 deg Float NO
SectorScanEndAngle The end angle of scan sector 0 deg Float NO
FlybackTime The flyback time from the end postion 0 s Float NO

to start position

Tunable
NumberOfRasterBars The number of raster bars when using 0 Integer NO

Bidirectional Raster or Unidirectional
Raster scan
RasterBarWidth The angle between the raster bars 5 deg Float NO

when using Bidirectional Raster or
TargetAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of target related to [0] deg Floating NO

TargetElevationAngle The elevation angle of target related to [0] deg Floating NO

BeamAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of beam direction 0 deg Float NO

coordinate
BeamElevationAngle The elevation angle of beam direction 0 deg Float NO

coordinate
Input Ports

Type
5 input The input signal of antenna in the Tx chain envelope NO

Output Ports
6 output The output signal of antenna in the Tx chain multiple envelope NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to simulate the transmit antenna. When the radar is the
mono-static radar, the same parameters are set to both Radar_Antenna_Tx
and Radar_Antenna_Rx models.
2. This model supports two working modes: search and tracking.
a. The antenna pattern can be imported by user-defined pattern or
calculated based on the size of antenna and illuminating window
function.
b. When the pattern is user-defined, "AntennaPatternArray" parameter is
used to accept the user-define model. The size of
"AntennaPatternArray" parameter is the product of the number of
azimuth angles (columns) and the number of elevation angles (rows).
c. The user-defined pattern format is a matrix. Each element value
represents the antenna gain at the corresponding azimuth angle and
elevation angle.
d. "ThetaAngleStart" and "TheatAngleEnd" give the scope of the
elevation angle. The "PhiAngleStart" and "PhiAngleEnd" give the scope
of the azimuth angle. AngleStep is the value of angle step for the user-
defined pattern.
e. Besides UserDefinedPattern, there are several other commonly used
patterns. The antenna radiated pattern is decided by the various
aperture distributions. The aperture distributions include Uniform,
Cosine, Parabolic, Triangle, Circular, CosineSquarePedestal, and
Taylor. Please refer the reference list for details.
f. The parameter, "Factor1" is used as the parameter of Cosine(n),
Parabolic(delta) and Cosine-squared plus pedestal functions (the
const value:0.33, 0.08 or other values). The parameter, "Factor2" is
used as the parameter in the Cosine-squared plus pedestal functions
(0.66, 0.92 or other values).
g. For Taylor illumination function, the parameters, "Sidelobe_Levels" and
"nBar" are used to configure the Taylor function. Taylor illumination
function is widely used in the antenna.
3. When antenna works in the search mode, the scan types include circular, bi-
directional sector scan , uni-directional sector scan, bi-directional raster, uni-
directional raster.

circular: the elevation angle is set by the parameter, "ElevationAngle"
and remains same during scan simulation. The azimuth angle changes
from 0 degrees to 360 degrees and the scan rate is determined by
ScanRate. Scans at one elevation angle.
bi-directional sector scan: Same as circular scan, the elevation angle

remains same during scan simulation. Different from circular scan, the
azimuth angle changes from "SectorScanStartAngle" to
"SectorScanStopAngle", then from "SectorScanStopAngle" to
"SectorScanStartAngle", and then from "SectorScanStartAngle" to
uni-directional sector scan: Same as bi-direction sector scan except

the azimuth angle changes from "SectorScanStartAngle" to

bi-directional raster: elevation scope is decided by the production of
"NumberOfRasterBars" and "RasterBarWidth". When
"NumberOfRasterBars" is set to 1, the scan result is the same as the
bi-directional sector scan. When NumberOfRasterBars > 1, the
elevation angle increments "RasterBarWidth" from current elevation
angle on the completion of one bi-directional scan. The elevation
angle will be 0, RasterBarWidth, 2* RasterBarWidth,
(NumberOfRasterBars-1) * RasterBarWidth, and then 0,
RasterBarWidth, 2* RasterBarWidth, (NumberOfRasterBars-1) *
RasterBarWidth.
uni-directional raster: Same as bi-directional raster except that the

azimuth scan mode is uni-directional scan. The elevation angle
change is same as the bi-directional raster.
*When the target is

behind the antenna plane, the gain is set to 0.
The scan rate is used to set the scan rate. Parameters, "TargetAzimuthAngle"
and "TargetElevationAngle" are used to set the azimuth and elevation angles
of different targets. When port, "TargetElevation" and "TargetAzimuth" are
connected, the parameters of TargetAzimuthAngle and TargetElevationAngle
is disabled.
4. When antenna works in the tracking mode, the parameters
"BeamAzimuthAngle" and "BeamElevationAngle" are used to set the azimuth
and elevation angles of the main beam. When the port, "BeamElevation" and
"BeamAzimuth" are connected, the corresponding parameters are disabled.
5. The input is connected to the signal from the transmitter and the illuminated
wave for different targets is generated at the output. The width of output is
same as the number of targets.

Input 1
BeamElevation 1
BeamAzimuth 1
TargetElevation 1
TargetAzimuth 1
Output 1
Example
The following example illustrates the incident signal that is target intercepted
radiated signal from the antenna under different type scan modes.
In this example, one target is located at azimuth angle 0 degrees and elevation
angle 0 degrees in the radar frame. The antenna scan mode is set to circular and
the scan rate is set to 1500 rpm (For mechanical scan antenna , the common scan
rate is about 10~60rpm). The antenna illuminated function is set to uniform, which
means the antenna pattern should be a sinc-like function when the target is in front
of antenna plane. For this model, when the target is behind the antenna plane, the
antenna gain is set to 0. The schematic of example is as follows:
The target incident signal under circular scan is as depicted in the following figure:

There are other four scan modes in this example, and the example is /Examples
/Radar/Basic/Antenna_Scan.wsv.
Reference
[1] Merrill I. Skolnik., Introduction to radar systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.
Chap,9.3.
RADAR AntennaPolarizationRx Part
RADAR AntennaPolarizationRx Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationRx (see page 46) Antenna Polarization for RX
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationRx
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationRx

Description: Antenna Polarization for RX
Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR AntennaPolarizationRx Part (see page 46)
Model Parameters

Tunable
RadarWorkMode Radar Work Mode : Tracking Enumeration NO

Tracking, Search
Pattern The import antenna pattern EMPro Enumeration NO

file format.: EMPro, HFSS
UserDefinedAntennaPattern Rx antenna pattern type UserDefine3D Enumeration NO

defined by EMPro files,
including 'UserDefine2D',
'UserDefine3D', read the
user defined antenna
pattern from file which is
specified by the
TxAntennaPatternFileName:
UserDefine2D,
UserDefine3D
RxAntennaPatternFileName1 Rx antenna pattern Filename NO

filename
AntennaScanPattern Antenna Scan Pattern: Circular Enumeration NO

Circular, Bidirectional
Sector, Unidirectional
Sector, Bidirectional
Raster, Unidirectional
Raster
ScanRate Scan Rate sets the antenna 15 Float NO

scan rate, the unit is rpm
(round per minute).
ElevationAngle Elevation Angle Vaule in 0 deg Float NO

degree
SectorScanStartAngle The start angle of scan 0 deg Float NO

sector

Tunable
SectorScanEndAngle The end angle of scan 0 deg Float NO

sector
FlybackTime The flyback time from the 0 s Float NO

end postion to start
position
NumberOfRasterBars The number of raster bars 0 Integer NO

when using Bidirectional
Raster or Unidirectional
Raster scan
RasterBarWidth The angle between the 5 deg Float NO

raster bars when using
Bidirectional Raster or
TargetAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of target [0] deg Floating NO

related to the radar point array
reference coordinate
TargetElevationAngle The elevation angle of [0] deg Floating NO

target related to the radar point array
BeamAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of beam 0 deg Float NO

direction related to the
radar reference coordinate
BeamElevationAngle The elevation angle of 0 deg Float NO

beam direction related to
the radar reference
coordinate
Input Ports

Type
2 TargetElevation YES

Type
The elevation angle of target related to the radar reference multiple

5 input_V The vertical polarization input signal of antenna in the Rx multiple YES
chain envelope
6 input_H The horizontal polarization input signal of antenna in the Rx multiple YES
chain envelope
Output Ports

Type
7 output_V The vertical polarization output signal of antenna in the Rx chain envelope YES
8 output_H The horizontal polarization output signal of antenna in the Rx envelope YES
chain
Notes/Equations
This model is aimed to load Antenna pattern from EMPro 3D EM Simulation
Software and use it for antenna simulation, and it supports two working modes:
search and tracking.
TargetAzimuth 1 The azimuth angle of target related to the radar reference coordinate (radian)
TargetElevation 1 The elevation angle of target related to the radar reference coordinate (radian)
BeamAzimuth 1 The azimuth angle of beam direction related to the radar reference coordinate
(radian)
BeamElevation 1 The elevation angle of beam direction related to the radar reference coordinate
(radian)

input_V 1 The vertical polarization output signal of antenna in the Rx chain
input_H 1 The horizontal polarization output signal of antenna in the Rx chain
output_V 1 The vertical polarization output signal of antenna in the Rx chain
output_H 1 The horizontal polarization output signal of antenna in the Rx chain
User defined antenna pattern

The User defined antenna pattern now supports two file format. One is Keysight
EMPro file format and the other is Ansys HFSS file format.
1. For Keysight EMPro file format

User defined antenna pattern completely follows Keysight Empro 3D far-
zone files and is saved in one file. The file format consists of two parts:
parameters description section and the data section. Detailed information,
refer to RADAR_AntennaPolarizationTx (see page 53).
More information about EMPro 3D EM Simulation Software, please search it
at www.keysight.com.
2. For Ansys HFSS file format
For Ansys HFSS file format, refer to HFSS File Format for more information.
RADAR ANTENNA Part
RADAR ANTENNA Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_ANTENNA (see page 50) Radar Antenna
RADAR_ANTENNA

RADAR_ANTENNA
Description: Radar Antenna

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR ANTENNA Part (see page 50)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Antenna_Pattern Antenna Pattern: Uniform Uniform Enumeration NO
Radar_Work_Mode Radar Work Mode : Tracking, Tracking Enumeration NO

Search
Antenna_Scan_Pattern Circular Enumeration NO

Tunable
Antenna Scan Pattern:

Circular, Bidirectional Sector,
Unidirectional Sector,
Bidirectional Raster,
Scan_Rate Scan Rate sets the antenna 15 Float NO

scan rate.
Elevation_Angle Elevation Angle Vaule in [0: 0 deg Float NO

90) degree
Start_Angle The start angle of scan sector 0 deg Float NO
End_Angle The end angle of scan sector 0 deg Float NO
Flyback_Time The flyback time from the end 0 s Float NO

postion to start position
NumberOfBars The number of raster bars 0 Integer NO

Raster scan
BarWidth The angle between the raster 5 deg Float NO

bars when using Bidirectional
Raster scan
RF_Freq RF carrier frequency 1e9 Hz Float NO
SamplingRate Baseband signal sampling 100e6 Hz Float NO

rate in samples per second
Mainlobe_Elevation_3dB_Width Mainlobe elevation 3dB width 5 deg Float NO
Mainlobe_Azimuth_3dB_Width Mainlobe azimuth 3dB width 5 deg Float NO
Input Ports
1 Target_Azimuth_Angle Azimuth Angle of the Targets multiple real NO

2 Target_Elevation_Angle Elevation Angle of the Targets multiple real NO
4 AntennaRx The Signals from Targets multiple NO

complex
5 Boresight_Azimuth_Angle Azimuth Angle of the boresight direction real YES
6 Boresignt_Elevation_Angle Elevation Angle of the boresight direction real YES
7 AntennaInput The Antenna Input Signal complex NO
Output Ports
3 AntennaTx The Signals from Antenna multiple complex NO
8 AntennaOutput The Antenna Output Signal complex NO
This model is obsoleted now.
The Tx part of this model can be replaced by RADAR_AntennaTx

and the Rx part of this model can be replaced by
RADAR_AntennaRx model.
The description of RADAR_AntennaTx and RADAR_AntennaRx

can be found in the help pages of these two models.
RADAR AntennaPolarizationTx Part
RADAR AntennaPolarizationTx Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationTx (see page 53) Antenna Polarization for TX
RADAR_AntennaPolarizationTx

RADAR_AntennaPolarizationTx
Description: Antenna Polarization for TX

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR AntennaPolarizationTx Part (see page 53)
Model Parameters

Tunable
RadarWorkMode Radar Work Mode : Tracking Enumeration NO

Tracking, Search
ElementPatternFileType The import antenna pattern EMPro Enumeration NO

file format.: EMPro, HFSS
RadiationEfficiency Radiation efficiency used in 1 Float NO

HFSS antenna pattern
where rETheta and rEPhi
are defined
UserDefinedAntennaPattern Tx antenna pattern type UserDefine3D Enumeration NO

defined by EMPro files,
including 'UserDefine2D',
'UserDefine3D', read the
user defined antenna

Tunable
pattern from file which is

specified by the
TxAntennaPatternFileName:
UserDefine2D,
UserDefine3D
TxAntennaPatternFileName1 Tx antenna pattern filename Filename NO
AntennaScanPattern Antenna Scan Pattern: Circular Enumeration NO

Circular, Bidirectional
Sector, Unidirectional
Sector, Bidirectional
Raster, Unidirectional
Raster
ScanRate Scan Rate sets the antenna 15 Float NO

scan rate, the unit is rpm
(round per minute).
ElevationAngle Elevation Angle Vaule in 0 deg Float NO

degree
SectorScanStartAngle The start angle of scan 0 deg Float NO

sector
SectorScanEndAngle The end angle of scan 0 deg Float NO

sector
FlybackTime The flyback time from the 0 s Float NO

end postion to start
position
NumberOfRasterBars The number of raster bars 0 Integer NO

Raster scan
RasterBarWidth The angle between the 5 deg Float NO

raster bars when using
Bidirectional Raster or
TargetAzimuthAngle [0] deg Floating NO

point array

Tunable
The azimuth angle of target

related to the radar
TargetElevationAngle The elevation angle of [0] deg Floating NO

target related to the radar point array
BeamAzimuthAngle The azimuth angle of beam 0 deg Float NO

direction related to the
radar reference coordinate
BeamElevationAngle The elevation angle of 0 deg Float NO

beam direction related to
the radar reference
coordinate
Input Ports

Type
coordinate (radian) real
coordinate (radian) real
reference coordinate (radian)
reference coordinate (radian)
5 input The input signal of antenna in the Tx chain envelope NO
Output Ports
6 output_V The vertical polarization output signal of antenna in the Tx multiple NO

chain envelope

7 output_H The horizontal polarization output signal of antenna in the Tx multiple NO

chain envelope
Notes/Equations
This model is aimed to load Antenna pattern from EMPro 3D EM Simulation
Software and use it for antenna simulation, and it supports two working modes:
search and tracking.
TargetAzimuth 1 The azimuth angle of target related to the radar reference cooridnate (radian)
TargetElevation 1 The elevation angle of target related to the radar reference cooridnate (radian)
BeamAzimuth 1 The azimuth angle of beam direction related to the radar reference cooridnate
(radian)
BeamElevation 1 The elevation angle of beam direction related to the radar reference cooridnate
(radian)
input 1 The input signal of the antenna in the Tx chain
output_V 1 The vertical polarization output signal of antenna in the Tx chain
output_H 1 The horizontal polarization output signal of antenna in the Tx chain
User defined antenna pattern

The User defined antenna pattern now supports two file formats. One is Keysight
EMPro file format and the other is Ansys HFSS file format.
1. For Keysight EMPro file format

User defined antenna pattern completely follows Keysight Empro 3D far-
zone files and is saved in one file. The file format consists of two parts:
parameters description section and the data section. The parameters should
be self-explanatory. They are explained in below each line.
The parameters section looks like the following description:
begin_<parameters>
format free // can be others in the future for extension
phi_min 0 // the minimum phi angle to save in the file
phi_max 360 // the maximum phi angle to save in the file

phi_inc 1 // the increasing step for phi, the phi sampling points should
be equal separation and at present, we only support the increasing
step is 1
theta_min 0 // the minimum theta angle to save in the file
theta_max 180 // the minimum theta angle to save in the file
theta_inc 1 // the increasing step for phi, the theta sampling points
should be equal separation and at present, we only support the
increasing step is 1
complex // antenna gain is complex
mag_phase // the data file is given in magnitude - phase style or in
real- imaginary style
pattern gain // pattern is given in gain
magnitude dB // magnitude is given in linear or in dB
direction degrees //phi and theta are given in degrees or radians
phase degrees // phase is given in degrees or in radians
polarization theta_phi // polarization type, theta_phi means vertical
and horizontal polarization
NetInputPower 0.002482195 // by now this parameter is not used in
current code
end_<parameters>
After the parameters section will follow a data section. This section is
delimited by the end of file marker. There will be up to 6 columns of data in
this section.
If use “mag_phase” type, it should be in the following order:
a. Theta-angle // degrees or radians, determined by parameter
“direction”
b. Phi-angle // degrees or radians, determined by parameter “direction”
c. Theta-gain // dB or linear, determined by parameter “magnitude”
d. Phi-gain // dB or linear, determined by parameter “magnitude”
e. Theta-Phase // degrees or radians, determined by parameter “phase”
f. Phi-Phase //degrees or radians, determined by parameter “phase”
If use “real_imag” type, it should be in the following order:
a. Theta-angle //degrees or radians, determined by parameter
“direction”
b. Phi-angle //degrees or radians, determined by parameter “direction”
c. Real part of Theta-gain
d. Imaginary part of Theta-gain
e. Real part of Phi-gain
f.
f. Imaginary part of Phi-gain
For 3D pattern, if in the data section, maximum phi=360 or maximum
theta=180, please make sure the phi_max=360, not phi_max=0 and
theat_max=180, not theta_max=0 in the parameter description section. All
the phi-theta angles follow the below sphere coordinate. The slice of Theta =
90 and Phi from [-180 180] represents the horizontal slice passing the center
of the sphere.
The steps in Empro to export the antenna pattern files are shown as follows:
a. step 1
b.
b. step 2
c. step 3: check the exported .UAN files to make sure that phi_max is
larger than phi_min, and that theta_max is larger than theta_min. You
may need to use a text editor to adjust the maximum values in the
header section of the data file. (Look at the last lines of each data file
to see the actual values used.) See the example below:
Incorrect Correct
begin_<parameters> begin_<parameters>
format free format free
phi_min 0 phi_min 0
phi_max 0 phi_max 360
phi_inc 1 phi_inc 1
theta_min 0 theta_min 0
theta_max 0 theta_max 180
theta_inc 1 theta_inc 1
More information about EMPro 3D EM Simulation Software, search it

at www.keysight.com.
2. For Ansys HFSS file format
For Ansys HFSS file format, refer to HFSS File Format for more information.

Radar Tx Rx Category
Radar Tx Rx Category
Contents
RADAR GainCtrl Part (see page 63)
RADAR Switch Part (see page 61)
RADAR Switch Part
RADAR Switch Part

Categories:Tx/Rx (see page 61)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Switch (see page 61) Tx/Rx switch
RADAR_Switch
RADAR_Switch
Description: Tx/Rx switch

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Switch Part (see page 61)

Model Parameters

Tunable
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency 10e3 Hz Float NO
SwitchOff_Time The time to block signal into receiver when 10e-6 s Float NO
transmitter works
Input Ports
1 input The input signal envelope NO
2 PRI PRI control signal real YES
Output Ports
3 output The output signal after switch envelope NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to simulate the behavior of switch which isolates the
transmitter and receiver. The parameter SwitchOff_Time is used to set the off
time from the beginning of each PRI.
2. The following example shows the function of this model. In this example, the
signal is linear FM with PulseWidth = 10us, PRI = 100us. The SwitchOff_Time
of the switch is 1us.
The graph of the transmitted signal(red line) and signal after switch(blue line) is as
follows:

RADAR GainCtrl Part
RADAR GainCtrl Part

Categories:Tx/Rx (see page 61)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_GainCtrl (see page 63) Gain Control
RADAR_GainCtrl

RADAR_GainCtrl
Description: Gain Control

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR GainCtrl Part (see page 63)
Model Parameters

Tunable
ControlType The type of gain control: Manual Gain Ctrl, Manual Enumeration NO
Sensitivity control Ctrl, Automatic Gain Ctrl, Gain
Instantaneous Automatic Gain Ctrl/Fast time Ctrl
constant(FTC)
PRI The PRI value in seconds 10e-3 s Float NO
Gain The power gain in dB 0 Float NO
STC_Factor The power gain control factor, the general 4 Float NO

value is 4. The factor is set to 3 for area clutter
and is set to 2 for volume clutter and chaff
STC_StartTime The STC start time in each PRI 2e-6 s Float NO
STC_StopTime The STC stop time in each PRI 60e-6 s Float NO
STC_K_Coef The coefficient value in the equation Pc = 1e-4 Float NO

K_Coef * R^(-STC_Factor)

Input Ports
2 gain The gain control input real YES
Output Ports
3 output The output signal after gain control envelope NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model provides several types of gain controls which are present in the
receiver, such as:
Manual gain control (MGC): With MGC, the receiver output power is
directly proportional to the input power.
Sensitivity time control (STC): Targets at short ranges produce far
more echo power at the receiver than at the long ranges(proportional
to R^-4^). Thus large targets at close ranges may saturate receivers
with gains set for weak targets at long ranges. STC varies the gain of
the receiver with time, setting it low when the transmitter fires and
gradually increasing it so that full gain is available for echoes from
long ranges. With STC, receiver output power is proportional to input
power, and gain is a function of time elapsed since the last
transmitted pulse. STC is primarily a search radar technique. Because
the gain is reduced each time the transmitter fires, receiver STC is
inappropriate for CW, medium PRF, and high PRF receivers.
Automatic gain control(AGC): will be released in the next release
Instantaneous AGC and fast time constant: will be released in the next
release.
2. For MGC, the parameter Gain or the input gain is used to set the gain in dB.
3. For STC, the STC_StartTime and STC_StopTime are used to set the effective
period o fSTC. The STC_Factor is 4 when STC curve is R4STC. Some system
use R3STC where the gain increase by a factor of 8 for each range doubling,
or R2STC where the factor is 4 per range doubling. R3STC is appropriate in
area clutter and R2STC for volume clutter and chaff.
4. Please refer the references for details.
5.
5. Here is an example with two targets at 1km and 3km, the amplitudes of
echoes from these two targets are very different, after STC, the amplitudes of
two echoes are very similar. The following figures show the design and the
results(Blut line is the echoes before STC, red line is the echoes after STC):
Reference
[1] Merrill I. Skolnik., Introduction to radar systems, McGraw-Hill, New York,
2001.

Radar Array Signal Processing Category
Radar Array Signal Processing
Contents
RADAR ADBF Part (see page 78)
RADAR Rx DBS 2D Part (see page 67)
RADAR STAP Part (see page 75)
RADAR Tx DBS 2D Part (see page 71)
RADAR Rx DBS 2D Part
RADAR Rx DBS 2D Part

Categories:Array Signal Processing (see page 67)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Rx_DBS_2D (see page 67) 2D Rectangular Array Digital Beam Synthesis
RADAR_Rx_DBS_2D
Description: 2D Rectangular Array Digital Beam Synthesis

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Rx DBS 2D Part (see page 67)

Model Parameters

Tunable
NumOfAntx Number of Antenna in X axis 4 Integer NO
NumOfAnty Number of Antenna in Y axis 4 Integer NO
Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of X 0.5 Float NO

axis
Dy Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of Y 0.5 Float NO

axis
Theta The array direction angle which is the 0 deg Float NO

angle of scan measured from broadside
Phi array direction angle which is the angle 0 deg Float NO

of scan measured from the x-axis
Window_Type The windowing type: Rectangle, Rectangle Enumeration NO

Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman,
SteepBlackman, Kaiser
WindowParameters the value Beta defined in Kaiser window 0 Float NO

function which is a non-negative value
to determine the Kaiser window shape.
Beta=Alpah*PI. This parameter is only
used when Kaiser window is used in
Window_Type.
Input Ports
1 input input signal multiple complex NO
2 InTheta The array direction angle thata in radians real YES
3 InPhi The array direction angle phi in radians real YES

Output Ports
4 output output signal complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. A planar array can steer the beam in elevation and azimuth dimensions. In
antenna spherical coordinate system, the points on the surface of a unit
hemisphere can be defined with theta and phi. As shown in the following,
theta is the angle of scan measured from broadside and phi is the plane of
scan measured from the x-axis.
Cannot generate thumbnail for the file 'coordinate.bmp' attached to the content
'RADAR_Rx_DBS_2D'.
Here are several coordinates to describe the angles of objects for

engineers in different fields. For antenna engineers, the above
coordinate is a common coordinate definition which is named as
antenna coordinate or antenna frame. The is the elevation angle and
the is the azimuth angle. When the other coordinates/frames are
used, the related angle frame conversion is required.
2. This model is used as a beamformer whose response is steered to the

direction determined by theta( ) and phi ( ).
3. Only linear array and rectangular planar array are supported.
4. The inputs are received baseband signals by each channel. The output is the
sum of signals from each channel which are phase shifted by the angle which
is decided by the Theta and Phi(Or InTheta and InPhi).
5. Parameters details:
NumOfAntx is the number of array elements on the x-axis
NumOfAnty is the number of array elements on the y-axis
Dx is the element spacing in wave-length units on the x-axis(for
example: Dx = 0.5 denotes the element spacing is 0.5 times of wave-
length.)
Dy is the element spacing in wave-length units on the y-axis(same as
the above)
Theta is the main lobe elevation steering angle which is the angle of
scan measured from broadside.

Phi is the main lobe azimuth steering angle which is the plane of scan
measured from the x-axis.
Window_Type is the type of tapering sequences that can be used for

reducing sidelobe levels at the expense of widening the main beam.
The tapering window type includes Bartlett, Rectangle, Hanning,
Hamming, Kaiser, Blackman and SteepBlackman.
WindowParameters is the value Beta defined in Kaiser window
function which is a non-negative value to determine the Kaiser
window shape. Here Beta = Alpha*PI. This parameter is only used
when Kaiser window is used in Window_Type.
input 1 The input is the signal bus signal. The input data rate of each channel is 1.
InTheta 1 This is an optional input. It is used to change the steering elevation angle during the
simulation. When it is connected, the parameter Theta will be disabled.
InPhi 1 This is an optional input. It is used to change the steering azimuth angle during the
simulation. When it is connected, the parameter Phi will be disabled.
output 1
Examples
1. For example, if the antenna has 8*1 element, and the beamformer is steered
to 20 degrees. The following image shows how to config this model with
above parameters.

Reference
1. Mark Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing , McGraw-Hill,

New York, 2005
2. Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, Third Edition , McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2001
RADAR Tx DBS 2D Part
RADAR Tx DBS 2D Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Tx_DBS_2D (see page 72) 2D Rectangular Array Tx Digital Beam Synthesis

RADAR_Tx_DBS_2D
Description: 2D Rectangular Array Tx Digital Beam Synthesis

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Tx DBS 2D Part (see page 71)
Model Parameters

Tunable

axis

axis
Theta Array direction angle which is the angle 0 deg Float NO

of scan measured from broadside
Phi Array direction angle which is the angle 0 deg Float NO

of scan measured from the x-axis
Window_Type windowing type: Rectangle, Bartlett, Rectangle Enumeration NO

Hanning, Hamming, Blackman,
WindowParameters 0 Float NO

Tunable
the value Beta defined in Kaiser window

function which is a non-negative value
to determine the Kaiser window shape.
Beta=Alpah*PI. This parameter is only
used when Kaiser window is used in
Window_Type.
Input Ports
1 input input signal complex NO
2 InTheta array direction angle thata in radians real YES
3 InPhi array direction angle phi in radians real YES
Output Ports
4 output output signal multiple complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. A planar array can steer the beam in azimuth and elevation dimensions. In an
antenna spherical-coordinate system, the points on the surface of a unit
hemisphere can be defined with theta and phi. As shown in the following,
theta is the angle of scan measured from broadside and phi is the plane of
scan measured from the x-axis.
'RADAR_Tx_DBS_2D'.
Here are several coordinates to describe the angles of objects for

engineers in different fields. For antenna engineers, the above
coordinate is a common coordinate definition which is named as
antenna coordinate or antenna frame. The is the elevation
angle and the is the azimuth angle. When the other
coordinates/frames are used, the related angle frame conversion is
required.
2.
2. This model is used to synthesize the mainlobe along the direction determined
by theta and phi.
length.)
Dy is the element spacing in wave-length units on the y-axis(same as
the above)
Theta is the main lobe elevation steering angle that is the angle of
scan measured from broadside
Phi is the main lobe azimuth steering angle that is the plane of scan
measured from the x-axis
Window_Type is the type of tapering sequences that can be used for
reducing sidelobe levels at the expense of widening the main beam.
The tapering window type includes Bartlett, Rectangle, Hanning,
Hamming, Kaiser, Blackman and SteepBlackman.
WindowParameters is the value Beta defined in Kaiser window
function which is a non-negative value to determine the Kaiser
window shape. Here Beta = Alpha*PI. This parameter is only used
when Kaiser window is used in Window_Type.
.
input 1
InTheta 1 This is an optional input. It is used to change the steering elevation angle during the
simulation. When it is connected, the parameter Theta will be disabled.
InPhi 1 This is an optional input. It is used to change the steering azimuth angle during the
simulation. When it is connected, the parameter Phi will be disabled.
output 1 The output is the signal bus signal. The output data rate of each channel is 1.
Examples
1. For example, if an antenna has 4*4 element, and the synthesized mainlobe
direction is steered to 20 degrees for theta and 10 degrees for phi. The
following shows how to configure this model with above parameters.

1.
Reference

New York, 2005
2. Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, Third Edition , McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2001
RADAR STAP Part
RADAR STAP Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_STAP (see page 76) 2D Rectangular Array Space-Time Adaptive Processing

RADAR_STAP
Description: 2D Rectangular Array Space-Time Adaptive Processing

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR STAP Part (see page 75)
Model Parameters

Tunable

axis

axis
Theta array diretion angle theta 0 Float NO
Phi array direction angle phi 0 Float NO
fd desired target doppler 0.5 Float NO
PRI Pulse Repeat Interval 1e-4 s Float NO
NumOfPulse Number of Pulse in a CPI 8 Integer NO
ClutterRangeCell Clutter Range Bin index in a PRI [0] NO

Tunable
Floating
point array
L0 Target Unit 100 Integer NO
EstRLength Reference Window Size for Interference 256 Integer NO

Esitimate
BB_SamplingRate Waveform Baseband Sampling Rate 10e6 Hz Float NO
Input Ports
1 input multiple complex NO
Output Ports
2 output complex NO
3 output_R_matrix complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used for Space-Time Adaptive Processing.

3. Parameters detail
length.)
Dy is the element spacing in wave-length units on the y-axis(Same as
the above)
Theta is the main lobe elevation steering angle in radians
Phi is the main lobe azimuth steering angle in radians
fd is the desired target normalized Doppler

PRI is the Pulse Repeat Interval
NumOfPulse is the number of pulses in a single CPI(Coherent
Processing Interval)
L0 is the interested target range
BB_SamplingRate is the system A/D converter sampling rate
4. The platform motion of air- and spaceborne radar causes clutter returns to
be doppler shifted. The doppler shift of an echo due to a certain scatterer is
proportional to the platform speed and the cosine of the angle of arrival.The
total of clutter echoes from all directions sums up in a clutter doppler spread
which makes the detection of low doppler targets difficult.
5. Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) has proven to compensate for the
motion-induced clutter spread so that detection of slow targets is basically
not degraded by the radar platform motion. Please refer to reference 1 for
details.
Reference
1. WILLIAM L. MELVIN, A STAP Overview , IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE VOL.

19, NO. 1 JANUARY 2004
2. Mark Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing , Mcgraw-Hill, New
York, 2005
3. Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, Third Edition , Mcgraw-Hill,
New York, 2001
RADAR ADBF Part
RADAR ADBF Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_ADBF (see page 79) Array Optimum Filter

RADAR_ADBF
Description: Array Optimum Filter

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR ADBF Part (see page 78)
Model Parameters

Tunable
NumOfXAntElement Number of Antenna Elements in X axis 16 Float NO
NumOfYAntElement Number of Antenna Elements in Y axis 1 Float NO
Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of X axis 0.5 Float NO
Dy Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of Y axis 0.5 Float NO
NumOfSamples Number of Samples to Estimate the 1000 Integer NO

Covarriance Matrix
Theta The elevation angle of interested in antenna 0 Float NO

frame in degree
Phi The azimuth angle of interested in antenna 0 Float NO

frame in degree
SampleRate Waveform Baseband Sampling Rate 10e6 Hz Float NO

Input Ports
1 input The input data which are used to estimate the weight multiple NO
complex
2 el The elevation angle of interested signal in antenna frame in real YES

degree
3 az The azimuth angle of interested signal in antenna frame in real YES

degree
Output Ports
4 weight The weight values multiple complex NO
Notes
This model is used to adaptively estimate the weights of receive data.
Adaptive algorithm is used to process signals received from the antenna by
adaptive optimizing weights in the digital beam former with statistical optimization
criterion, such as MMSE, MVDR or maximum SNR.
For detail description on array signal processing, please refer the reference [1].
Input NumOfSamples The number of samples is usually set to 10 or more times the number of spatial
channels to get much closer to optimal performance
el 1
az 1
weight 1
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_ADBF model to estimate the
weights with received signal samples. The weights are fed into RADAR_DBF to
implement digital beamforming.

In this example, there is one interested signal from 30 degrees and one jammer
from 60 degrees. Both of them are received by phased array antenna
(RADAR_PhasedArrayRx). The combined signal is fed into RADAR_ADBF that is
used to generate adaptive estimated weight. The angle of interested direction can
be set with parameter Theta(elevation angle in antenna frame) and Phi(azimuth
angle in antenna frame) when input ports el and az are not connected. When they
are connected, the angle values in the parameter are disabled and the angles are
decided by the input angle values. The adaptive weights computed by
RADAR_ADBF are then fed into RADAR_DBF to implement the digital beamforming.
With these two models, the steering vector of interested direction is set to 30
degree and the jammer is suppressed.
Without adaptive beamforming, the received signal is as the following figure:
With adaptive estimated weights and digital beamforming, the received signal is as
the following figure:

The antenna pattern with adaptive estimated weights is as the following figure,
from the pattern, the jammer from 60 degree is suppressed and the beam is
steered to the direction of interested signal.
This example is at /example/radar/DAR/ADBF.wsv.
Reference
[1] William L. M. and James A. S., Principles of Modern Radar: Advanced
Techniques, SciTech Publishing, Edison, NJ, 2013.

Radar Examples
Radar Examples
Contents
Path: Examples\Radar
Basic Test Examples (see page 84)
Digital Array Radar Test Examples (see page 85)
EW Test Examples (see page 88)
GeneralFramework Examples (see page 89)
PD RADAR Performance Test Examples (see page 90)
PD RADAR Receiver Test Examples (see page 95)
PD RADAR Transmitter Test Examples (see page 96)
SAR Test Examples (see page 96)
Signal Examples (see page 97)
System Test Examples (see page 101)
Path: Examples\Radar
Name Description
PD_Radar.wsv This workspace provides a Pulse-Doppler (PD) radar system design with a signal
generator, RF transmitter, antenna, clutters, RF receiver, moving target detection
(MTD), constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processor and a signal detector for
simulation purpose.
The simulation designs can be used as templates for different PD applications.
Radar_Chirp.wsv This example workspace demonstrates a some simple Radar source models with
various impairments.
Example 1 shows a pulsed radar source with RF TX and RX models.

Example 2 shows a chirp radar source with Radar channel for
modeling distance and doppler frequency.
Example 3 builds an interference signal on top of the chirp radar
source.
Example 4 is a model of a Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) detector
using a Cell Averaging structure.
UWB_RADAR.wsv This workspace provides two examples for basic UWB Radar system simulation.
Example1
Pulse UWB Signal This example shows the Pulse UWB Radar signal
generation capability in SystemVue. The Baseband Pulse UWB signal

Name Description
is generated by Pulse_Cx subnet model in which the pulse is formed

and windowed by Gaussian or Rectangular window. Then, through
RF Transmitter, the RF UWB signal is generated and measured. In
the design, a radar channel delay is included for modeling the range
information. RF Receiver is provided to demod the received data.
This simple block diagram is useful as a template for pulse UWB
signal generation.
Example2
Pseudo Random UWB Signal Baseband Pseudo Random UWB data
is generated by using bits model and then converted to NRZ signal.
Radar transmitter is used to form the RF UWB signal. In the design a
radar channel delay is included for modeling the range information.
The simulation results are measured by Sink and Spectrum models.
All these models in examples can be used as templates for custom
models.
Users can open these models and modified as needed to create
custom models for their own system simulation.
PDW_UXGDownloader. This workspace demos how to generate the PDW file which meet the UXG file format
wsv and how to connect the UXG and download it automatically.
Basic Test Examples
Contents
Name Description
AF.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to compute the ambiguity functions of

input radar signal or signal trains.
Ant_Pattern_EMPro_Import_2015. This example show how to generate the antenna pattern based on
wsv imported Antenna pattern, with RADAR_AntennaPolarizationTx model.
(RADAR_AntennaPolarizationRx is another model which is used at the
receiver).
Antenna.wsv In this example, a different pattern can be gotten with different

illumination function and different boresight which is determined by input
elevations angle and azimuth angle. The antenna gain will be added to the
input signal.
Antenna_Scan.wsv This workspace shows how to generate the transmitted signal with
different antenna scan mode.

Name Description
MatchedFilter.wsv This workspace is aimed to demonstrate how to use Matched Filter

model.
Radar_Equation.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to compute SNR of the received echo
signal from the target according to the radar equation.
MTI_M.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to use MTI_M to simulate the MTI
behavior.
MTD_M.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to use MTD_M to simulate the MTD
behavior.
Digital Array Radar Test Examples

Path: Examples\Radar\DAR
Name Description
ADBF.wsv This example demos how to use RADAR_ADBF model to estimate the weights with
received signal samples and the weights are fed into RADAR_DBF to implement
digital beamforming.
AdaptiveArrayCapon.wsv In this example, the signal is transmitted toward two targets which are located at
1000m and 2000m. The multiple transmit beam forming is implemented by two
TX_DBS_2D models. The echo signal from two targets is distinguished by digital
beamforming at the receiver. The adaptive DBF algorithm is implemented in the
MATLAB_Script model.
DAR_Clutter_2D.wsv This example measures the 2D Rectangular Array clutter.

1. The radar signal is constant in this example.
2. The simulation is carried out with 16x1 Rectangular Array antenna with 8 clutter
paths.
3. The clutter samples are output at pin ClutterSample. The correlation Matrix of
clutter calculated by Equation 1 which has (NumOfAnt * NumOfPulse) X
(NumOfAnt * NumOfPulse) dimensions.
4. The power spectrum density can be calculated by the correlation matrix for
verification.
5. The power spectrum density can be shown in the 2D graph by Matlab
integration.
DAR_Detection.wsv This example measures the digital array radar using Pulse Doppler processing's
detection capability
1. The radar signal is a linear frequency modulation pulse in this example.
2. The simulation is carried out with behavioral single channel Tx and multi-

Name Description
channel Rx.
3. Results are shown in Graphs.
4. The distance from the DAR to target and the velocity of the target are
calculated in Equation1 as range and velocity.
DAR_Detection_DigitalTR. This example measures a Digital Array RADAR's detection probability under
wsv AWGN.
1. The digital array RADAR system is detecting a target at a distance of 60km and
a velocity of 30m/s.
2. Digital beamforming is applied in both Tx and Rx parts with a 1X4 linear
antenna array.
3. The Tx array direction angle phi is swept from 0 to pi in Sweep1.
4. The received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of each antenna is swept from -20dB
to -10dB in Sweep2.
5. Users can enable the RADAR_Tx_DBS_Measurement model to get the antenna
pattern.
6. Users can choose the behavioral T/R models or digital T/R models by
parameter TR_Models.
7. The upsampling ratio from baseband to IF is 5. The number of bits for DAC is 8.
8. The downsampling ratio from digital IF to baseband is 5. The number of bits for
ADC is 8.
9. The PD RADAR signal process models are applied after digital array
beamforming in Rx as:
a. The PD RADAR using a Rectangle window based pulse

compressor with a BT product of 50
b. The Pulse Doppler (PD) processing utilize a moving target
detection (MTD) with a CPI(Coherent Processing Interval) of 8
pulses
c. The CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate) algorithm is Cell Average
(CA)
10. Users can set up the system parameters or replace a
component according to their particular requirements.
11. Users can push into the digital T/R models to change the
parameters for each branch.
DAR_Measurement.wsv This example demonstrates that the digital array radar measures angle error with
monopulse.
2. The radar array is divided two 16x1 sub-array. The sum signal of two sub-array
output is used for range and doppler tracking and serves as the phase reference
for the error signals. The difference signal's polarity of two sub-array output
indicates phase, with reference to the sum signal.
3. The delta_theta is the result of target angle error compare to antenna direction.
4. The delta_theta = (lambda /(pi * D * cos(theta0)) * arctan(E_difference / E_sum)

Name Description
DAR_Rx_DBS.wsv This example measures the digital array radar 2D Rectangular Array Rx Digital
Beam Synthesis.
2. The simulation is carried out with Rx digital IF and analog RF front end, where
DDC and front end circuit effects are considered. Users can push into the
RADAR_Rx_4x4 subnetwork to set the IF/RF parameters for each Rx branch.
3. The array detection angle theta equals to pi/2. The array detection angle phi is
swept from 0 to pi.
4. The signal power is average in one PRI to demonstrate the antenna pattern vs
phi.
5. Results are shown in Graphs.
DAR_STAP.wsv This example demonstrates that airborne MTI radar suppresses clutter and
detects the target with STAP(Space-Time Adaptive Processing).
1. This example demonstrates how airborne based radar suppresses clutter and
detects the target with optimum STAP algorithm
3. The STAP is compute-intensive. In order to decrease the simulation time, the
radar array is set to 4x1 uniform linear array.
4. The clutter echo is the sum of echos from the single range cell ring.
5. The result is shown in the Design1_CFAR_Out1.
DAR_Tx_DBS.wsv This example measures the digital array radar 2D Rectangular Array Tx Digital
Beam Synthesis.
2. The simulation is carried out with Tx digital IF and analog RF front end, where
DUC and front end circuit effects are considered. Users can push into the
RADAR_Tx_4x4 subnetwork to set the IF/RF parameters for each Rx branch.
3. The array detection angle theta equals to pi/2. The array detection angle phi is
swept from 0 to 2*pi.
4. The signal power is average in one PRI to demonstrate the antenna pattern vs
phi.
5. Simulation results with ideal Tx and digital T/R are shown in Graphs.
DBF_Basic.wsv This example demos how to use RADAR_DBF model to implement digital
beamforming.
MIMO_Radar.wsv In this example, multiple orthogonal linear FM signals are generated.
PhasedArray_Tx_1D.wsv Thie example shows how to generate the 1-D linear array antenna pattern and
how to do the reliability test.
For the RADAR_PhasedArrayTx / RADAR_PhasedArrayRx model, the spacing of
elements can be the uniform or non-uniform. The value of spacing will be the
multiples of wavelength when the spacing is uniform, or else the spacing values
can be set by using an array and the unit is meter. The parameter mask_array

Name Description
provide the capability to enable or disable the elements in order to simulate the
arbitrary linear array or 2-D planar array. The size of mask_array should be the
same as the maximum element number of the array. If the element in the
mask_array is set to 1, which means the element at the corresponding position is
effective or enable. Or else the element at the corresponding position is disabled
or not installed.
PhasedArray_Tx_2D.wsv Thie example shows how to generate the 2-D planar array antenna pattern.
can be set by using an array and the unit is meter.
The parameter mask_array provide the capability to enable or disable the
elements in order to simulate the arbitrary linear array or 2-D planar array. The
size of mask_array should be the same as the maximum element number of the
array. If the element in the mask_array is set to 1, which means the element at the
corresponding position is effective or enable. Or else the element at the
corresponding position is disabled or not installed.
The final 2-D antenna pattern is plotted with MATLAB in the equation.
EW Test Examples
Path: Examples\Radar\EW
Name Description
Channelized_Rx.wsv This example workspace demonstrates a full band wideband digital receiver
based on channelized technique which includes polyphase filter and FFT.
Channelized_Tx.wsv This example workspace demonstrates one multi-channels transmitter

which is composed of channelized polyphase structure and FFT technique.
Channelized_TxRx.wsv This example workspace demonstrates one multi-channels transmitter and

one channelized receiver. The wideband channelized transmitter and
wideband channelized receiver are widely used in the EW field.
Deception_jamming.wsv This workspace as a template shows how to generate EW deception signals

including RGPO and VGPO.
DOA.wsv RADAR_DOA is used to estimate the number of intercepted signals and the
direction of arrival.
DRFM_SingleChannel.wsv This example introduces a single channel DRFM concept.
EW_ESPRIT.wsv

Name Description
This example workspace demonstrates a DOA(Direction of Arrival) algorithm

which is named as ESPRIT and it is widely used in the EW field. ESPRIT is
the abbreviation of Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotation Invariance
Techniques.
EW_jamming.wsv Thie example workspace include 4 designs to demonstrate how to generate

cover jamming with EW_Jamming models in the radar library.
EW_MUSIC.wsv This example workspace demonstrates a DOA(Direction of Arrival) algorithm

which is named as MUSIC and it is widely used in the EW field. MUSIC is the
abbreviation of Multiple Signal Classification.
EW_pulse_Hopping.wsv This example shows how to generate a sequence of radar signals with
frequency hopping and play them out in M8190A and/or M9381A.
EW_Sequence.wsv This example shows how to generate an EW Receiver test signal using
sequencer and play them out in M8190A or M9381A.
Radar_MPRI.wsv This example shows how to generate a Radar Receiver test signal using
sequencer and play them out in M8190A or M9381A.
DeceptionJammingOutputData. This examples shows how to generate the deceptive jamming signal and
wsv export data to outside of SystemVue to 3rd application. In this example, the
pd_tcpsink.m is as the 3rd standalone application to receive the data from
SystemVue in runtime and display the result with 2D/3D in real time.
RADAR_PDW.wsv This example shows how to create the simulation scenario and dynamically
update the delay, phase and amplitude which are required in the PDW file.
TOA.wsv This example shows how to use correlation and wavelet transform to
estimate the time of arrival, with this result, the pulse width and PRIs can be
acquired.
GeneralFramework Examples
Path: Examples\Radar\GeneralFramework
Name Description
FrameWork.wsv This workspace as a template shows how to set up the arbitrary type radar
simulation based on the generalized framework and how to generate the echoes
from the scatters of targets.
FrameWork_for_AA.wsv

Name Description
This workspace as a template shows how to set up the arbitrary type radar
simulation based on the generalized framework and how to generate the echoes
from the scatters of targets.
Framework_Basic.wsv This workspace shows how to set up the arbitrary type radar simulation based
on the generalized framework and how to generate the echoes from the
scatters of targets.
Framework_TxRx_2Scatters. This workspace shows how to generate the echoes from a target with two
wsv scatters for bi-static radar which transmitter and receiver are at the different
position.The example includes two layers: trajectory layer and signal layer.
FrameWork_for_AA.wsv This workspace shows how to set up the arbitrary type radar simulation based
on the generalized framework, how to generate the echoes from the scatters of
targets and how to add clutter into simulation and classical MTI/MTD signal
processing is also included in the example.
LocInAntennaFrame.wsv This workspace shows how to compute the antenna gains of Tx and Rx for
targets in the antenna. The radar antenna frame is used.
Monostatic_OneTarget.wsv This workspace shows how to use Fram work infrastructure to scan and find the
target.
Monostatic_MTD.wsv This workspace shows how to set up the arbitrary type radar simulation based
on the generalized framework, how to generate the echoes from the scatters of
targets and how to add clutter into simulation and classical MTI/MTD signal
processing is also included in the example.
TxTargetRx.wsv This workspace shows how to generate the echoes with the general framework
for different scenario simulation.
PD RADAR Performance Test Examples

Path:Examples\Radar\PDRADAR_Performance
Name Description
PDRADAR_Aiming_Pd_AWGN This example measures a PD RADAR's detection

probability with Aiming Interference.
1. The PD RADAR is detecting a target in a
distance of 60km and a velocity of 60m/s.
2. The received Signal to Interference Ratio
(SNR) is swept from -18dB to -10dB.
3. The PD RADAR using a Hamming window

Name Description
based pulse compressor with a BT product of 50.

4. The Pulse Doppler (PD) processing utilize a
moving target detection (MTD) with a CPI
(Coherent Processing Interval) of 32 pulses.
5. The CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate)
algorithm is Cell Average (CA).
6. WiMAX 16e downlink with 10MHz bandwidth
is provided for Aiming Waveform.
7. Users can set up the system parameters or
replace a component according to their
particular requirements.
PDRADAR_AmbiguityResolution This example demos the ambiguity resolution for

a target's range and velocity in noise.
1. The PD RADAR is detecting a target at a
2. Two PRIs are used for ambiguity resolution
measurement with 1ms and 1.001ms. More PRIs
can be used for your application.
3. The received Signal to NoiseRatio (SNR) is -10
dB.
moving target detection(MTD) with a CPI
6. The CFAR (Constant False AlarmRate)
PDRADAR_DetectionProbability.wsv This example measures a PD RADAR's detection

probability with Clutter.
2. The received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is
swept from -14dB to -6dB.
3. The clutter is with a Rayleigh distribution in
amplitude and a Gaussian distribution in the
spectrum and stored in data files for simulation
speed up purpose.
4. The Clutter to Noise Ratio (CNR) is set to
10dB.

Name Description

8. On an Intel Core 2 E6850/3.0G 4GB PC
powered by MS Windows XP and
SystemVue2011.10, Simulation time is about 90
minutes.
PDRADAR_DetectionProbability_AWGN This example measures a PD RADAR's detection

probability under AWGN.
SystemVue2011.10, Simulation time is about 45
minutes.
PDRADAR_DetectionProbability_AWGN_DigitalIF This example measures a PD RADAR's detection

probability under AWGN with digital IF.

Name Description

6. The upsampling ratio from baseband to IF is 5.
The number of bits for DAC is 8.
7. The downsampling ratio from digital IF to
baseband is 5. The number of bits for ADC is 8.
PDRADAR_DetectionProbability_DoubleThresholdDetector. This example measures a Pulse Compression

wsv RADAR's detection probability under the noise
environment.
PDRADAR_FalseAlarmRate.wsv This example measures a PD RADAR's false

alarm rate with Clutter.
1. The inputs to the PD radar receiver are Clutter
and Noise.
speed up purpose.
10dB.
SystemVue2011.10, simulation time is about
180 minutes.
PDRADAR_FalseAlarmRate_AWGN.wsv This example measures a PD RADAR's false

alarm rate under AWGN
1. The input to the PD radar receiver is Noise
only.
based pulse compressor with a BT product of 50 .

Name Description

SystemVue2011.10, simulation time is about 90
minutes.
PDRADAR_Jamming_Pd_AWGN This example measures a PD RADAR's detection

probability with Jamming Interference.
2. The received Signal to Interference Ratio
(SNR) is swept from -18dB to -10dB.
6. WiMAX 16e downlink with 80MHz bandwidth
is provided for Jamming Waveform.
PDRADAR_Measurement.wsv This example measures a target's range and

velocity in clutter and noise:
distance of 100km and a velocity of 60m/s .
2. The received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is -10
dB.
speed up purpose.
10dB.

Name Description

SystemVue2011.10, simulation time is about 90
minutes.
RadarDesign.wsv This workspace is aimed to demonstrate how a

Pulse Doppler Radar system works. this PD
Radar system works in L band with 1GHz of
Center Frequency.
PD RADAR Receiver Test Examples

Path: Examples\Radar\PDRADAR_Rx
Name Description
PDRADAR_DynamicRange. This example measures the dynamic range of the radar receiver. The dynamic
wsv range is the input signal power range to be amplified without distortion.
1. Measured the 1 dB gain compression power of the low noise amplifier in RF.
2. Measured the output IF signal power.
3. Measured the baseband signal power after ADC and digital down converter.
4. Results are shown in associated graphs.
5. Simulation time is about 10 seconds on an Intel Core 2 E6850/3.0G 4GB PC
powered by MS Windows XP and SystemVue2011.10.
PDRADAR_Rx_Waveform. This example measures the waveform of a PD RADAR receiver with clutter and
wsv noise.
1. The waveform includes the components from target echo, clutter and noise.
2. Both the RF waveform and the RF spectrum of the received signal are
measured.
3. On an Intel Core 2 E6850/3.0G 4GB PC powered by MS Windows XP and
SystemVue2011.10, Simulation time is about 1 minute.
PDRADAR_Selectivity.wsv This example measures the adjacent band selectivity of the radar receiver. Radar
frequency sensitivity is a very important characteristic as it determines radar's
interference immunity.
1. A filtered noise is constructed to simulation the interference in the adjacent
band of the radar signal.
2. The simulation is carried out with digital IF and analog RF front end, where,

Name Description
both DUC/DDC and front end circuit effects are considered.

4. Simulation time is about 5.5 hours on an Intel Xeon CPU 5130 2.00GHz, 2
processors, 3G RAM PC powered by MS Windows XP and SystemVue2011.10.
PDRADAR_Sensitivity.wsv This example measures the sensitivity of the radar receiver. Radar sensitivity is
determined by the ability to reliably detect weak signals in the presence of noise.
1. A noise model is the simulated thermal noise (The noise spectrum density is
-173.975 dBm/Hz).
2. The simulation is carried out with digital IF and analog RF front end, where,
both DUC/DDC and front end circuit effects are considered.
4. Simulation time is about 6 hours on an Intel Core 2 E6850/3.0G 4GB PC
RADAR_Clutter.wsv This example measures the clutter signal of the radar environment. The clutter
refers to radio frequency (RF) echoes returned from targets which are
uninteresting to the radar operators.
1. A statistical model is set up to simulate the real world clutter.
2. The clutter has certain magnitude probability density functions and power
spectrum densities.
4. Simulation time is about 12 seconds on an Intel Core 2 E6850/3.0G 4GB PC
PD RADAR Transmitter Test Examples

Path: Examples\Radar\PDRADAR_Tx
Name Description
PDRADAR_Tx_Waveform. This example measures the radar Transmitter RF signal and IF signal waveforms
wsv and spectrums.
2. The simulation is carried out with digital IF and analog RF front end, where, both
DUC/DDC and front end circuit effects are considered.
4. Simulation time is about 12.95 seconds on an Intel Core 2 E6850/3.0G 4GB PC
SAR Test Examples

Path:Examples\Radar\SAR

Name Description
Broadside_SAR_Matlab.wsv This example demonstrates airborne-based broadside SAR single target

echo generation and imaging.
SAR_Echo_Point.wsv This example illustrates how to generate the SAR echo wave with the new
RADAR_SAR_Echo model. The output of RADAR_SAR_Echo model is the
echo pulse train under different settings.
SAREchoGenerationFromImage. The attached example is the SAR echo generation from image. The attached
wsv image is Keysight Santa Rosa from Google Earth.
SAR_GeneralFramework.wsv This example demos how to use general framework to create the SAR
simulation which includes platform movement, target, antenna and echo
generation. The final signal processing shows the generated echoes are
correct and image can be achieved.
Signal Examples
Path: Examples\Radar\Signal
Name Description
BarkerCode.wsv Thie example workspace shows how to generate the Barker Code and its auto-
correlation function.
CW_Signal.wsv This workspace shows how to generate sawtooth and triangle FMCW signal with
RADAR_CW model.
DDS_Model.wsv This workspace shows how to generate LFM signal and Sine signal with
RADAR_DDS model and some related processing, such as DAC and pulse
compression.
FrankCode.wsv This workspace shows how to generate Frank signal and polyphase signal with
RADAR_Frank model and their ACF(auto-correlation function).
NLFM_signal.wsv This workspace shows how to generate Non-Linear Frequency Modulation

Waveform signal with Radar NLFM model.
PolyTimeCode.wsv This workspace demonstrates how T1(n), T2(n), T3(n) and T4(n) code generate and
the generated phase state and their autocorrelation result are given in this example.
PRN_Signal.wsv This workspace shows how to generate PRN signal with RADAR_PRN model.
Radar_FSK_Signal.wsv

Name Description
This workspace shows how to generate FSK signal, Costas Frequency Hopping
signal, Hybrid FSK/PSK signal.
SignalAnalyzer.wsv This workspace gives an example to analyze the waveform with FFT technique.
SignalX_DynamicSignal. This example workspace shows how to generate the waveform by updating the
wsv waveform parameters with SignalX model runtime.
Signal Processing Examples

Path: Examples\Signal Processing
Name Description Usage
CrossCorr.wsv This example workspace demonstrates the CrossCorr block and

use of cross correlation to calculate signal delay.
PowerMeter_calculations.wsv This workspace explores a few ways to estimate the total signal
power occurring at a node. Knowing the absolute signal power is
useful for comparing responses that involve RF nonlinearities,
including transmitter EVM and ACLR, and also Digital Pre-
Distortion.
ModulatorPowerCalibration.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to calibrate the modulator

output power for different modulation types and setups.
Spectrum Analysis.wsv This example workspace demonstrates the use of the Spectrum
Analyzer sink.
DSP\Aliasing.wsv By increasing the frequency of the sine wave source and

comparing with the 1000Hz sine wave, we can observe that for
frequencies above fs/2 (5000Hz in this example), the discrete
version of the signal is seen to alias to have a frequency below
5000Hz.
DSP\Dithering Quant Errors.wsv This shows the effect of quantization on spurs in the frequency
domain. By adding a bit of AWGN to dither quantization errors,
energy in the spurs is spread out, increasing the Spur Free
Dynamic Range. SFDR is observed in the Spectrum graph
window.
DSP\NonLinear_Quantizer.wsv

This tutorial illustrates how linear superposition of two

sequences does not apply depending on where signals are
quantized.
The following list describes Digital Signal Processing (DSP) tutorial examples from Steepest Ascent,
LTD. DSPedia
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates Fourier analysis.

Domain\6.01_Fourier Series.wsv
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates the Fourier components of a square

Domain\6.02_Square.wsv wave.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This tutorial demonstrates the Fourier composition of a square

Domain\6.04_Square2.wsv wave.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This tutorial demonstrates the Fourier composition of a triangle

Domain\6.05_triangle.wsv wave. A reasonable representation of a triangular wave is
produced below, by summing together sinusoids at 100 Hz, 300
Hz, 500 Hz, and 700 Hz.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This workspace explores ideal amplitude quantization and effects
Domain\6.06_quantize2.wsv on signal distortion.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates that when the FFT is performed, due
Domain\6.07_fft_scaling.wsv to the summation process, the magnitude axis for the magnitude-
frequency plot must be interpreted as you wish to "read" an
absolute value.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency In this example we look at the concept of zero padding an FFT
Domain\6.08_zero_pad.wsv and its effects on output spectrum calculations.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates that when the FFT is performed, due
Domain\6.10_Windowed_Sine. to the summation process, the magnitude axis for the magnitude-
wsv frequency plot must be interpreted as you wish to "read" an
absolute value.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates the generation of a square pulse of

Domain\6.11_Window.wsv 0.0256 seconds.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This tutorial will explore the application of windowing for helping
Domain\6. with discriminating closely spaced tones using the FFT.
12_Frequency_Discriminationwsv.
wsv

DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This workspace illustrates many of the concepts from previous
Domain\6.13_Sine_in_Noise.wsv tutorial workspaces to show how to process signals in the
frequency domain to extract information from noisy waveforms.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This workspace illustrates some advanced signal analysis to

Domain\6.14_Waterfall_Chirp. break down a chirped frequency source and perform FFT on
wsv various time slices of the signal.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates that how real-time Fourier analysis
Domain\6.16_FFT_Part.wsv can be achieved using the FFT part.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency Compare the IFFT output vs. the input signal. Note that the
Domain\6.17_IFFT.wsv imaginary part of the IFFT output is zero, as expected.
DSPedia-Chap6 Frequency This example demonstrates inverse FFT using the DataFlow part.
Domain\6.18_IFFT_Quantized.
wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This simple example demonstrates the characteristics of a simple

Digital_Filtering\7. digital filter.
01_low_pass_three_sines.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This examines the frequency response of a simple digital filter

Digital_Filtering\7. using a chirp sine (Swept sine) source.
02_low_pass_sweep.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This workspace considers 10 sinewaves whose frequencies do

Digital_Filtering\7. not fall on an FFT bin frequency.
03_sum_of_sines.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates lowpass filter design and filtering

Digital_Filtering\7. Gaussian noise
04_low_pass_noise.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This workspace illustrates the design of a simple digital

Digital_Filtering\7.05_bandpass. bandpass filter.
wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates cascade filter design

Digital_Filtering\7.06_cascade.
wsv
This example demonstrates Z-Domain filter design.

DSPedia-Chap7
Digital_Filtering\7.10_Zdomain.
wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates Z-Domain filter design.

Digital_Filtering\7.11_Zdomain.
wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This workspace illustrates the characteristics of the simple

Digital_Filtering\7. moving average filter.
12_MovingAverage.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This workspace illustrates the characteristics of the simple

Digital_Filtering\7. moving average filter.
13_Differentiator.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates comb filter.

Digital_Filtering\7.14_Comb.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates linear phase filter.

Digital_Filtering\7.
15_LinearPhase.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates IIR filter design.

Digital_Filtering\7.16_IIR.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates Butterworth filter design.

Digital_Filtering\7.
17_IIR_Butterworth.wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example demonstrates Allpass filter design.

Digital_Filtering\7.18_IIR_AllPass.
wsv
DSPedia-Chap7 This example designs an FIR filter, from specification to

Digital_Filtering\7. implementable fixed-point model.
22_FIR_Wordlength.wsv
System Test Examples

Path: Examples\Radar\System

Name Description
ClutterGenExample.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to use ClutterGen model generates coherent or
non-coherent correlated clutter.
Coherent_PulsedDoppler. This workspace demonstrates the simplified coherent pulsed dopper radar
wsv structure.
DDS.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to generate the digital sine/cosine signal and
digital-to-analog conversion.
FMCW_RADAR.wsv This workspace provides examples for FMCW Radar system simulation.
Models
Several new models using M-code and subnet are created for
modeling the FMCW Radar.
FMCW environment model is created for simulating the
environment including return target including target velocity,
range, channel condition. Clutter, jamming, and interference can
be also inserted. In the model, on top of the Radar target model of
the Radar library, we add a subnet model to describe the linear
relation between the time delay and the frequency. Estimation of
target velocity is created by using M-code
Estimation of Range is created by using Mcode.
Top level design
A linear FM signal source in the Radar library is used for modeling
the FMCW signal. In this application case we set the
PRI=PuleWidth, then the continous FM signal is archived. The
FMCW environment model is used for the Radar channel. Then we
use the target velocity estimator to estimate the velocity and the
target delay estimator to estimate the range. Waveform and
spectrum also measured and plotted.
All these models in examples can be used as templates for custom
models. Users can open these models and modified as needed to
create custom models for their own system simulation.
FMCW_DSP.wsv This workspace provides an example of a FMCW Radar system simulation.
Framework_Basic.wsv This workspace shows how to set up the arbitrary type radar simulation based on
the generalized framework and how to generate the echoes from the scatters of
targets.
Freq_Step.wsv In this example, a technique is described for obtaining target range-profile

signatures synthetically by processing echoes resulting from narrowband
transmitted pulses stepped in frequency.
Freq_Step_Test.wsv

Name Description
This application note introduces a simulation platform—Keysight’s SystemVue

electronic system level (ESL) design software—that easily links to measurement
tools to enable the design, validation and test of SFR systems under different
environments.
Kalman_IMM.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to use kalman filter model to track the target.
Sea_Clutter.wsv This workspace demonstrates how to use RADAR_SEA_CLUTTER and

RADAR_Clutter_H models to generate the sea clutter under different sea state.
Target_Moving.wsv In this example, a subnet is built to demonstrate how to model the moving target
with velocity, accelerate and jerk.
TargetDetectWavegate. In this workspace, the target echo during the wave gate is captured and is
wsv processed by pulse compression, cohererent integration, adaptive detect and
range measurment.
PulseCompressionMatrix. In this workspace, the signal processing models with Matrix data type are used.
wsv With Matrix type, the samples in the input and output can be update dynamically.

Radar Transmitter Category
Radar Transmitter
Contents
RADAR CICInterp Part (see page 104)
RADAR DUC Part (see page 106)
RADAR Tx Part (see page 109)
RADAR CICInterp Part
RADAR CICInterp Part

Categories:Transmitter (see page 104)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CICInterp (see page 104) RADAR CIC Interpolation
RADAR_CICInterp
Description: RADAR CIC Interpolation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR CICInterp Part (see page 104)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Order the concatenation order of the CIC filter 5 Integer NO

Ratio the Interpolation ratio applied to the input signal 2 Integer NO
DiffDelay Differential delay. Changes both the shape and number 1 Integer NO
of nulls in the filter response. Also affects the null
locations. In practice, it is usually held to one or two
Phase where to put the input in the output block 0 Integer NO
Fill value to fill the output block 0 Complex NO

number
Input Ports
1 input complex signal to be interpolated complex NO
Output Ports
2 output interpolated complex signal complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model implements a multiple order cascaded integrator comb filter with
interpolation.
2. Each firing,
1 token is consumed at the input port
Ratio tokens are produced at the output port. It is equal to 2 by
default.
The order specifies the concatenation order of CIC filter.
Ratio specifies the interpolation ratio applied to the input signal.
DiffDelay specifies the differential delay for basic comb part. DiffDelay
can be any positive integer, but it is usually limited to 1 or 2.
Phase specifies the position of input bit after interpolation. For
example, I denotes the input bit and F denotes the filling bit when
interpolation. The input bit sequences are IIII and are applied with
ratio 3. If phase=0, the interpolated bit sequences are IFFIFFIFF, if

phase=1, the interpolated bit sequences are FIFFIFFIF, if phase=2, the
interpolated bit sequences are FFIFFIFFI.
Fill specifies the value to be filled when interpolation.
4. The N stage CIC interpolator is implemented as N cascaded comb stages
running at fs/R, followed by a specified-stuffer, followed by N cascaded
integrator stages running at fs.
5. Please refer the reference for details.
References
1. E. B. Hogenauer. An economical class of digital filters for decimation and

interpolation.IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,
ASSP-29(2):155-162, 1981.
RADAR DUC Part
RADAR DUC Part

RADAR Digital Up Converter

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_DUC (see page 106)
RADAR_DUC
Description: RADAR Digital Up Converter

Associated Parts: RADAR DUC Part (see page 106)

Model Parameters

Tunable
BandWidth passband bandwidth of IF filter ((0:∞)) 5000000 Hz Float NO
In_CenterFreq The center frequency of the input signal 0 Hz Float NO

([0:∞))
BB_UpSamplingRatio the upsampling ratio from baseband to 20 none Integer NO

digital IF ([1:∞))

((0.0:1.0))
PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in degrees, Q channel 0 deg Float NO

DAC_NBits number of bits for DAC ([2:∞)) 8 none Integer NO
Input Ports
1 BB_Signal Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal complex NO
Output Ports
2 IF_Signal Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. This subnetwork implements digital upconverter which is also referred to as

arbitrary waveform generation.
2. The RADAR_DUC schematic is shown below:

2.
output sampling rate.
Bandwidth specifies the bandwidth of IF bandpass filter.
In_CenterFreq specifies the center frequency of input signal.
BB_UpsamplingRatio specifies the upsampling ratio from baseband to
digital IF signal.
which performs interpolation after baseband signal upsampling.

given by

DAC_NBits specifies the number of bits for DAC which converts the
analogy signal to digital signal.
Digital upconverter(DUC) schematic
The baseband I and Q signals enter the DUC at baseband sampling rate
(identified by BB_SamplingRate) and are first up-sampled by a factor of R.
These signals are then passed through a digital lowpass filter that performs
the interpolation. These signals are then multiplied by sine and cosine
waveforms which can be generated by SineGen model for the modulation
carrier frequency. Then summed with the Add model and converted to the
analog signal with DtoA model. Because the carrier frequency of the output
signal of DtoA model is zeros, FcChange model is used to convert the signal
to complex envelope signal. Finally, the signal is passed through a bandpass
filter to produce the IF signal.
The data rate of upsampled baseband signal should be no
smaller than 2xIF_Freq to avoid aliasing.
See:

Reference
RADAR Tx Part
RADAR Tx Part
RADAR Transmitter Front End

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Tx (see page 109)
RADAR_Tx
RADAR_Tx
This workspace provides a VTB test bench to measure Radar transmitter

characteristics including spectrum, waveform and ACF.
The schematic of the design in SystemVue is shown below.

The center frequency of the input signal to DUT(SVE_Link in the design) is set by
FCarrier_In, while center frequency of the output signal from DUT(SVE_Link in the
design) is set by FCarrier_Out.
RF distortions can be simulated by setting parameters GainImbalance,
PhaseImbalance, etc.
Several Radar signal Models are provided in this workspace. You can select
SignalType to configure different Radar signals including BarkerCode, FrankCode,
CW, PloyTimeCode, FSK, LFM and PULSE signals. When the Radar signal type is
selected, corresponding parameters are valid.
The transmitted signal mean power is set by SignalPower. SignalPower specifies
the mean power of the transmitted.
Parameter Details
1. RF Parameters
FCarrier_In: Carrier frequency of the input signal to DUT(SVE_Link).
Range: (0:+Inf)
FCarrier_Out: Carrier frequency of the output signal from DUT(
SVE_Link). Range: (0:+Inf)
SignalPower: Transmitted signal mean power over 50 ohm. Range: (-
Inf:+Inf))
MirrorSignal: Mirror signal about carrier
GainImbalance: Gain imbalance in dB. Range: (-Inf:+Inf))
PhaseImbalance: Phase imbalance. Range: (-Inf:+Inf))
I_OriginOffset: I origin offset. Range: (-Inf:+Inf))
Q_OriginOffset: Q origin offset. Range: (-Inf:+Inf))
IQ_Rotation: IQ rotation. Range: (-Inf:+Inf))
2. Measurement Parameters
StopTime: Stop time of data collection. Range: (0:+Inf)
3. Radar Parameters

3.
PRI is used to specify the pulse repetition interval. Range: (0:+Inf)
SubPulseWidth is used to specify the width of each sub-pulse(code).
Range: (0:+Inf)
SamplingRate is used to specify the baseband sampling rate. Range:
(0:+Inf)
SignalType is used to specify the active radar signal source type.
BarkerCode_CodeLength is used to specify the length of Barker code
and the final Barker code is constructed by CodeLength number of
sub-pulses with a pulse width of CodeLength x SubPulseWidth; valid
when SignalType=BarkerCode;
FrankCodeType is used to specify the Frank and P code type; valid
when SignalType=FrankCode;
PolyTimeCodeType is used to specify the PolyTimeCode type; valid
when SignalType=PolyTimeCode;
CW_WaveformType is used to specify the CW waveform type; valid
when SignalType=CW;
FSKType is used to specify the FSK type; valid when SignalType=FSK;
CostasType is used to specify the Costas code type; valid when
SignalType=FSK;
4. Advanced Parameters
The following parameters are not exposed in ADS/GoldenGate

environment. The default values of these parameters will be used in
simulation. To change them, please open the workspace in SystemVue,
go to the Parameters tab of the design and change the Default Value
there. To expose them in ADS/GoldenGate environment, please also
open the workspace in SystemVue, go to Parameters tab and change
the Hide Condition to false or simply delete the Hide Condition.
FrankCode_M is used to specify the number of step frequency and the

number of samples per frequency; valid when SignalType=FrankCode;
Range: (0, +Inf). The default value is set to 2.
PolyTimeCode_NumberOfSegment is the number of step frequency
segment; valid when SignalType=PolyTimeCode. The default value is
set to 4.
PolyTimeCode_DeltaF is the modulation bandwidth; valid when
SignalType=PolyTimeCode; Range Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is
set to 1e3.
PolyTimeCode_OverallCodePeriod is the subpulse width; valid when
SignalType=PolyTimeCode; Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to
1e-6s.
PolyTimeCode_NumberOfPhase is the number of phase state; valid
when SignalType=PolyTimeCode; Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is
set to 2.

CW_Amplitude is used to specify the radar Transmit waveform
Magnitude; valid when SignalType=CW; Range: (0:+Inf). The default
value is set to 1.
CW_Period is used to specify Waveform period; valid when SignalType
=CW; Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to 1e-4.
CW_LowerFreq is used to specify Start Frequence; valid when
SignalType=CW; Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to 10e3.
CW_DeltaFreq is used to specify the delta frequency; valid when
SignalType=CW; Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to 50e3.
CostasSequenceDeltaFreq is used to specify the delta frequency of
Costas Sequence; valid when SignalType=FSK and FSKType=Costas;
Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to 1e6.
LFM_Bandwidth is an array parameter to specify different pulse
bandwidth for each staggering PRI group; valid when SignalType
=LFM; Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to 5e6.
FM_Offset is an array parameter to specify different frequency domain
offset for each staggering PRI group; valid when SignalType=LFM;
Range: (0:+Inf). The default value is set to 0.
FSK_CodeLength is used to specify the number of phases; valid when
SignalType=FSK. The default value is set to Length13.
ACF_NumSamples: Number of samples used to calculate the ACF
(auto-correlation function). The default value is set to 130.
The following parameters cannot not exposed in ADS
/GoldenGate environment. The default values of these
parameters will be used in simulation. To change them,
please open the workspace in SystemVue, go to the
Equation tab of the design and change the Default Value
there.
PRI_Combination is an array parameter to specify pulse numbers for

each staggering PRI group; for each element, Range: (0:+Inf). The
default value is set to PRI_Combination = 1.
FSK_FHSequence is an array parameter used to specify frequence
hopping sequence. For each element, Range: (0: +Inf). The default
value is set to FSK_FHSequence = [1e6, 2e6, 3e6];
FSK_TimeIntervals is an array parameter used to specify Frequence
Hopping Time Intervals Sequence. For each element, Range: (0: +Inf).
The default value is set to FSK_TimeIntervals = [1e-5, 1e-5, 1e-5];
CostasSequence is an array parameter used to specify Frequence
Hopping Sequence. For each element, Range: (0: +Inf). The default
value is set to CostasSequence = [2,4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6, 1];
CostasTimePeriod is used to specify Subpulse duration period. Range:
(0:+Inf). The default value is set to CostasTimePeriod = 1e-5;

FSK_FSKPSKSequence is an array parameter used to specify specify
FSK/PSK Sequence. For each element, Range: (0: +Inf). The default
value is set to FSK_FSKPSKSequence = [2,4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6, 1]
*1e5;
FSK_FSKPSKSubTimePeriod is used to specify FSK/PSK Subpulse
duration period. Range: (0: +Inf). The default value is set to
FSK_FSKPSKSubTimePeriod = 1e-5;
Simulation Results
Try to change the parameters, run Radar_Tx_Analysis and check the simulation
results.
Graph ACF shows ACF(auto-corrleation function) of the Radar signal.
Graph Spectrum shows the spectrum of the transmitted signal.
Graph WaveformReal shows the real part of transmitted time domain
waveform.
Graph WaveformImag shows the imag part of transmitted time domain
waveform.
The following graphs would be shown in ADS/GoldenGate DDS tool automatically
when the adx file is imported after simulation. The DUT is shorted to get the
following ideal results. The same results will be displayed in SystemVue
environment if the SVE_Link model is disabled to short.

Reference
1. Nadav Levanon and Eli Mozeson, Radar Signals, Wiley, New York, 2004.
2. Phillip E. Pace, Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar,
ARTECH HOUSE, MA ,2009
3. Mark Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, Mcgraw-Hill, New
York, 2005
4. Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, Third Edition, Mcgraw-Hill,
New York, 2001.

Radar Signal Sink Category
Radar Signal Sink Category

RADAR PDW Part (see page 117)
RADAR TOA Part
RADAR TOA Part

Categories:Signal Processing (see page 357)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_TOA (see page 115) RADAR time of arrival (TOA) estimation
RADAR_TOA
Description: RADAR time of arrival (TOA) estimation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR TOA Part (see page 115)
Model Parameters

Tunable
N The number of estimated samples 1000 Integer NO
TOA_type Enumeration NO

Tunable
TOA Algorithm for TOA estimation: Correlation Haar

Accumulation, Reversed Correlation Accumulation, Wavelet
Haar Wavelet
M The number of samples for supposed pulse width 100 Integer NO
alpha The coefficient used in the Haar wavelet transform 1 Integer NO
Input Ports
1 input Input signal complex NO
Output Ports
2 TOA The TOA estimation with samples real float NO
Notes:
This model is used to get the time or arrival of pulses. With TOA result, the
pulse widths and PRIs can be achieved by the following function models.
The correlation and wavelet algorithms are used in this model.
The computation is based on the signal pulse envelop.
The peak of outputs indicates the leading edge and falling edge of pulses.
Examples:
The example TOA.wsv which is at the /examples/RADAR/EW/ demos how to
use RADAR_TOA model.

The simulation result is as follows:
The blue line is the input pulses, and the purple line is the after the TOA
estimation. The peaks of the triangle give the precise estimated leading
edges and falling edges.
RADAR PDW Part
RADAR PDW Part

Categories:Signal Sink (see page 115)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PDW (see page 118) Radar Pulse Description Word File Generation

RADAR_PDW

Description: Radar Pulse Description Word File Generation
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PDW Part (see page 117)
Model Parameters

Tunable
SampleStart Sample number to start data collection 0 Integer NO
SampleStop Sample number to stop data collection Num_Samples Integer NO

-1
FileName The file which is used to save the PDW Filename NO

information
Input Ports
1 Frequency The carrier frequency of signal real YES
2 RelativePower Relative Power of pulse real YES
3 Phase The phase of pulse real YES
4 PhaseMode The phase mode of pulses int YES
5 Dwell The dwell time of pulses real YES
6 PulseMode The pulse mode of pulses int YES
7 PulseDelay The pulse delay real YES
8 PulseFineDelay The pulse fine delay real YES
9 PulseWidth The pulse width real YES
10 ChirpShape The frquency shape of chirp int YES
11 ChirpRate The chirp rate of LFM real YES
12 BandAdjust int YES

13 Markers The marker of pulses int YES
14 FMPMState int YES
15 FMDeviation real YES
16 FMPMCouple int YES
17 FrequencyBandMap int YES
Notes:
RADAR_PDW model is used to generate PDW file which meets the UXG
PDW file format and can be downloaded to UXG manually.
The output file name can be set in the parameter table.
Different from other models which are based on the signal level in the
RADAR library, the simulation with this model is not based on signal level.
The simulation generates the data which can be used to update the signal
parameters.
Since the simulation is not based on samples, the simulation time step can
be set at ms time interval.
There are many inputs for this model and they are optional, for PDW file
generation, the non-connection ports will keep default value.
Examples:
RADAR_PDW.wsv can be found at /Examples/RADAR/EW and
PDW_UXGDownloader.wsv can be found at /Examples/RADAR.
For PDW_UXGDownload.wsv, the PDW file generation is in the
RADAR_PDW model, and the UXG automatically connection and download
is implemented in the equation.

RADAR EW Category
RADAR EW Category
RADAR EWJamming Part (see page 121)
RADAR PulseDetection Part (see page 126)
RADAR EWJamming Part
RADAR EWJamming Part

Categories:EW (see page 121)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_EWJamming (see page 121) EW Jamming
RADAR_EWJamming
RADAR_EWJamming
Description: EW Jamming
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR EWJamming Part (see page 121)
Model Parameters

Tunable
JammingType The type of Jamming: Cover Cover Enumeration NO

Jamming, Deception Jamming Jamming

Tunable
CoverJammingType The type of cover Jamming: Barrage Enumeration NO

Barrage Jamming, Spot Jamming
Jamming, MultiSpot Jamming,
Swept Spot Jamming
DeceptiveType The type of deception Jamming: FalseTarget Enumeration NO

FalseTarget , Range Pull,
Velocity Pull
RandomSeed The seed which is used to 12345 Integer NO

generate the random variables
SampleNum The number of samples which 1000 Integer NO

this model generated each time
when it is fired
SampleRate The SampleRate of the Jammer. 10e6 Float NO
Mean The mean value of gaussian 0 Float NO

variables
Stdev The stdev value of gaussian 1 Float NO

variables
Bandwidth The normalized bandwidth of 0.1 Float NO

jamming
SweepFreqStep The normalized step sweep 0.001 Float NO

frequency
MultiSpotBand The normalized start frequency [0 0.05 0.1 Floating NO

and stop frequency of 0.15] point array
MultiSpotBand jamming
FilterTapsLength The length of filter taps which is 256 Integer NO

used to filter the gaussian white
noise.
FalseTargetNum The False Target Number. 1 Integer NO
MaxRange The Maximum Range in the 100e3 Float NO

simulation.

Tunable
Frequency The carrier frequency of signal. 10e9 Float NO
System_Loss System and propogation loss in 0 Float NO

dB
Atmospheric_Loss_Factor One way Atmospheric loss with 0 Float NO

dB/km
FalseTargetRangeDelay The time after the leading edge [100] Floating NO

of real signal. point array
FalseTargetDopplerOffset The doppler offset of real signal. [0] Floating NO

point array
FalseTargetGain The gains of false targets. [1] Floating NO

point array
RangePullRate The Range Pull Rate.(Unit: m/s) 1 Float NO
VelocityPullRate The Doppler Pull Rate. (Unit: m 1 Float NO

/s^2)
Input Ports
1 signal complex YES
2 range real YES
Output Ports
3 jamming complex NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model provides Cover Jamming and Deceptive Jamming(will be

released). For cover jamming, there are four types of cover jamming such as:
barrage jamming, spot jamming, multi-spot jamming and swept spot
jamming.

For barrage jamming, this model generates the AWGN noise which
means and stdev values are determined by the parameters Mean and
Stdev in the full bandwidth.
For spot jamming, this model generates the band-limited AWGN

noise and the normalized bandwidth is determined by the parameter
Bandwidth. The FilterTapsLength is used to set up the maximum
length of the low-pass filter.
For multi-spot jamming, this model generates bandlimited AWGN
noise in the several sub-bands which are determined by the
parameter MultiSpotBand which can be used to set up the normalized
start and cut-off frequencies of several pass-band.
For swept spot jamming, the band-limited AWGN noise can sweep in
the scope of the full band. The sweep rate can be decided by the
parameter SweepFreqStep.
2. The spectrum figures of barrage jamming, spot jamming, multi-spot jamming
and swept spot jamming are the following figures:

RADAR PulseDetection Part
RADAR PulseDetection Part

Categories:EW (see page 121)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PulseDetection (see page 126) PulseDetection
RADAR_PulseDetection
Description: PulseDetection
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PulseDetection Part (see page 126)
Model Parameters

Tunable
SampleRate The sampling rate 10e6 Float NO
Duration The time duration to collect the signal to analyze 1e-3 Float NO
Threshold The threshold to detect the pulse 0.1 Float NO

Input Ports
1 SignalIn The input signal complex NO
Output Ports
2 Start The pulse start position real NO
3 Width The pulse width real NO

Radar Array TR Category
Array TR
Contents
RADAR AngleTransform Part (see page 134)
RADAR ArrayCouple Part (see page 128)
RADAR MultiCH Rx Part (see page 141)
RADAR MultiCH Tx Part (see page 155)
RADAR PhasedArrayRx Part (see page 144)
RADAR PhasedArrayTx Part (see page 157)
RADAR Rx 4x4 Part (see page 136)
RADAR Tx 4x4 Part (see page 129)
RADAR ArrayCouple Part
RADAR ArrayCouple Part

Categories:Array TR (see page 128)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_ArrayCouple (see page 128) This model is used to add couple effect of array antenna
RADAR_ArrayCouple

Description: This model is used to add couple effect of array antenna
Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR ArrayCouple Part (see page 128)
Model Parameters

Tunable
ChannelNum The number of array antenna 16 Integer NO
CoupleCoef The mutual coupling matrix of an antenna array, the eye(16) Complex NO
dimension should be ChannelNum rows and array
ChannelNum columns.
Input Ports
1 ArrayIn The array input signal multiple envelope NO
Output Ports
2 ArrayOut The signal with couple effect multiple envelope NO
RADAR Tx 4x4 Part
RADAR Tx 4x4 Part

RADAR Transmitter Front End for 4x4 MIMO

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Tx_4x4 (see page 130)

RADAR_Tx_4x4
Description: RADAR Transmitter Front End for 4x4 MIMO

Associated Parts: RADAR Tx 4x4 Part (see page 129)
Model Parameters

Tunable
TStep simulation time step; TStep=0 0 s Float NO

results in use of externally set
TStep ([0:∞))
RF_Freq RF carrier frequency ((0:∞)) 1000000000 Hz Float NO
RF_Gain Complex voltage gain; with form 1 none Complex NO

re+j*im; to specify gain in dB use number
dbpolar( dB, degree) ((-∞:∞))
IF_Gain Complex voltage gain; with form 1 none Complex NO

re+j*im; to specify gain in dB use number
dbpolar( dB, degree) ((-∞:∞))
IF_SamplingRate Digital IF signal sampling rate ((0: 100000000 Hz Float NO

∞))
BandWidth passband bandwidth of IF filter 5000000 Hz Float NO

((0:∞))
In_CenterFreq The center frequency of the input 0 Hz Float NO

signal ([0:∞))
BB_UpSamplingRatio the upsampling ratio from 20 none Integer NO

baseband to digital IF ([1:∞))

Tunable
RC_ExcessBW Excess bandwidth of raised 0.22 none Float NO

cosine filter ((0.0:1.0))
PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in degrees, Q 0 none Float NO

channel relative to I channel ((-∞:
∞))
DAC_NBits number of bits for DAC ([2:∞)) 8 none Integer NO
DAC_UpSamplingRatio the upsampling ratio of DAC from 1 none Integer NO

digital IF to analog IF ([1:∞))
NumTxAnt the number of Tx antenna 16 Integer NO
ChannelDelay Channel delay 0 s Float NO
NoiseFigure_RF_Gain Input noise figure in dB for 0 Float NO

amplifier in RF
NoiseFigure_IF_Gain Input noise figure in dB for 0 Float NO

amplifier in IF
NoiseFigure_Mixer Input noise figure in dB for 0 Float NO

amplifier in Mixer RF
GCType_RF_Gain Gain compression type for none Enumeration NO

amplifier in RF: none, TOI, dBc1,
TOI+dBc1, PSat+GCSat+TOI,
PSat+GCSat+dBc1,
compression vs input power, AM
/AM and AM/PM vs input power
TOIout_RF_Gain Output third order intercept 0.1 W Float NO

power for amplifier in RF
dBc1out_RF_Gain Output 1 dB gain compression 0.01 W Float NO

power for amplifier in RF
PSat_RF_Gain Saturation power for amplifier in 0.032 W Float NO

RF

Tunable
GCSat_RF_Gain Gain compression at saturation in 3 Float NO

dB for amplifier in RF
RappS_RF_Gain Rapp nonlinearity smoothness 3 Integer NO

factor for amplifier in RF
GComp_RF_Gain Array of triple values for Input [0, 0, 0] Floating NO

Power(dBm) and either Gain(dB) point array
/Phase(deg) change from small
signal or AM-to-AM(dB/dB)/AM-
to-PM(deg/dB) for amplifier in RF
GCType_IF_Gain Gain compression type for none Enumeration NO

amplifier in IF: none, TOI, dBc1,
TOI+dBc1, PSat+GCSat+TOI,
PSat+GCSat+dBc1,
TOIout_IF_Gain Output third order intercept 0.1 W Float NO

power for amplifier in IF
dBc1out_IF_Gain Output 1 dB gain compression 0.01 W Float NO

power for amplifier in IF
PSat_IF_Gain Saturation power for amplifier in 0.032 W Float NO

RF
GCSat_IF_Gain Gain compression at saturation in 3 Float NO

dB for amplifier in IF
RappS_IF_Gain Rapp nonlinearity smoothness 3 Integer NO

factor for amplifier in IF
GComp_IF_Gain Array of triple values for Input [0, 0, 0] Floating NO

Power(dBm) and either Gain(dB) point array
/Phase(deg) change from small
signal or AM-to-AM(dB/dB)/AM-
to-PM(deg/dB) for amplifier in IF

Input Ports
1 BB_Signal multiple complex NO
Output Ports
2 RF_Signal multiple envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is a conceptual multi-channels digital upconverter and RF

transmitter model.
2. This model can be used to simulate some functions and performance of
digital transmitter component in digital array radar.
3. This model comprises up to 16 channels which are composed of several
models, the models network is as follows:
4. The parameters of each channel models can be set separately to simulate

the mismatch between channels.
5.
5. The models of each channel and their network is as the following figure. The
amplifier, mixer, and analog BPF models are used to simulate the RF sub-
system.
6. The Digital Upconverter in above figure is composed of some basic models

as follows. The DUC is to simulate the digital upconverter and D/A functions.
Reference
RADAR AngleTransform Part
RADAR AngleTransform Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_AngleTransform (see page 135) Angle Transformation between different antenna frame

RADAR_AngleTransform
Description: Angle Transformation between different antenna frame

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR AngleTransform Part (see page 134)
Model Parameters

Tunable
TransformType The type of angle transformation between From Enumeration NO

different frame: From Antenna Frame to Antenna
Radar Frame, From Radar Frame to Frame to
Antenna Frame Radar
Frame
Input Ports
1 inEl input Elevation Angle in the source antenna frame, units: radian real NO
2 inAz input Azimuth Angle in the source antenna frame, units: radian real NO
Output Ports

Type
3 outEl output Elevation Angle in the destination antenna frame, units: real NO
radian
4 outAz output Azimuth Angle in the destination antenna frame, units: radian real NO

RADAR Rx 4x4 Part
RADAR Rx 4x4 Part

RADAR Receiver Front End for 4x4 MIMO

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Rx_4x4 (see page 136)
RADAR_Rx_4x4
Description: RADAR Receiver Front End for 4x4 MIMO

Associated Parts: RADAR Rx 4x4 Part (see page 136)
Model Parameters

Tunable

TStep ([0:∞))
RF_Gain Complex voltage gain; with form 1 none Complex NO

re+j*im; to specify gain in dB number
use dbpolar( dB, degree) ((-∞:∞))
IF_Gain 1 none NO

Tunable
Complex voltage gain; with form Complex

re+j*im; to specify gain in dB number
use dbpolar( dB, degree) ((-∞:∞))
IF_SamplingRate Digital IF signal sampling rate 100000000 Hz Float NO

((0:∞))
BandWidth passband bandwidth of IF filter 5000000 Hz Float NO

((0:∞))
ADC_NBits number of bits for DAC ([2:∞)) 8 none Integer NO
PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in degrees, Q 0 none Float NO

channel relative to I channel ((-∞:
∞))
BB_DownSamplingRatio the downsampling ratio from 20 none Integer NO

digital IF to baseband ([1:∞))
RC_ExcessBW Excess bandwidth of raised 0.22 none Float NO

cosine filter ((0.0:1.0))
Out_CenterFreq The center frequency of the 0 Hz Float NO

output signal ([0:∞))
NoiseFigure_RFGain input noise figure for gain in RF, 0 none Float NO

in dB ([0:∞))
NoiseFigure_IFGain input noise figure for gain in IF, 0 none Float NO

in dB ([0:∞))
NoiseFigure_Mixer input noise figure for MixerRF, 0 none Float NO

in dB ([0:∞))
GCType_RFGain Gain compression type: none, none none Enumeration NO

TOI, dBc1, TOI+dBc1,
PSat+GCSat+TOI,
PSat+GCSat+dBc1,

Tunable
TOIout_RFGain Third order intercept power ((-∞: 3 W Float NO

∞))
dBc1out_RFGain 1 dB gain compression power ((- 1 W Float NO

∞:∞))
PSat_RFGain Saturation power ((-∞:∞)) 1 W Float NO
GCSat_RFGain Gain compression at saturation; 1 none Float NO

dB ([3:7])
GComp_RFGain Array of triple values for large [0, 0, 0] none Floating NO

signal gain change vs signal point array
power. Input Power in dBm,
Gain change from small signal in
dB, and Phase change from
small signal in degree
GCType_IFGain Gain compression type: none, none none Enumeration NO

TOI, dBc1, TOI+dBc1,
PSat+GCSat+TOI,
PSat+GCSat+dBc1,
TOIout_IFGain Third order intercept power ((-∞: 3 W Float NO

∞))
dBc1out_IFGain 1 dB gain compression power ((- 1 W Float NO

∞:∞))
PSat_IFGain Saturation power ((-∞:∞)) 1 W Float NO
GCSat_IFGain Gain compression at saturation; 1 none Float NO

dB ([3:7])
GComp_IFGain [0, 0, 0] none Floating NO

point array

Tunable
Array of triple values for large

signal gain change vs signal
power. Input Power in dBm,
Gain change from small signal in
dB, and Phase change from
small signal in degree
NumRxAnt The number of Rx antenna 16 Integer NO
ChannelDelay ChannelDelay 0 s Float NO
Input Ports
1 RF_Signal multiple envelope NO
Output Ports
2 BB_Signal multiple complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is a conceptual multi-channels RF receiver and digital

downconverter model.
2. This model can be used to simulate some functions and performance
evaluation of digital receiver component in digital array radar.
3. This model comprises up to 16 channels which are composed of several
models, the models network is as follows:

4. The parameters of each channel models can be set separately to simulate
the mismatch between channels.
5. The models of each channel and their network is as the following figure. The
amplifier,mixer,LO,Delay Line and analog BPF models are used to simulate
the RF receiver sub-system.
6.
6. The DDC(Digital Downconverter) in above figure is composed of some basic
models as follows. The DDC is to simulate the A/D functions and digital
downconverter functions.
Reference
RADAR MultiCH Rx Part
RADAR MultiCH Rx Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MultiCH_Rx (see page 141) RADAR ideal multichannel receiver
RADAR_MultiCH_Rx
Description: RADAR ideal multichannel receiver

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR MultiCH Rx Part (see page 141)

Model Parameters

Tunable
RefFreq Internal reference 1000000 Hz Float NO

frequency
NDensity Noise spectral -173.975 Float NO

density at output, in
dBm/Hz
Sensitivity Voltage output [1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0; Floating NO

sensitivity, Vout/Vin 1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0;1.0] point
array
Phase Reference phase in [0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0; deg Floating NO

degrees 0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0] point
array
IQGainImbalance The gain imbalance [0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0; Floating NO

in dB, Q channel 0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0] point
relative to I channel array
IQPhaseImbalance The phase imbalance [0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0; deg Floating NO

in degrees, Q 0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0;0.0] point
channel relative to I array
channel
NumOfCh The number of rx 16 Integer NO

channel
ImbalanceCoef The imbalance [1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, Complex NO

coefficient of 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, array
channels 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0,
1+j*0]
Input Ports
1 input The input signal multiple envelope NO

Output Ports
2 output IQ output multiple complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is the behavior simulation model of multi-channel receiver from

RF to baseband.
2. With this model, the white noise of receiver can be modeled.
3. The magnitude and phase imbalance of multiple channels and the magnitude
and phase imbalance of in-phase and quadrature channels can be modeled.
4. The model input is a timed input which is used to represent analog/RF circuit
digital implementation that involves the notion of time in its behavior.Please
refer to reference for details on radar receiver and multiple channel
imbalance and I/Q imbalance.
5. Parameters Detail
RefFreq is the STALO(Stable Local Oscillator) and COHO(Coherent
Local Oscillator).
NDensity is the noise spectral density at the receiver output.
Sensitivity is the voltage output sensitivity.
Phase is the reference phase in degrees.
GainImbalance is the gain imbalance in dB between the Q channel
and I channel, where I channel is the reference.
PhaseImbalance is the phase imbalance in degrees between the Q
channel and I channel, where I channel is the reference.
NumOfCh is the number of rx channel.
Reference

York, 2005
2. Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems , Third Edition, Mcgraw-Hill,
New York, 2001
3. Merrill I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook , Third Edition, Third Edition, Mcgraw-Hill,
New York, 2008

RADAR PhasedArrayRx Part
RADAR PhasedArrayRx Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PhasedArrayRx (see page 144) This model is used to model the phased array antenna
RADAR_PhasedArrayRx
RADAR_PhasedArrayRx
Description: This model is used to model the phased array antenna

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR PhasedArrayRx Part (see page 144)

Model Parameters

Tunable
DimType The dimension of 1-D Enumeration NO

phased array: 1-D,
2-D
AxisType The axis of Y Enumeration NO

coordinate: X, Y, Z
PlaneType The axis plane of YZ Plane Enumeration NO

coordinate: XY
Plane, YZ Plane
Array2DShapeType The shape of 2-D Rectangular Enumeration NO

Array: Rectangular,
Customized
NumOfAnt1D Number of 8 Integer NO

Antenna Element
for 1-D Array
NumOfAnt2D_H Number of 8 Integer NO

Horizontal Antenna
Element for 2-D
Array
NumOfAnt2D_V Number of Vertical 8 Integer NO

Antenna Element
for 2-D Array
ElementFactor The element factor 1 Integer NO

of array, assuming
the element
pattern is (cos
(theta))
ÊlementFactor
SpaceType The space of Uniform Enumeration NO

element is uniform
or non-uniform :
Uniform,
NonUniform
GridType Rectangular Enumeration NO

Tunable
The type of grid :

Rectangular,
Triangular
Array_fc The response 1e9

frequency of the
array
D The distance 0.5 Float NO

between elements
in wavelength
D_H The element 0.5 Float NO

distance of
Horizontal Antenna
Element for 2-D
Array in
wavelength
D_V The element 0.5 Float NO

distance of Vertical
Antenna Element
for 2-D Array in
wavelength
D_array The distance [-3.5,-2.5,-1.5, m Floating NO

between elements -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5] point array
in meters
D_H_array The element [-3.5,-2.5,-1.5, m Floating NO

distance of -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5, point array
Horizontal Antenna -2.5,-1.5,
Element for 2-D -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
Array in meters -2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,

Tunable
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5]
D_V_array The element [-3.5,-2.5,-1.5, m Floating NO

distance of Vertical -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5, point array
Antenna Element -2.5,-1.5,
for 2-D Array in -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
meters -2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5]
mask_array The mask array for ones(1,64) Integer NO

customized shape array
array. The array
element reprents
whether the
element at this
postion is enable.
1: enable, 0:
disable
ReliabilityType To test the pattern NoFailures Enumeration NO

with/without
element failures :
NoFailures,
RandomElement
FailureProbability The failure 0.1 Float NO

probability of
element
TargetTheta 0 deg Float NO

Tunable
The angle
subtended from
the z axis to the
point of target in
antenna coordinate
TargetPhi The angle between 0 deg Float NO

the projection of
target onto the xâ
€“y axis and the x
axis in antenna
coordinate
SlopeAngle The slope angle of 0 deg Float NO

YZ plane
WindowType The type of window Uniform Enumeration NO

function: Uniform,
Bartlett, Hanning,
Hamming,
Blackman,
SteepBlackman,
Kaiser, Taylor
KaiserWindowParameter The alpha value for 1.0 Float NO

Kaiser window
function
Sidelobe_Levels Sidelobe_levels in -20 Float NO

dB
nBar This parameter is 2 Integer NO

used to generate
the Taylor
distribution
IsPhaseShift With/Without No Enumeration NO

PhaseShifter: Yes,
No
BeamTheta 0 deg Float NO

Tunable
The angle
subtended from
the z axis to the
point of beam
direction in
antenna coordinate
BeamPhi The angle between 0 deg Float NO

the projection of
beam direction
onto the xâ€“y axis
and the x axis in
antenna coordinate
QuantizationType QuantizationType: No Enumeration NO

Yes, No
PhaseShifterBitwidth The quantizied 5 Integer NO

bitwidth of phase
shifter
PhaseShiftType The phase shift Calculate by theta and Enumeration NO

value calculation phi
method: Calculate
by theta and phi,
DesiredPhaseShift
DesiredPhaseShift Desired phase shift [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, deg Floating NO

angles 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] point array
PrintLog Whether print log PrintLog_No Enumeration NO

information:
PrintLog_No,
PrintLog_Yes
Input Ports

Type
1 ArrayInput The array input signal envelope NO
2 TargetThetaIn real YES

Type
The angle subtended from the z axis to the point of target in

antenna coordinate in radians
3 TargetPhiIn The angle between the projection of beam direction onto the xâ real YES
€“y axis and the x axis in antenna coordinate in radians
4 BeamThetaIn The angle subtended from the z axis to the point of beam real YES
direction in antenna coordinate in radians
5 BeamPhiIn The angle between the projection of beam direction onto the xâ real YES
Output Ports
6 ArrayOutput The output signals of each channels of phased array multiple NO

antenna envelope
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx and RADAR_PhasedArrayRx

RADAR_PhasedArrayTx and RADAR_PhasedArrayRx models are used to simulate
the functions of transmit and receive of ESAs. Linear array and 2-D planar array are
supported with these two models.
For more detail information about ESAs and related technologies, please refer the
reference.
For RADAR_PhasedArrayTx / RADAR_PhasedArrayRx model, the spacing of
elements can be uniform or non-uniform. The value of spacing is the multiples of
wavelength when the spacing is uniform, or else the spacing value is set by using
an array and the unit is set to meter.
The parameter, "mask_array" enables or disables the elements in order to simulate
the arbitrary linear array or 2-D planar array. The size of mask_array should be
same as the maximum element number of the array. If the element in the
mask_array is set to 1, the element at the corresponding position is effective or
enabled; or else the element at the corresponding position is disabled or not
installed.
By using "ReliabilityType" parameter, the reliability simulation can be done. When
the "ReliabilityType" is set to "RandomElement", which means the elements in the
random position will be the failure in the simulation. The probability of failure
element is determined by the parameter, "FailureProbability".

"TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" are the elevation angle and azimuth angles in the
antenna coordinate. When the input port, "TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" are
connected, the values are determined by the input values, or else the parameter,
"TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" determine the elevation and azimuth angles in the
antenna coordinate.
BeamTheta and BeamPhi are the elevation and azimuth shift phase values in the
antenna coordinate. Same as the TaregetTheta and TargetPhi, when the input port,
"BeamTheta" and "BeamPhi" are connected, the values are determined by the input
values, or else the parameter, "BeamTheta" and "BeamPhi" determine the elevation
and azimuth angles in the antenna coordinate.
In practice, the phase shifter is quantized, the quantized shifted phase value is
determined by the parameter, "PhaseShiftBitlength" and quantization error is
introduced when QuantizationType is set to true.
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to simulate the phased array antenna. With this model,
the linear array and the arbitrary planar array can be modeled.
2. In this model, the element pattern is also included (Suppose the patterns of
all the element are the same and the pattern is modeled by cos(.)-like
function. For the system level simulation, it is a common way.
3. The element spacing of this model supports uniform and non-uniform. The
uniform means the distance between elements is same. Half of wavelength is
the most common value. When the non-uniform value is chosen, the position
value of each element in one dimension or in two dimensions is given by
users.
4. For the grid type, the rectangular and triangular are supported in this model.
5. When DimType is set to linear array, the axis which element will be installed
can be chosen by users, When DimType is set to planar array, the plane
which element will be installed can be chosen by users.
6. The parameter, "mask_array" is used to set which element is to be enabled or
disabled. With this parameter, arbitrary shape array is also supported.
7. To support reliability simulation, the parameter, "ReliabilityType" is used to
enable this feature. When it is set to "RandomElement" option, the failure
elements is chosen randomly and the probability of failure is decided by the
parameter, "FailureProbability".
8. Parameters, "TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" are used to set the elevation
angle and azimuth angle of the target in the antenna frame. When the input
port, "TargetThetaIn" and "TargetPhiIn" are connected, the parameter,
"TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" is disabled.
9. WindowType is used to choose the window function to be used for weighting
the signal of each channel. By weighting window, the sidelobe is suppressed,
but the mainlobe gets wider.
10.
10. When the parameter, "IsPhaseShift" is set to yes, the parameter,
"BeamTheta" and "BeamPhi" is activated and are used to set the angle value
of steering vector. When the input "BeamThetaIn" and "BeamPhiIn" are
connected, the parameters, "BeamTheta" and "BeamPhi" are disabled.
11. Due to quantization, bits of phase shifter impacts the final result of beam
steering. This model supports quantization and is enabled or disabled by the
parameter, "QuantizationType". When this parameter is enabled, the
quantization bit width is determined by the 'PhaseShifterBitWidth"
parameter.
In and Out Rate
ArrayInput 1 But type. Each channel rate is 1
BeamThetaIn 1
BeamPhiIn 1
TargetThetaIn 1
TargetPhiIn 1
Output 1
Examples
There are several examples illustrating the usage of RADAR_PhasedArrayTx and
RADAR_PhasedArrayRx model. The related examples can be found at /Examples
/RADAR/DAR/.
The following figure depicts the 1-D antenna pattern with different window function
weighting.

The following figure depicts the 1-D antenna pattern with/without quantization:
The following figure depicts the 2-D antenna pattern:

The following figure depicts how to model the customized array shape with the
parameter, "mask_array" - a matrix with element 1 or 0. The element is enabled
when the value of the corresponding element is set to 1 in "Mask_array"; or is
disabled when the value of the corresponding element is set to 0.
All the input ports and parameters about elevation angle and azimuth angle are
in the antenna frame. It is different from the RADAR_AntennaTx and
RADAR_AntennaRx model, which input and output are in the radar antenna
frame. The difference of these two frames can be read from the reference book.
The output of RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame is also in the radar antenna frame.

When the outputs of RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame are connected to
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx or RADAR_PhasedArrayRx, the angle conversion is
required. In the radar library, the model RADAR_AngleTransform is used to
implement this function.
Reference
1. Arik D.Brown, Electronically Scanned Array , CRC Press Taylor & Francis
Group LLC, FL ,2012
York, 2005
New York, 2001
RADAR MultiCH Tx Part
RADAR MultiCH Tx Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MultiCH_Tx (see page 155) RADAR ideal multichannel transmitter
RADAR_MultiCH_Tx
Description: RADAR ideal multichannel transmitter

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR MultiCH Tx Part (see page 155)

Model Parameters

Tunable
NumOfCH Number of 16 Integer NO

transmitter
channel
ImbalanceCoef The imbalance [1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, Complex NO
coefficient of 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, array
channels 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0, 1+j*0]
TStep The time step 1/10e6 s Float NO

of output
FCarrier The carrier 1.0e9 Hz Float NO

frequency of
output
Input Ports
1 input input I/Q signal multiple complex NO
Output Ports
2 output output signal multiple envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is the ideal behavior simulation model of multi-channel

transmitter. It's a timed model which is used to represent analog/RF circuit
digital implementation that involves the notion of time in its behavior.
2. Parameters Detail
NumOfCH is the number of ideal RF transmitter channel
TStep is the output time step
FCarrier is the output carrier frequency.

Reference

York, 2005
RADAR PhasedArrayTx Part
RADAR PhasedArrayTx Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx (see page 157) This model is used to model the phased array antenna
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx

Description: This model is used to model the phased array antenna
Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR PhasedArrayTx Part (see page 157)
Model Parameters

Tunable
DimType The dimension of 1-D Enumeration NO

phased array: 1-D,
2-D
AxisType The axis of Y Enumeration NO

coordinate: X, Y, Z
PlaneType The axis plane of YZ Plane Enumeration NO

coordinate: XY
Plane, YZ Plane
Array2DShapeType The shape of 2-D Rectangular Enumeration NO

Array: Rectangular,
Customized
NumOfAnt1D Number of 8 Integer NO

Antenna Element
for 1-D Array
NumOfAnt2D_H Number of 8 Integer NO

Horizontal Antenna
Element for 2-D
Array
NumOfAnt2D_V Number of Vertical 8 Integer NO

Antenna Element
for 2-D Array
ElementFactor The element factor 1 Integer NO

of array, assuming
the element
pattern is (cos
(theta))
ÊlementFactor
SpaceType Uniform Enumeration NO

Tunable
The space of
element is uniform
or non-uniform :
Uniform,
NonUniform
GridType The type of grid : Rectangular Enumeration NO

Rectangular,
Triangular
D The distance 0.5 Float NO

between elements
in wavelength
D_H The element 0.5 Float NO

distance of
Horizontal Antenna
Element for 2-D
Array in
wavelength
D_V The element 0.5 Float NO

distance of Vertical
Antenna Element
for 2-D Array in
wavelength
D_array The distance [-3.5,-2.5,-1.5, m Floating NO

between elements -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5] point array
in meters
D_H_array The element [-3.5,-2.5,-1.5, m Floating NO

distance of -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5, point array
Horizontal Antenna -2.5,-1.5,
Element for 2-D -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
Array in meters -2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,

Tunable
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5]
D_V_array The element [-3.5,-2.5,-1.5, m Floating NO

distance of Vertical -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5, point array
Antenna Element -2.5,-1.5,
for 2-D Array in -0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
meters -2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,-3.5,
-2.5,-1.5,
-0.5,0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5]
mask_array The mask array for ones(1,64) Integer NO

customized shape array
array. The array
element reprents
whether the
element at this
postion is enable.
1: enable, 0:
disable
ReliabilityType To test the pattern NoFailures Enumeration NO

with/without
element failures :
NoFailures,
RandomElement
FailureProbability The failure 0.1 Float NO

probability of
element
TargetTheta 0 deg Float NO

Tunable
The angle
subtended from
the z axis to the
point of target in
antenna coordinate
TargetPhi The angle between 0 deg Float NO

the projection of
target onto the xâ
€“y axis and the x
axis in antenna
coordinate
SlopeAngle The slope angle of 0 deg Float NO

YZ plane
WindowType The type of window Uniform Enumeration NO

function: Uniform,
Bartlett, Hanning,
Hamming,
Blackman,
SteepBlackman,
Kaiser, Taylor
KaiserWindowParameter The alpha value for 1.0 Float NO

Kaiser window
function
Sidelobe_Levels Sidelobe_levels in -20 Float NO

dB
nBar This parameter is 2 Integer NO

used to generate
the Taylor
distribution
IsPhaseShift With/Without No Enumeration NO

PhaseShifter: Yes,
No
BeamTheta 0 deg Float NO

Tunable
The angle
subtended from
the z axis to the
point of beam
direction in
antenna coordinate
BeamPhi The angle between 0 deg Float NO

the projection of
beam direction
onto the xâ€“y axis
and the x axis in
antenna coordinate
QuantizationType QuantizationType: No Enumeration NO

Yes, No
PhaseShifterBitwidth The quantized 5 Integer NO

bitwidth of phase
shifter
PhaseShiftType The phase shift Calculate by theta and Enumeration NO

value calculation phi
method: Calculate
by theta and phi,
DesiredPhaseShift
DesiredPhaseShift Desired phase shift [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, deg Floating NO

angles 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] point array
PrintLog Whether print log PrintLog_No Enumeration NO

information:
PrintLog_No,
PrintLog_Yes
Input Ports

Type
1 ArrayInput The array input signal multiple NO

envelope
2 TargetThetaIn real YES

Type
The angle subtended from the z axis to the point of target in

antenna coordinate in radians
3 TargetPhiIn The angle between the projection of beam direction onto the xâ real YES
4 BeamThetaIn The angle subtended from the z axis to the point of beam real YES
direction in antenna coordinate in radians
5 BeamPhiIn The angle between the projection of beam direction onto the xâ real YES
Output Ports
6 Output The transmitted signal of phased array antenna envelope NO
Notes\Equations
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx and RADAR_PhasedArrayRx

RADAR_PhasedArrayTx and RADAR_PhasedArrayRx models are used to simulate
the functions of transmit and receive of ESAs. Linear array and 2-D planar array are
supported with these two models.
For more detail information about ESA and related technologies, please refer the
reference list.

can be set by using an array and the unit is the meter.
The parameter mask_array provide the capability to enable or disable the elements
in order to simulate the arbitrary linear array or 2-D planar array. The size of
mask_array should be the same as the maximum element number of the array. If
the element in the mask_array is set to 1, which means the element at the
corresponding position is effective or enable. Or else the element at the
corresponding position is disabled or not installed.
By using ReliabilityType parameter, the reliability simulation can be done. When the
ReliabilityType is set to RandomElement, which means the elements in the random
position will be the failure in the simulation. The probability of failure element is
determined by the parameter FailureProbability.

TargetTheta and TargetPhi are the elevation angle and azimuth angles in the
antenna coordinate. When the input port TargetTheta and TargetPhi are
connected, the values are determined by the input values, or else the parameter
TargetTheta and TargetPhi determine the elevation and azimuth angles in the
antenna coordinate.
BeamTheta and BeamPhi are the elevation and azimuth shift phase values in the
antenna coordinate. Same as the TaregetTheta and TargetPhi, when the input port
BeamTheta and BeamPhi are connected, the values are determined by the input
values, or else the parameter BeamTheta and BeamPhi determine the elevation and
azimuth angles in the antenna coordinate.
In practice, the phase shifter is quantized, the quantized shifted phase value is
determined by the parameter PhaseShiftBitlength and quantization error will be
introduced when QuantizationType is set to true.
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to simulate the phased array antenna. With this model,
the linear array and the arbitrary planar array is modeled.
2. In this model, the element pattern is also included (Suppose the patterns of
all the elements are same and the pattern is modeled by cos(.)-like function.
For the system level simulation, it is a common way.
3. The element spacing of this model supports uniform and non-uniform. The
uniform means the distance between elements is same. Half of wavelength is
the most common value. When the non-uniform value is chosen, the position
value of each element in one dimension or in two dimensions can be given by
users.
4. For the grid type, the rectangular and triangular are supported in this model.
5. When the DimType is set to linear array, the axis which element will be
installed is defined by the users. When the DimType is set to planar array,
the plane which element will be installed is defined by the users.
6. The parameter, mask_array, is used to enable/disable the element. With this
parameter, arbitrary shape array can be supported.
7. To support reliability simulation, "ReliabilityType" parameter is used to
enable this feature. When it is set to RandomElement option, failure
elements is randomly selected and the probability of failure is determined by
the parameter, "FailureProbability".
8. The parameter, "TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" are used to set the elevation
angle and azimuth angle of the target in the antenna frame. When the input
port, "TargetThetaIn" and "TargetPhiIn" are connected, the parameter
"TargetTheta" and "TargetPhi" is disabled.
9. WindowType is used to determine the type of window function is to be used
to weight the signal of each channel. By weighting window, the sidelobe is
suppressed, but the mainlobe widens.
10.
10. When the parameter, "IsPhaseShift" is set to yes, the parameter,
"BeamTheta" and "BeamPhi" becomes active and are used to set the angle
value of steering vector. When the input "BeamThetaIn" and "BeamPhiIn" are
connected, the parameter, "BeamTheta" and "BeamPhi" is disabled.
11. Due to quantization, bits of phase shifter impacts the final result of beam
steering. This model supports quantization and is enabled or disabled by the
parameter, "QuantizationType". When this parameter is enabled, the
quantization bit width is determined by "PhaseShifterBitWidth" parameter.
In and Out Rate
ArrayInput 1 But type. Each channel rate is 1
BeamThetaIn 1
BeamPhiIn 1
TargetThetaIn 1
TargetPhiIn 1
Output 1
Examples
There are several examples using RADAR_PhasedArrayTx and
RADAR_PhasedArrayRx model. The related examples can be found at /Examples
/RADAR/DAR/.
The following figure depicts the 1-D antenna pattern with different window function
weighting:

The following figure depicts the 1-D antenna pattern with/without quantization:
The following figure depicts the 2-D antenna pattern:

The following figure depicts how to model the customized array shape with
"mask_array" parameter - a matrix with element 1 or 0. The element is enabled
when the value of the corresponding element is 1, or is disabled when the value of
the corresponding element is 0.
All the input ports and parameters about elevation angle and azimuth angle are
in the antenna frame. It is different from the RADAR_AntennaTx and
RADAR_AntennaRx model which input and output are in the radar antenna
frame. The difference between these two frames can refer to the reference
book. The output of RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame is also in the radar antenna

frame. When the outputs of RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame are connected to
RADAR_PhasedArrayTx or RADAR_PhasedArrayRx, the angle conversion is
required. In the radar library, the model RADAR_AngleTransform is used to
implement this function.
Reference
Group LLC, FL ,2012
York, 2005
New York, 2001

Radar Signal Source Category
Radar Signal Source
Contents
RADAR BarkerCode Part (see page 200)
RADAR CW Part (see page 221)
RADAR DDS Part (see page 179)
RADAR FrankCode Part (see page 187)
RADAR FSK Part (see page 203)
RADAR LFM Part (see page 195)
RADAR MatchedSrc Part (see page 183)
RADAR NLFM Part (see page 215)
RADAR PolyTimeCode Part (see page 175)
RADAR PRNSeq Part (see page 212)
RADAR PULSE Part (see page 185)
RADAR SAR Echo Part (see page 207)
RADAR SignalX Part (see page 169)
RADAR StepFreq Part (see page 218)
RADAR ZCCode Part (see page 172)
RADAR SignalX Part
RADAR SignalX Part

Categories:Signal Source (see page 169)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_SignalX (see page 169) Flexible Radar Signal Generator
RADAR_SignalX

RADAR_SignalX
Description: Flexible Radar Signal Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR SignalX Part (see page 169)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI_Jitter The jitter value of PRI, the value is the normalized value of 0 Float NO
PRI(0 <= Jitter < 1)
Input Ports
1 PRI Pulse Repetition Interval real NO

2 CPI The number of PRI in a CPI int YES
3 PW Pulse Width real NO
4 BW Band Width real YES
5 Phase Initial Phase in radian real YES
6 f0 Carrier Frequency real YES
7 WaveType Wave Type. 0: Simple Pulse, 1: LFM int YES
Output Ports
8 output The generated signal complex matrix NO
9 row The number of row int NO
10 col The number of col int NO
Notes\Equations
1. The dynamic signal generation model SignalX is used to generate the

waveform which waveform type , PRI, carrier frequency, pulsewidth,
bandwidth, phase and the number of pulses in one CPI can be updated
runtime.
2. This model is especially useful for the jitter PRI and stagger PRI cases.
a. To support these flexible capabilities, the generated waveforms are
packed into one matrix and the data type of output is the matrix. The
data rate of output is 1.
b. Using the model DynamicUnpack_M with Format=RowMajor, the
waveform matrix can be unpacked to the samples. The row number of
the matrix is the number of pulses in one CPI and the col number of
the matrix is the number of samples in one PRI.
c. The parameter PRI_jitter is the normalized value of PRI which is the
input port. When PRI_jitter = 0, there is no jitter.
3. For example, to generate a PRI-jitter pulse signal with f0 = 1e5Hz, pulsewidth
= 20us, PRI= 100e-6, the number of pulses in a CPI = 8, the jitter of PRI = 0.1
(that means the variance of PRI is 0.1 * PRI). The design schematic and
generated waveform are as the following figures:

Figure 1 the design schematic of PRI jitter signal with SignalX
Figure 2 the real and imagine of PRI jitter signal

This example can be found at example/radar/signal/SignalX_DynamicSignal.
wsv.
RADAR ZCCode Part
RADAR ZCCode Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_ZCCode (see page 173) Zadoff-Chu Coded Waveform Generator

RADAR_ZCCode
Description: Zadoff-Chu Coded Waveform Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR ZCCode Part (see page 172)
Model Parameters
Name Description Default Units Type Runtime Tunable
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval 1e-5 s Float NO
SubPulseWidth SubPulse Width 1e-6 s Float NO
SubPulseNum SubPulse Number 4 Integer NO
u Class of the GCL sequence 1 Integer NO
Output Ports
1 output The generated waveform complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate pulsed radar waveform with Zadoff–Chu

code, a kind of General Chirp Like(GCL) sequence. In one pulse repetition
interval, a specified number of subpulse will be generated then followed with
zeros.
2. Each firing, PRIxBB_SamplingRate tokens are produced at the output port. It
is equal to 100 by default.

3.
PRI specifies the pulse repetition interval.

SubPulseWidth specifies the cycle of one subpulse.
SubPulseNum specifies the number of subpulses in one pulse cycle.
u specifies the Zadoff-Chu root sequence index.
BB_SamplingRate specifies the baseband sampling rate for waveform
generation.
4. The Zadoff-Chu sequence is generated by:
where
is the initial phase of the n-th sub pulse in one PRI. The length of
Zadoff-Chu sequence is prime. The waveform for each PRI is the same.
5.
5. Application example,
The following example shows the waveform in 2 PRI with parameters as,
PRI=1e-5, SubPulseWidth=1e-6, SubPulseNum=4, u=1,
BB_SamplingRate=20e6.
Reference
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadoff%E2%80%93Chu_sequence.
RADAR PolyTimeCode Part
RADAR PolyTimeCode Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PolyTimeCode (see page 176) PolyTime Coded Generator
RADAR_PolyTimeCode
RADAR_PolyTimeCode
Description: PolyTime Coded Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PolyTimeCode Part (see page 175)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type PolyTime code type: T1, T2, T3, T4 T1 Enumeration NO
OverallCodePeriod SubPulse Width 1e-6 s Float NO
DeltaF Modulation Bandwidth 1e3 Hz Float NO
NumberOfSegment The number of step frequency 4 Integer NO

segments
NumberOfPhase The number of phase states 2 Integer NO

Tunable
Output Ports
1 output The baseband phase-modulated signal complex NO
2 phase The phase information real NO
Notes/Equations
Polytime Codes
1. Polytime codes are used to approximate a stepped frequency or linear

frequency modulation waveform by quantizing the underlying waveform into
a user-selected number of phase states.
2. Two types of polytime coded waveforms can be generated from the stepped
frequency model and are denoted as T1(n) and T2(n), where n is the number
of phase states used to approximate the underlying waveform. The T3(n) and
T4(n) polytime sequences are approximations to a linear frequency
modulation waveform.
3. Increasing the number of phase states increases the quality of the polytime
approximation to the underlying waveform, The minimum bit duration sets
the waveform bandwidth.
4. Please refer the references for details.
An example of a T1(4) waveform with PRI = 0.016s, Overall code duration = 16e-3 s,
the number of segment = 4 and the number of phase = 4 is given in the following
figure.

Figure 1 The discrete phase
Figure 2 The real and imagine part of waveform

Figure 3 The ACF(autocorrelation function) of waveform
Reference
1. Nadav Levanon and Eli Mozeson, Radar Signals , Wiley, New York, 2004
2. Phillip E. Pace, Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar ,
York, 2005
New York, 2001
RADAR DDS Part
RADAR DDS Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_DDS (see page 179) Direct Digital Synthesis
RADAR_DDS

Description: Direct Digital Synthesis
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR DDS Part (see page 179)
Model Parameters

Tunable
waveform_type Waveform Type: CW, Pulse, LFM CW Enumeration NO

Pulse, Stepped Pulse, Stepped LFM
Freq_output The frequency of output 10e6 Hz Float NO
Pulsewidth The pulse width of generated signal 1e-5 s Float NO
Bandwidth Bandwidth of signal 10e6 Hz Float NO
DeltaFrequency The interval of stepped frequency 10e6 Hz Float NO
step_type The type of stepped frequency: Postive Enumeration NO

Postive, Negative, Triangle
StepFreqNumber The number of stepped frequency 32 Integer NO

point
Accumulator_bitlength The phase accumulator word length 32 Integer NO
Freq_modulate_bitlength The frequency modulator word 32 Integer NO

length
Magnitude_bitlength The magnitude word length 20 Integer NO
Input Ports
1 clk_in Sampling Clock in Hz real YES
2 startfreq The start frequency of LFM Pulse in Hz real YES

3 freq The center frequency of LFM Pulse in Hz real YES
4 phase_dither The phase of dither signal in radian real YES
5 phase Phase modulation/shift input in radian real YES
6 magnitude The magnitude gain real YES
Output Ports
7 cosine_out The generated I channel waveform int NO
8 sine_out The generated Q channel waveform int NO
9 freq_res_out The frequency resolution real NO
10 phi_res_out The angular resolution real NO
11 phase_inc_out The phase increment step int NO
12 fm_inc_out The frequency modulation increment step int NO
Notes\Equations
DDS Principle
1. Direct digital synthesizers (DDS), is important components in many digital

communication and radar systems. The lookup table stores samples of a
sinusoid. A digital integrator is used to generate a suitable phase argument
that is mapped by the lookup table to the desired output waveform.
Example
1. This model can generate the simple CW, Pulse, LFM, Step Pulse and Step
LFM signal.
2. In general, the maximum frequency of the output is the value of 0.4 *
SampleRate, or 0.4 * clk_in(the value of input port when it is connected).
3. The sampling rate of this model is determined by the parameter SampleRate
or the input port clk_in. When the clk_in is disconnected, the sampling rate is
the value of SampleRate, or else it will be the value of clk_in.
4.
4. The input port phase_dither is used to decrease the spur components which
are caused by the quantization. The magnitude and phase input can be used
to control the magnitude and phase of the output. The input port freq is used
to control the frequency of output. When it is disconnected, the frequency of
the output is determined by the parameter Freq_output. The input port
startfreq is used to determine the start frequency of LFM and stepped LFM.
When it is disconnected, the start frequency of LFM and stepped LFM is
determined by the parameter Bandwidth.
5. For example, to generate one complex signal which frequency is 1MHz with
this model, the corresponding parameters can be set as following:
waveform_type = CW, Freq_output = 1e6(or freq = 1e6), SampleRate = 20e6
(or clk_in = 20e6), Accumulator_bitlength = 32, Freq_modulate_bitlength =
32, and Magnitude_bitlength = 10.
The example can be found in the example/radar/signal/DDS_Model.
The output signal and its spectrum figures are the following figures:
Figure 1 I/Q sine wave

Figure 2 Spectrum without phase dither
Figure 3 Spectrum with phase dither
RADAR MatchedSrc Part
RADAR MatchedSrc Part

generate the matched source signal for pulse compression

appropriate link.

Model
RADAR_MatchedSrc (see page 184)
RADAR_MatchedSrc
Description: generate the matched source signal for pulse compression

Associated Parts: RADAR MatchedSrc Part (see page 183)
Model Parameters
PRI_NUM number of samples in PRI ((0:∞)) 10000 none Integer NO
Input Ports
1 SRC_In Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal complex NO
Output Ports
2 SRC_Out Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate the frequency domain matched output for a
given waveform source.
2. Each firing PRI*BB_SampingRate number of tokens are consumed in the
input pin and the same amount of tokens are generated in the output pin.
3. Parameters detail,
PRI_NUM is used to specify the number of samples in a PRI.
4. The processing structure of the matched source is based on reverse of the
input sequence with FFT as below,

4.
Reference

York, 2005
RADAR PULSE Part
RADAR PULSE Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PULSE (see page 185) Simple Pulse Waveform Generator
RADAR_PULSE
Description: Simple Pulse Waveform Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PULSE Part (see page 185)

Model Parameters

Tunable
Pulsewidth Pulse Width [1e-5] s Floating NO

point array
PRI Pulse Repeat Interval [1e-4] s Floating NO

point array
PRI_Combination PRI Combination reprents by each PRI [1] Integer NO

repeat number array
Output Ports
1 output The generated pulse waveform real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate simple pulse waveform.

2. Each firing, PRI*BB_SamplingRate tokens are generated in the output.
3. Parameters details
Pulsewidth, is an array parameter to specify may-different widths of
the pulse in different staggering PRI group.
PRI, is an array parameter to specify the cycles for multiple pulses to
support PRI staggering.
PRI_Combination, is an array parameter to specify pulse numbers for
each staggering PRI group.
BB_SamplingRate, is the baseband sampling rate for waveform
generation.
4. The simple pulse waveform is generated by the following equation.

Reference

York, 2005
2. Bassem R. Mahafza, Radar signal analysis and processing using MATLAB ,
CRC, 2009
RADAR FrankCode Part
RADAR FrankCode Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_FrankCode (see page 187) Frank Coded Waveform Generator
RADAR_FrankCode
Description: Frank Coded Waveform Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR FrankCode Part (see page 187)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type Frank and P code type: Frank, P1, P2, P3, P4, Frank Enumeration NO
Px

Tunable
SubPulseWidth SubPulse Width 1e-6 s Float NO
M The number of step frequency and the number 2 Integer NO

of samples per frequency
Output Ports
1 output The baseband phase-modulated signal complex NO
2 phase The phase information real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate Frank code and P code based phase coded
waveform.
2. Each firing, PRI*BB_SamplingRate of tokens are generated in output.
Frank Code
The Frank code is derived from a step approximation to a linear frequency
modulation waveform using M frequency steps and M samples per frequency. The
Frank code has a length or processing gain of Nc=M2.
For example, the PRI is 64us, the Sub-Pulse Width is 1us, M is 8(Nc = 64), the
sampling rates 4Msps. The following figure shows the discrete phase values that
result for the Frank code.

The real and imagine part of the signal is as the following figure:
The corresponding ACF(autocorrelation function) is as the following figure:

P1 Code
The P1 code is also generated using a step approximation to a linear frequency
modulation waveform. In this code, M frequency steps and M samples per
frequency are obtained from the waveform using a double sideband detection with
the local oscillator at band center. The length of the resulting code or compression
ratio is Nc=M2.
For example, the PRI is 64us, the SubPulseWidth is 1us, M is 8(Nc = 64), the
result for the P1 code.

P2 Code
For the P2 code M even, the phase increment within each phase group is the same
as the P1 code, except that the starting phases are different. The P2 code also has
a length or compression ratio of Nc = M2.

P3 Code
The P3 code is conceptually derived by converting a linear frequency modulation
waveform to baseband, by using a synchronous oscillator on one end of the
frequency sweep (single sideband detection), and sampling the I and Q video at the
Nyquist rate (first sample of I and Q taken at the leading edge of the waveform).


P4 Code
The P4 code is conceptually derived from the same linear frequency modulation
waveform as the P3 code, except that the local oscillator frequency is offset in the I
and Q detectors, resulting in coherent double sideband detection.

Reference
York, 2005
New York, 2001
RADAR LFM Part
RADAR LFM Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_LFM (see page 196) Linear Frequency Modulation Waveform Generator

RADAR_LFM
Description: Linear Frequency Modulation Waveform Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR LFM Part (see page 195)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Pulsewidth Pulse Width [1e-5] s Floating NO

point array
PRI Pulse Repeat Interval [1e-4] s Floating NO

point array
PRI_Combination PRI Combination reprents by each PRI [1] Integer NO

repeat number array
Bandwidth Waveform Bandwidth [5e6] Hz Floating NO

point array
FM_Offset Frequency Modulation Offset [0] Hz Floating NO

point array
Output Ports
1 output The generated waveform complex NO

Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate Linear Frequency Modulation waveform.

2. Each firing, PRI*BB_SamplingRate, tokens are generated in the output.
Pulsewidth - is an array parameter to specify different widths of the
pulse in different staggering PRI group.
PRI - is an array parameter to specify cycle(s) for multiple pulses to
support PRI staggering.
PRI_Combination - is an array parameter to specify pulse numbers for
each staggering PRI group.
Bandwidth - is an array parameter to specify different pulse
bandwidth for each staggering PRI group.
FM_Offset - is an array parameter to specify different frequency
domain offset for each staggering PRI group.
BB_SamplingFreq - is the baseband sampling rate for waveform
generation.
4. LFM waveform is generated using the following equation:
Where:
β is the pulse bandwidth

τ is the pulse width/duration
PRI is the pulse repetition interval.
1. Application example:
The first example illustrates a simple FM pulse train without PRI staggering
with parameters set as,
Pulsewidhth=10us, PRI=30us, PRI_Combination=1, Bandwidth=5MHz,
FM_Offset=0, BB_SamplingRate=10MHz.
The waveform and the spectrum is as depicted below:

I and Q Waveform

Baseband Spectrum
The second example illustrates a staggering PRI FM pulse and parameters
set as,
Pulsewidth=[10us, 15us, 20us], PRI=[30us, 40us, 50us], PRI_Combination=[1,
1, 1], Bandwidth=[5MHz, 4MHz, 3MHz], FM_Offset=0,
BB_SamplingRate=10MHz.
Staggering PRI Waveform

Staggering PRI Baseband Spectrum
References
York, 2005
RADAR BarkerCode Part
RADAR BarkerCode Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_BarkerCode (see page 200) Barker Coded Waveform Generator
RADAR_BarkerCode

Description: Barker Coded Waveform Generator
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR BarkerCode Part (see page 200)
Model Parameters

Tunable
SubPulseWidth SubPulse/Each code Width 1e-6 s Float NO
CodeLength The type of Barker code: Length_2_a, Length_13 Enumeration NO

Length_2_b, Length_3, Length_4_a,
Length_4_b, Length_5, Length_7,
Length_11, Length_13
Output Ports
1 output The generated Barker code complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate binary phase Barker codes.

2. Biphase Barker codes exhibit a peak sidelobe to mainlobe voltage ratio of 1:
N, where N is the code length.The Barker codes achieve the lowest possible
PSR for an aperiodic code. The longest known Barker code is length 13 with
a corresponding peak sidelobe ratio of −22.3 dB. Please refer the reference
for details.
3. If it does exist, the sequence length must be a perfect square.
4. Each firing, PRI*BB_SamplingRate number of tokens are generated in output.
5. Parameters detail as below:
PRI is used to specify the pulse repetition interval.
SubPulseWidth is used to specify the width of each sub-pulse(code).
CodeLength is used to specify the length of Barker code and the final
Barker code is constructed by CodeLength number of sub-pulses with
a pulse width of CodeLength*SubPulseWidth.
BB_SamplingRate is used to specify the baseband sampling rate.

6. The Barker code is defined below:
Code Length Code
2a 11
2b 10
3 110
4a 1110
4b 1101
5 11101
7 1110010
11 11100010010
13 1111100110101
7. Application example
The example shows a Barker pulse train with parameters as,
SubPulsewidhth=1us, PRI=30us, CodeLength=5, BB_SamplingRate=10MHz.
The waveform is as below,
And its autocorrelation waveform is as the following figure, the

corresponding peak sidelobe ratio of −22.3 dB:

References
RADAR FSK Part
RADAR FSK Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_FSK (see page 203) FSK Coded Waveform Generator
RADAR_FSK
RADAR_FSK
Description: FSK Coded Waveform Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR FSK Part (see page 203)
Model Parameters
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type FSK code type: FSk, FSk Enumeration NO

Costas, FSK/PSK
PRI Pulse Repetition 1e-4 s Float NO

Interval
FHSequence Frequence Hopping [1e6, 2e6, 3e6] Hz Floating NO

Sequence point array
TimeIntervals Frequence Hopping [1e-5, 1e-5, 1e-5] s Floating NO

Time Intervals point array
Sequence
CostasType Costas code type: \ [2,4,8,5,10,9,7,3,6,1] Enumeration NO

[2,4,8,5,10,9,7,3,6,1\],
\[3,2,6,4,5,1\], \
[5,4,6,2,3,1\], User
Defined
CostasSequenceDeltaFreq 1e6 Hz Float NO
CostasSequence Frequence Hopping [2,4,8,5,10,9,7,3,6,1] Hz Floating NO

Sequence point array
CostasTimePeriod Subpulse duration 1e-5 s Float NO

period
FSKPSKSequence FSK/PSK Sequence [2,4,8,5,10,9,7,3,6,1] Hz Floating NO

*1e5 point array
FSKPSKSubTimePeriod FSK/PSK Subpulse 1e-5 s Float NO

duration period
CodeLength The type of Barker Length_13 Enumeration NO

code: Length_2_a,
Length_2_b,
Length_3,
Length_4_a,
Length_4_b,
Length_5, Length_7,
Length_11, Length_13

Tunable
SampleRate Waveform Baseband 10e6 Hz Float NO

Sampling Rate
Output Ports
1 output The baseband FSK signal complex NO
Notes\Equations
FSK signal
In an FSK radar, the transmitted frequency fj is chosen from the FH sequence {f1, f2
, . . . , fNF } of available frequencies for transmission at a set of consecutive time
intervals {t1, t2, . . . , tNF }. The frequencies are placed in the various time slots
corresponding to a binary time-frequency matrix. Each frequency is used once
within the code period, with one frequency per time slot and one-time slot per
frequency.
The spectrum figure of FSK signal with FHSequence = [1e6, 2e6, 3e6] Hz and
TimeIntervals = [10e-6, 10e-6, 10e-6] s is as follows:
A Costas array or (frequency) sequence f1, . . . , fNF is a sequence that is a permutation

of the integers 1,. . . ,NF satisfying the property

for every i, j, and k such that 1 k < i < i + j NF . An array that results from a Costas
sequence in this way is called a Costas array.
Consider the frequency sequence fj = {2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6, 1} * 2e5 Hz. The following
figure(left) shows the binary time-frequency matrix for this sequence and the right figure
shows the spectrum of this Costas sequence waveform.
The hybrid LPI radar technique discussed in this section combines the technique of FSK
(FH using Costas sequences) with that of a PSK modulation using sequences of varying
length.
Here is an example, firstly, the signal is modulated with PSK, then PSK signal is
processed with FSK modulation. The spectrum of hybrid FSK and PSK signal with
frequency sequence = [2,4,8,5,10,9,7,3,6,1]*2e5 and the PSK code is Barker code
with the length of 13 code is as the following figure:
Please refer the reference for details of FSK signal.
Reference
York, 2005

New York, 2001
RADAR SAR Echo Part
RADAR SAR Echo Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_SAR_Echo (see page 207) SAR Echo Generation
RADAR_SAR_Echo
Description: SAR Echo Generation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR SAR Echo Part (see page 207)
Model Parameters

Tunable
SAR_Mode The SAR Work Mode: Stripmap Enumeration NO

Stripmap
SlantRange_ZeroDopplerPlane Slant Range between the 20e3 m Float NO

Radar and the Center of
Image

Tunable
Radar_Velocity Radar Platform Effective 150 Float NO

Velocity
Antenna_Aperture Radar Antenna Aperture 1 m Float NO

Size
Pulse_Width Pulse Width 25e-6 s Float NO
LFM_Rate Linear FM Rate 0.25e12 Float NO
Carrier_Frequency Carrier Frequency 5e9 Hz Float NO
Squint_Angle Squint Angle 0 deg Float NO

Sampling Rate in Range
Dimension
PRF Pulse Repetition 100 Hz Float NO

Frequency
Duration Time of flight 3 s Float NO
HalfTargetAreaWidth Target is located within 200 m Float NO

[Xc-X0, Xc+X0], Xc is the
range distance to center
of target area, X0 is the
half target area width
EchoGenerate_Mode The Echo Generation Point_Target Enumeration NO

Mode: Point_Target,
Image
TargetInfo Point Target Information [0,0,1] Floating NO

[range_n, cross_n, rcs_0;] point array
ImageFileName Image file name Filename NO

Output Ports
1 output The generated SAR echoes complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate synthetic aperture radar echo waveform.

2. In each firing, 1/PRF*Range_SamplingRate tokens are generated in the
output.
SAR_Mode, there are many work mode for synthetic aperture radar.
This mode supports stripmap mode which is widely used for airborne
and spaceborne SAR.
SlantRange_ZeroDopplerPlane, the slant range from radar which is
installed at the flying platform to the center of the image at the zero
doppler plane.
Radar_Velocity, the velocity of radar platform.
Antenna_Aperture, the size of antenna aperture that determines the
width of mainlobe.
Pulse_Width, the pulse width of transmitted LFM waveform.
LFM_Rate, the linear FM rate of transmitted LFM waveform.
Carrier_Frequency, the carrier frequency of transmitted LFM
waveform.
Squint_Angle, the angle between the slant range vector and the zero
Doppler plane.
Range_SamplingRate, the sampling rate in range dimension which is
used to sample the received LFM echo signal and it is called fast
sampling rate, too.
PRF, the pulse repetition frequency.
Duration, the time of flight.
HalfTargetAreaWidth, the half-width of the image after processing.
EchoGenerate_Mode, the mode of echo generation; the point target
mode is supported now.
TargetInfo, the information of target that includes coordinate
information; the reflectivity value can be set with the format
range_val, cross_val, rcs_val.
4. Application Example,
The following shows how to set a SAR echo waveform from two-point targets:

4.
The parameters are set as:
Parameter Value
SAR_Mode Stripmap
SlantRange_ZeroDopplerPlane 7500m
Radar_Velocity 200m/s
Antenna_Aperture 1m
Pulse_Width 6.033us
LFM_Rate 4000000000000

Parameter Value
Carrier_Frequency 10e9Hz
Squint_Angle 0ô^
Range_SamplingRate 30MHz
PRF 600Hz
Duration 1.5s
HalfTargetAreaWidth 200m
EchoGenerate_Mode Point_Target
TargetInfo 0,0,2,0.3,0.5,4
0,0,2 represents that the target is located at the center of frequency and the
relative reflectivity value 2. 0.3,0.5,4 represents that the target is located at the
position 0.3 * HalfTargetAreaWidth, 0.5*Duration*0.5*Radar_Velocity away from the
center of the image.
The following shows the echo waveform raw signal I channel and Q channel:
The following shows the final image after range doppler algorithm:

References
York, 2005
RADAR PRNSeq Part
RADAR PRNSeq Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PRNSeq (see page 212) PRN Sequence Generator
RADAR_PRNSeq

RADAR_PRNSeq
Description: PRN Sequence Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PRNSeq Part (see page 212)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRNSeq_type PRN Type: MLS, Gold MLS Enumeration NO
SampleRate Waveform Baseband Sampling 10e6 Hz Float NO

Rate
ChipRate Chip Rate 1.023e6 Hz Float NO
SequenceLength The length of PRN sequence 10 Integer NO

generator
InitialPhase0 The initial value of the register [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integer NO

0] array
InitialPhase1 The initial value of the register [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integer NO

0] array
FB_Generator0 The feedback generator [0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integer NO

1] array
FB_Generator1 The feedback generator [0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integer NO

1] array
PhaseSelector_0 The phase selector [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integer NO

1] array

Tunable
PhaseSelector_1 The phase selector [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integer NO

1] array
Output Ports
1 output The generated PRN waveform int NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model supports MLS and Gold code generation. The Gold code is the
product of two MLS.
2. Pseudo-Random Number (PRN) codes are also known as Maximal Length
Sequences (MLS) codes. Maximum length sequences are periodic.
If the SequenceLength of PRN is set to n bits, the length of the
sequence generated is 2n− 1. Assuming one shift generator has 10
registers, the length of MLS is 1023.
The InitialPhase0 or InitialPhase1 parameters will be used to set the
initial status (don’t set all zeros).
If the corresponding polynomial can be written as G1: 1 + x3 + x10, the
FB_Generator0 or FB_Generator1 will be set to [0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1]. In
general, the output from the last bit of the shift register is the output
of the sequence.
However, the MLS generator may not use the MLS output as the
output. The output is generated from several bits which are referred
to as the code phase selections (PhaseSelector_0 or PhaseSelector_1)
through another modulo-2 adder as shown in the following figure.
This output is a delayed version of the MLS output. The delay time is
determined by the positions of the output points selected.
If the PhaseSelector is set to [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1], the output is the

last bit.

RADAR NLFM Part
RADAR NLFM Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_NLFM (see page 215) Non-Linear Frequency Modulation Waveform Generator
RADAR_NLFM
Description: Non-Linear Frequency Modulation Waveform Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR NLFM Part (see page 215)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Pulsewidth Pulse Width 1e-5 s Float NO
Bandwidth Waveform Bandwidth 5e6 Hz Float NO
NLF_Type Nonlinear Function Type: Hamming, Cos4, Hamming Enumeration NO

Gauss, Polynomial

Tunable
Polynomial_Coef Polynomial Coeficient to generate [0.426] Floating NO

nonlinear frequency modulation point array
Output Ports
1 output The generated NLFM waveform complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate a nonlinear frequency modulated signal.

2. Each firing, 1 token is generated in the output.
Pulsewidth, is the width of the pulse.
PRI, is the cycles for pulses.
Bandwidth, is the pulse bandwidth.
BB_SamplingFreq, is the baseband sampling rate for waveform
generation.
NLFM_Type, is the type of nonlinear frequency modulation signal
Polynomial_Coef, is the polynomial coefficient used to generate
nonlinear frequency modulation when NLFM_Type is specified as the
polynomial.
4. The nonlinear frequency modulated signal is generated by interpolation of
the linear frequency modulation signal using various kernel function such as
Gauss function.
5. Application example
A non-linear FM waveform with PRI=30us, Pulsewidth=10us,
Bandwidth=5MHz, BB_SamplingRate=10MHz using Gaussian interpolation
as below,

Baseband I and Q waveform
Bandpass Spectrum
Reference

RADAR StepFreq part
RADAR StepFreq Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_StepFreq (see page 218) Stepped Frequency Generator
RADAR_StepFreq
Description: Stepped Frequency Generator

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR StepFreq Part (see page 218)
Model Parameters

Tunable
StepFreqType_Mode Frequency Stepped Mode: Positive Hop, Positive Enumeration NO

Negative Hop, Triangle Hop Hop
PRF The Pulse Repetition Frequency 10e3 Hz Float NO
Delta_Freq The Frequency Stepped Interval 4e6 Hz Float NO
NumOfStepFreq The Number of Stepped Frequency 128 Integer NO
SampleRate Sampling Rate 1e9 Hz Float NO

Output Ports
1 Output Stepped frequency complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate the stepped frequency.

2. In each firing, 1/PRF*SampleRate tokens are generated in the output.
StepFreqType, There are three stepped frequency modes which are
positive hop(from lower frequency to upper frequency), negative hop
(from upper frequency to lower frequency), and triangle hop(from the
lower frequency to upper frequency and hop conversely).
PRF, the pulse repetition frequency.
Delta_Freq, the stepped frequency interval.
NumOfStepFreq, the number of stepped frequency to finish one
coherent synthetic wideband frequency processing.
SampleRate, the baseband sampling rate.
4. The stepped frequency at position hop mode is as shown in the following:
where,
Tr is the PRI(1/PRF),
&tau is the pulse width/duration,
delta_f is hte stepped frequency interval, and
N is the NumOfStepFreq.
5. Application Example
The following example shows how to generate a positive stepped frequency
sequences with RADAR_StepFreq model and RADAR_PULSE model with
given parameters:
Parameter Value
Pulsewidhth 0.25us

PRI 10us
PRI_Combination 1
BB_SamplingRate 1e9
StepFreqType_Mode Positive Hop
Delta_Freq 4e6Hz
NumOfStepFreq 64
SampleRate 1e9
The following shows the schematic for generating the stepped frequency
pulse sequences:
References
New York, 2005

RADAR CW Part
RADAR CW Part
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CW (see page 221) Radar CW waveform generation
RADAR_CW
Description: Radar CW waveform generation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR CW Part (see page 221)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Waveform_type Radar CW waveform Type, Sawtooth and Sawtooth Enumeration NO

Triangle is the type of frequency change.
UserDefined mode is used to define more
complex FMCW signal.: Sawtooth, Triangle,
UserDefined
Amplitude Generated waveform magnitude 1 V Float NO

Tunable
Period Waveform period 1e-4 s Float NO
FreqUpTime The period of waveform frequency upward. 1e-5 s Float NO
FreqDownTime The period of waveform frequency 1e-5 s Float NO

downward.
FreqFixTime The period of waveform frequency keeps no 1e-5 s Float NO

change.
OffTime The period of waveform output is off. 1e-5 s Float NO
LowerFreq Start Frequency 10e3 Hz Float NO
DeltaFreq Bandwidth 50e3 Hz Float NO
SampleRate Baseband waveform sample rate 1e6 Hz Float NO
Output Ports
1 waveform_out_ Generated FMCW signal complex NO
2 freq_out_ The frequency of output signal real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model can be used to generate the FMCW signal.

2. CW radars that use unmodulated waveforms cannot measure a target’s
range.To measure the target’s range and/or speed, the transmit frequency
must be varied in time, and the frequency of the return signal from the target
measured.
3. Frequency modulation can create a wideband waveform and take many
forms, with sinusoidal and linear modulation being used most frequently. The
most popular linear modulation utilized is the triangular FMCW emitter, since
it can measure the target’s range and range rate.
4. FMCW is an effective LPI technique for many reasons which is widely used in
some applications, such as radio altimeters. Due to the very low energy
transmitted (low radiation hazard), the noncooperative intercept receiver’s
interception range is significantly reduced. The frequency modulation
spreads the transmitted energy over a large modulation bandwidth ΔF.
5.
5. The return signal of FMCW radar is correlated with the transmitted signal,
and is often done using analog techniques and can also be implemented
using digital techniques. The frequency processing performed to obtain the
range information from the digitized IF signals can be done very quickly with
FFTs. Please refer the reference for details.
6. This model supports two type FMCW waveform: sawtooth and triangle.
a. The frequency change for triangle type FMCW waveform and the
waveform are the following figures:
Figure 1 frequency change for Triangle type FMCW
Figure 2 Triangle type FMCW waveform

b. The frequency change for sawtooth type FMCW waveform and the
waveform are the following figures:

Figure 3 frequency change for Sawtooth type FMCW
Figure 4 Sawtooth type FMCW waveform
Reference

York, 2005
CRC, 2009

Radar Measurement Category
Radar Measurement
Contents
RADAR AmbgtResolution Part (see page 236)
RADAR Equation Augmentation Part (see page 257)
RADAR Equation Bistatic Part (see page 247)
RADAR Equation Clutter Part (see page 225)
RADAR Equation Jamming Part (see page 251)
RADAR Equation Part (see page 261)
RADAR Pd Measurement Part (see page 243)
RADAR PdMeasure Part (see page 245)
RADAR Pf Measurement Part (see page 259)
RADAR RangeMeas Part (see page 228)
RADAR SignalAnalyzer Part (see page 240)
RADAR Tx DBS Measurement Part (see page 233)
RADAR UnAmbRange Part (see page 255)
RADAR UnAmbVelocity Part (see page 253)
RADAR VelocityMeas Part (see page 230)
RADAR Equation Clutter Part
RADAR Equation Clutter Part

Categories:Measurement (see page 225)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Equation_Clutter (see page 225) Radar Equation for area/volume target/clutter
RADAR_Equation_Clutter

RADAR_Equation_Clutter
Description: Radar Equation for area/volume target/clutter

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Equation Clutter Part (see page 225)
Model Parameters

Tunable
EqType Radar Equation Type for Area and Equation Enumeration NO

Volume Targets and Clutter: Equation for Area
for Area Targets and Clutter, Equation Targets
for Volume Targets and Clutter and Clutter
GrazingType Low Grazing Angle or High Grazing Low Enumeration NO

Angle for Area Targets/Clutter: Low Grazing
Grazing Angle, High Grazing Angle Angle
OutputType The output type of Radar Range SCR Enumeration NO

Equation: SCR, Maximum Range
TargetRCS Target RCS Value, the unit is square 1e6 Float NO

meters
Bandwidth Radar Bandwidth 1e6 Hz Float NO
Frequency Radar Carrier Frequency 10e9 Hz Float NO
DAzimuth Effective Size of Azimuth Apeture, the 3 m Float NO

unit is meters
DElevation Effective Size of Elevation Aperture, 3 m Float NO

the unit is meters
ClutterRCSSigma0 0.01 Float NO

Tunable
The RCS unit value of clutter, the unit

is square meters per sqaure meter
ImprovementFactor Antenna Gain(Units: dB) 30 Float NO
GrazingAngle Grazing Angle, the unit is degree 30 deg Float NO
Range Range, the unit is meter 100e3 m Float NO
SCR SCR in dB 10 Float NO
Output Ports
1 output_ The output of radar equation: SCR or maximum range real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is the radar equation for area or volume targets and clutter.
3. For example, an airborne radar with antenna beam-width of 2.9 degrees in
both axes and 2MHz bandwidth looks down at a target of radar cross-section
1.0m^2. The grazing angle is 2.0 degree. The minimum signal-to-clutter ratio
for reliable detection is 20dB. Find the maximum detection range in the
clutter if MTI-improve factor is 35dB.

The result is 4173 meters.
Reference
1. Byron Edge, Radar Principles, technology, applications , PTR, New Jersey,

1993
RADAR RangeMeas Part
RADAR RangeMeas Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_RangeMeas (see page 229) Measure the range

RADAR_RangeMeas
Description: Measure the range

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR RangeMeas Part (see page 228)
Model Parameters
CPI_Num The number of pulses in one CPI 32 Integer NO
Input Ports
1 input The input of range-doppler matrix real NO
Output Ports
2 Range The measured range which maybe is ambiguous. real NO
3 Index The index value of maximum value in the range-doppler matrix. int NO

Notes
The radar range measurement depends on the preceded signal processing results
and more complex data processing algorithms, such as range unambiguous
algorithm with multiple PRFs, Kalman filter. The input of this model can be the
samples in one PRI with/without matched filter, or the samples after MTI filter or
non-coherent , or the range-doppler data matrix after MTD/PD processing models
and CFAR related models.
This model will find the index of the maximum value in the input data matrix (for
CPI_Num > 1) or data vector(for CPI_Num = 1). With the index value and sample
rate, the range can be computed. Due to range resolution is only decided by the
signal bandwidth and the maximum value sample maybe not the real signal peak
because of sampling rate is not too large, there will be the minor error between
measured value and the real value because the interpolation algorithm is not used
in this model so far.
The range ambiguities cannot be resolved in this model. It can be resolved with
RADAR_UnAmbRange model.
Input Int(PRI*SampleRate*CPI_Num)
Index 1
Range 1
Reference
[2] Mark A. Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 2005.
[3] Mark A. Richards, Principles of Modern Radar : Basic Principles, SciTech
Publishing, Raleigh, NC, 2010.
RADAR VelocityMeas Part
RADAR VelocityMeas Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_VelocityMeas (see page 231) Measure the velocity
RADAR_VelocityMeas
Description: Measure the velocity

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR VelocityMeas Part (see page 230)
Model Parameters
fc Carrier Frequency 10e9 Hz Float NO
Input Ports
1 input The input of range-doppler matrix real NO

Output Ports
2 Velocity The measured velocity which maybe is ambiguous. real NO
3 Index The index value of maximum value in the range-doppler matrix. int NO
Notes
The radar velocity measurement depends on the preceded signal processing
algorithms, especially pulsed doppler processing.
This model will find the index of the maximum value in the input data matrix after
MTD/PD processing and CFAR related operation. With the index value and sample
rate, the velocity can be computed.
The velocity estimated result depends on the PRI, CPI_Num ,fc and SampleRate.
The velocity measurement will not be ambiguity when PRI value is small.
(HPRF mode).
When fc is high(wave length is small), the small velocity will get larger fd.
CPI_Num is the number of coherent processing(the size of FFT).
The velocity ambiguities cannot be resolved in this model. It can be resolved with
RADAR_UnAmbVelocity model.
Input Int(PRI*SampleRate*CPI_Num)
Index 1
Range 1
Reference
York, 2005.

RADAR Tx DBS Measurement Part
RADAR Tx DBS Measurement Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Tx_DBS_Measurement (see page 233) RF transmitter antenna pattern measurement
RADAR_Tx_DBS_Measurement
Description: RF transmitter antenna pattern measurement

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Tx DBS Measurement Part (see page 233)
Model Parameters

Tunable
SamplingRate Waveform Sampling Rate 10e6 Hz Float NO

Tunable

axis

axis
ParamToSweep The parameter to sweep: Phi, Theta Phi Enumeration NO
Theta_Phi Array direction angle theta or phi in 0 deg Float NO

radians
TypeOfSweep The type of sweep: Linear:Number of Linear: Enumeration NO

Points, Linear:Step Size Number
of Points
SweepStart The start point for parameter sweep 0 deg Float NO

range
SweepStop The stop point for parameter sweep 360 deg Float NO
range
SweepNumOfPoints The number of points for parameter 360 Integer NO

sweep, valid when TypeOfSweep is set
to be 'Number Of Points'
SweepStepSize The step size for parameter sweep, 1 deg Float NO

valid when TypeOfSweep is set to be
'Step Size'
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 AntPattern The pattern of phase shift array antenna complex NO

Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to calculate the radiation pattern of the transmitter

rectangle array antenna. Theta or phi is linear swept to calculate the
corresponding square of voltages to show the radiation pattern with theta or
phi. The user can define the range and step for the sweep.
2. Each firing,
PRI*SamplingRate tokens are consumed at each of the input in the
input port bus. It equals to 1000 by default.
Nsamples tokens are produced at the output port. It equals to 360 by
default.
If the parameter TypeOfSweep is set to be "Linear:Number of points"
Nsamples = SweepNumOfPoints
otherwise
Nsamples = ceil((SweepStart - SweepStop)/SweepStepSize)
3. Parameters in details
For parameters NumOfAntx, NumOfAnty, Dx, Dy, please refer to
RADAR_PhaseShift parameters (see page 316).
PRI specifies the pulse repetition interval.
SamplingRate specifies the sampling rate of the input signals. The
sampling rate of each input should be the same.
ParamToSweep specifies the array direction angle to be swept. There
are two parameters to specify the array direction angle defined as
theta and phi as described in RADAR_PhaseShift parameters (see
page 316). Only one direction angle will be swept at one time.
Theta_Phi specifies the array direction angle that will not be swept.
TypeOfSweep specifies the type of the linear sweep. The parameters
of the sweep are set as described in the following table.
Type Of Start Point Stop Point Number Of Points Step

Sweep
Linear: SweepStart SweepStop SweepNumOfPoints (SweepStop-

Number SweepStart+1)
of Points /SweepNumOfPoints
Linear: SweepStart SweepStop ceil((SweepStart - SweepStepSize

Step Size SweepStop)
/SweepStepSize)
If TypeOfSweep is set to be "Linear:Number of

Points", the parameter SweepStepSize is
ineffective.

If TypeOfSweep is set to be "Linear:Step Size", the
parameter SweepNumOfPoints is ineffective.
4. Let Output(k) denotes the kth element of the output, input[j][i] denotes the
ith element of the jth input, Rotation[j][k] denotes the phase shift of the jth
antenna with the kth angle. The output is calculated as
Rotation[j][k] is calculated as
For phase calculation, please refer to RADAR_PhaseShift phase calculation (see

page 317).
The relationship of theta and phi for rotation calculation is given in the following
table
ParamToSweep theta in Rotation[j][k] Phi in Rotation[j][k]
Phi Theta_Phi StartPoint+k*Step
Theta StartPoint+k*Step Theta_Phi
To measure the radiation pattern, the transmitter array

direction angle theta and phi should not be changed in
one PRI.
Reference
1. RADAR Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB Second Edition.
RADAR AmbgtResolution Part
RADAR AmbgtResolution Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_AmbgtResolution (see page 237) RADAR range and velocity ambiguity resolution
RADAR_AmbgtResolution
Description: RADAR range and velocity ambiguity resolution

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR AmbgtResolution Part (see page 236)
Model Parameters

Tunable
AmbiguityType Whether ambiguity or not for Range Enumeration NO

measured range or velocity: Range,
Velocity, Both
PRF Pulse Repeat Frequency for pulse #1 , [100e3, Hz Floating NO

pulse #2 110e3] point array
NumOfPulse Number of pulses for one coherent 16 Integer NO

process interval
MaxRngOfInterest The maximum range to measure in m 100e3 m Float NO
MaxVtOfInterest The maximum target velocity to 1000 Float NO

measure in m/s

Tunable
TargetDirection Specify the direction of target: Approaching Enumeration NO

Approaching Radar or Leaving Radar: Radar
Approaching Radar, Leaving Radar
Input Ports
1 input input pulsed signal with different PRIs multiple real NO
Output Ports
2 output The measured range(1st value) and velocity(2nd value) real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to resolve PD RADAR range and velocity ambiguity by

CFAR results of different PRF.
2. Each firing,
number of
tokens are consumed at the input, where
denotes the PRI of the input.
2 tokens are produced at the output port output. The first one outputs
the range of the target and the second one outputs the velocity of the
target.
3. Parameters details
AmbiguityType specifies the type of ambiguity to be resolved.
RF_Freq specifies the RF characterization frequency of the input
signals. The RF_Freq of all the input signal should be the same.
PRI is an array element which specifies the PRI of each pulse. The
number of elements of PRI should not be less than 2.
SampleRate specifies the sampling rate of the input signal.
NumOfPulse specifies the number of pulses for RADAR pulse doppler
processing.
MaxRngOfInterest specifies the maximum detectable range.
MaxVtOfInterest specifies the maximum detectable velocity.
4.
4. The theoretical basis of the ambiguity resolution algorithms is Chinese
remainder theorem. The screening method as described in the reference is
used in this model.
Maximum unambiguous range and velocity calculation
The maximum unambiguous range is calculated as
where is the maximum unambiguous range of the pulse,

c is the velocity of light.
The maximum unambiguous velocity is
where is the maximum unambiguous velocity of the

pulse, is the RF characterization frequency of RADAR signal.
Range and velocity calculation
Let denotes the index of the maximum data of the
pulse, denotes the range index of the pulse and
denotes the frequency index of the pulse.
Let denotes the range of the pulse, denotes the

frequency of the pulse.
Range and velocity ambiguity resolution

The algorithm firstly chooses the reference PRF, then screens out the
true value from all possible values under the reference PRF according
to the minimum variance criteria.For more details, please refer to
reference 2.
Reference
1. Mark Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, Mcgraw-Hill, New

York, 2005
2. Zhu Xinguo, Cui Zhen, Cui Wei, Wu Siliang "Range and velocity ambiguity
resolution based on screening method"

RADAR SignalAnalyzer Part
RADAR SignalAnalyzer Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_SignalAnalyzer (see page 240) Analyze the signal
RADAR_SignalAnalyzer
RADAR_SignalAnalyzer
Description: Analyze the signal

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR SignalAnalyzer Part (see page 240)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type Measurment Type: FFT, IFFT, ACF FFT Enumeration NO
WindowType The type of window function: Rectangle Enumeration NO

Rectangle, Bartlett, Hanning,
Hamming, Blackman, SteepBlackman,
Kaiser

Tunable
WindowParameter The alpha value for Kaiser window 1.0 Float NO

function
CorrType Correlation Type: Normal, Biased, Normal Enumeration NO

UnBiased
NormalizedType Measurment Type: Normalized, Normalized Enumeration NO

NonNormalized
FrequencyAxisType The type of frequency axis: \[0 ... Fs\], \ [0 ... Fs] Enumeration NO
[-Fs/2 ... Fs/2\]
SampleNum The number of samples to be analyzed 1024 Integer NO
FFTSize The size of FFT, it should not be less 1024 Integer NO

than the number of input samples.
When it is greater than the number of
samples, the zeroes will be padded.
SampleRate The sampling rate 10e6 Hz Float NO
Input Ports
1 input The input signal complex NO
Output Ports
2 Meas The measurement value real NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model provides some analysis functions which are usually used in the
radar application. So far, the analysis functions are FFT, IFFT, and ACF
(Autocorrelation function).
The analysis function can be chosen by using the parameter Type
which includes FFT, IFFT and ACF. When type FFT or IFFT is select.
Parameter WindowType provides the following window function:
Rectangle(default), Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman, Steep
Blackman and Kaiser.

The Normalized and Non-Normalized is used to determine whether
the output of FFT or IFFT is normalized.
SampleNum is the number of signal samples to be analyzed.
FFTSize is the number of FFT computation. It should be the 2N.
2. In the following example, RADAR_SignalAnalyzer is used to compute the
spectrum of LFM signal.
The example is located at example/Radar/signal/SignalAnalyzer.wsv.
The spectrum with rectangle window is as follows:
The spectrum with Hanning window is as follows:

RADAR Pd Measurement Part
RADAR Pd Measurement Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Pd_Measurement (see page 243) Detection Probability Estimation
RADAR_Pd_Measurement
Description: Detection Probability Estimation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Pd Measurement Part (see page 243)
Model Parameters
Name Description Default Units Type Runtime Range

Tunable
Start Data collection start index 0 Integer NO [0:∞)
PRI_NUM number of samples in PRI 10000 Integer NO (0:∞)
FFT_Size Number of Pulse for coherent 16 Integer NO (0:∞)

detection
DetectionNum number of detections 1 Integer NO (0:∞)
TargetsInPRI number of targets in pri 1 Integer NO (0:∞)

Tunable
TargetThreshold TargetThreshold 1e-8 Float NO (0:∞)
ControlSimulation let sink control how long the YES Enumeration NO

simulation will run?: NO, YES
Input Ports
1 test test stream real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to estimate the detection probability using the radar's
video output signal.
2. Each firing 1 token is consumed in the input.
Start is data collection start index
PRI_NUM is the number of samples in a PRI(Pulse Repetition Interval)
FFT_Size is the number of pulse in a CPI(Coherent Processing Interval)
DetectionNum is the number of detections
TargetsInPRI is the number of targets in a PRI return
TargetThreshold is the target detection threshold
4. The total simulation sample length is PRI_NUM*FFT_Size*DetectionNum.
5. The detection probability Pd is estimated based on Monte Carlo estimation
as,
and the indication function D(t) is defined on the detection event t as,
Reference

York, 2005

RADAR PdMeasure Part
RADAR PdMeasure Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PdMeasure (see page 245) Probability of Detecion Measurement
RADAR_PdMeasure
Description: Probability of Detecion Measurement

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PdMeasure Part (see page 245)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI Pulse Repetetion Interval 1e-4 s Float NO
SampleRate Sampling Rate 10e6 Float NO
SimulationNumber The number of simulation to measure the 1000 Integer NO

Pd.

Input Ports
1 input The input signal int NO
Output Ports
2 output The Pd at each range bin real NO
Notes
RADAR_PdMeasure model is used to computing the probability of detection at
each range bin. The input is a series of 1s and 0s which are generated by M-out-of-
N detector which is composed by RADAR_BinaryDetector and
RADAR_MNDetector. The output of RADAR_PdMeasure is a series of values(<=1) at
each range bin which represents the probability of detection.
Input PRI*SampleRate*SimulationNumber The number of samples
Output PRI*SampleRate The number of samples in one PRI
Example
The following figure shows how to use RADAR_PdMeasure model with
RADAR_BinaryDetector and RADAR_MNDetector models to compute the
probability of detection.

In this example, the output of CFAR is fed into RADAR_BinaryDetector, and the
output of RADAR_BinaryDetector is fed into RADAR_MNDetector. In the end, the
output of RADAR_MNDetector is fed into RADAR_PdMeasure model which
compute the probability of detection at each range bin.
The output of PdMeasure is as follows:
The example is /Examples/Radar/PDRADAR_Performance/

PDRADAR_DetectionProbability_DoubleThresholdDetector.wsv.
Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR Equation Bistatic Part
RADAR Equation Bistatic Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_Equation_Bistatic (see page 248) Radar Range Equation for Bistatic Radar
RADAR_Equation_Bistatic
RADAR_Equation_Bistatic
Description: Radar Range Equation for Bistatic Radar

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Equation Bistatic Part (see page 247)
Model Parameters

Tunable
OutputType The output type of Radar Range SNR Enumeration NO

Equation: SNR, Maximum Tx Range,
Maximum Rx Range
Pt Radar Transmit Peak Power 1e6 W Float NO
GainTx Antenna Gain(Units: dB) 30 Float NO
GainRx Antenna Gain(Units: dB) 30 Float NO
RCS Target RCS(Units: square meter) 1 Float NO
NoiseFigure noise figure(Units: dB) 2 Float NO
SystemNoiseTemperature System Noise Temperature 290 degC Float NO
Freq Carrier Frequency 10e9 Hz Float NO
Pulsewidth Signal Pulsewidth 1e-6 s Float NO

Tunable
Bandwidth Signal Bandwidth 1e6 Hz Float NO
SystemLossTx Transmit System Loss(Units: dB) 4 Float NO
PropagationLossTx the propagation medium loss from 4 Float NO

transmitter to target(Units: dB)
GroundPlaneLossTx the ground plane loss from 0 Float NO

transmitter to target(Units: dB)
SystemLossRx Receive System Loss(Units: dB) 4 Float NO
PropagationLossRx the propagation medium loss from 4 Float NO

target to receiver(Units: dB)
GroundPlaneLossRx the ground plane loss from target to 0 Float NO

receiver(Units: dB)
RangeTx Range from transmitter to target 100e3 m Float NO

(Units: m)
RangeRx Range from target to receiver(Units: 100e3 m Float NO

m)
SNR SNR in dB 10 Float NO
IntegrationType With/Without Signal Integration: Single Enumeration NO

Single hit, Integration hit
PulseNumber The number of pulses illuminated 1 Float NO

the target
IntegrationLoss Integration loss (Units: dB) 0 Float NO
Output Ports

Type
1 output_ The output of radar equation: SNR, maximum Tx range and Rx real NO
range

Notes/Equations
1. This model is the radar equation for the bistatic radar system.
2. Bi-static radar places the transmitter and receiver in different locations.
Hence, the range from transmitter to target is different from the range from
the target to the receiver. Also differing from mono-static is the RCS of the
target. For small bistatic angles, the bistatic RCS is similar to mono-static.
However, as the bistatic angle approaches 180 degrees, the RCS of most
target shapes increases.
3. For example, one bi-static radar parameters are as follows:
Transmit power is 4000W
Transmit antenna gain is 33dB
Frequency is 10GHz
Receive antenna gain is 21dB
Receiver bandwidth is 500Hz
Receiver noise figure is 9dB
Kinds of losses: Negligible
Signal integration: None
S/N minimum is 26dB
If a 4 m^2 target is 46300m from the transmitter and the receiver is 27780m from
the target. So the SNR in the receiver is 18.4dB and it is insufficient for proper
operation.
Reference
Reference

1993
RADAR Equation Jamming Part
RADAR Equation Jamming Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Equation_Jamming (see page 251 Radar Equation for Self-Protection Jamming and Standoff
) Jamming
RADAR_Equation_Jamming
RADAR_Equation_Jamming
Description: Radar Equation for Self-Protection Jamming and Standoff Jamming

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Equation Jamming Part (see page 251)
Model Parameters

Tunable
EqType Radar Equation Type for Self- Equation Enumeration NO

Protection Jamming and for Self-
Standoff Jamming: Equation for Protection
Self-Protection Jamming, Jamming
Equation for Standoff Jamming

Tunable
OutputType The output type of Radar Range SJR Enumeration NO

Equation: SJR, CrossOver Range
Pt Radar transmit peak power 1e6 W Float NO
PJamming The Jammer transmit power 1e6 W Float NO
TargetRCS The Target RCS, the unit is 1 Float NO

square meters
Gain The radar antenna's peak gain 30 Float NO

(units: dB)
GainJamming The jammer antenna's gain in 30 Float NO

the direction of the radar(units:
dB)
GainRadarJamming The radar receive antenna's gain 30 Float NO

in the direction of radar(units:
dB)
LossSystemJamming The jammer system loss(units: 0 Float NO

dB)
LossPropagationJamming The propogation path loss from 0 Float NO

the jammer to the radar(units:
dB)
LossGroundJamming The ground plane loss from the 0 Float NO

jammer to the radar(units: dB)
LossSystem The radar system loss(units: dB) 0 Float NO
LossPropagation The propogation path loss from 0 Float NO

the radar to the target(units: dB)
LossGround The ground plane loss(units: dB) 0 Float NO
GainProcess The gain of processing(units: 0 Float NO

dB)
Bandwidth Radar Bandwidth 1e6 Hz Float NO

Tunable
BandwidthJamming The effective bandwidth of the 5e6 Hz Float NO

jammer's emission
Range The range from the target to the 100e3 m Float NO

radar
RangeTarget The range from the target to the 100e3 m Float NO

radar
RangeJammer The range from the target to the 100e3 m Float NO

radar
SJR The S/SPJ or S/SOJ in dB 10 Float NO
Output Ports
1 output_ The output of radar equation: SJR or cross over range real NO
Notes/Equations
Radar Equation for Self-Protection Jamming
1. This model is the radar equation under the standoff jamming or self-
protection jamming environment.
2. Please refer the reference for details about radar equation under jamming.
Reference

1993
RADAR UnAmbVelocity Part
RADAR UnAmbVelocity Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_UnAmbVelocity (see page 254) Measure the un-ambiguous velocity
RADAR_UnAmbVelocity
Description: Measure the un-ambiguous velocity

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR UnAmbVelocity Part (see page 253)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval [1e-4] s Floating point NO

array
fc The carrier frequency 10e9 Hz Float NO

Rate
Direction Target Moving Direction 0 Integer NO
Input Ports
1 Index The index of maximum value in the range-doppler matrix multiple int NO
Output Ports
Output Ports
2 Velocity The un-ambiguous velocity. real NO
Notes
The target velocity measurement in the modern radar depends on the MTD/PD
techniques when the doppler frequency of target is more than the PRF/2, the
measured doppler frequency(velocity) will be ambiguity.
This model will be used with RADAR_VelocityMeas model. The parameter PRI can
be set multiple PRI values. The input index is the index output of
RADAR_VelocityMeas with different PRIs. The velocity is the result of ambiguity
resolve.
So far, this model is used to resolve the ambiguity velocity of one target.
Index 1
Velocity 1
Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR UnAmbRange Part
RADAR UnAmbRange Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_UnAmbRange (see page 256) Measure the un-ambiguous range

RADAR_UnAmbRange
Description: Measure the un-ambiguous range

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR UnAmbRange Part (see page 255)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval [1e-4] s Floating point NO

array

Rate
Input Ports
1 Index The index of maximum value in the range-doppler matrix multiple int NO
Output Ports
2 Range The un-ambiguous range. real NO

Notes
When measured targets are at the ranges over the maximum unambiguity range,
the measured range will be ambiguity range. With multiple PRFs, the range
ambiguity can be resolved.
This model will be used with RADAR_RangeMeas model. The parameter PRI can be
set multiple PRI values. The input index is the index output of RADAR_RangeMeas
with different PRIs. The range is the result of ambiguity resolve.
So far, this model is used to resolve the ambiguity range of one target.
Index 1
Range 1
Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR Equation Augmentation Part
RADAR Equation Augmentation Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Equation_Augmentation (see page 257) Radar Equation for Active Augmentation
RADAR_Equation_Augmentation

RADAR_Equation_Augmentation
Description: Radar Equation for Active Augmentation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Equation Augmentation Part (see page 257)
Model Parameters

Tunable
OutputType The output type of Radar Equation: SAR, SAR Enumeration NO

Power Received, Equivalent RCS
Pt Radar transmit peak power 1e6 W Float NO
TargetRCS The Target RCS 1 Float NO
Gain The gain of the radar's transmit antenna 30 Float NO

(units: dB)
GainAR The augmentor's receive antenna gain(units: 30 Float NO

dB)
GainAA The overall gain of the augmentor from its 30 Float NO

receive antenna to its transmit antenna
(units: dB)
GainAT The gain of the augmentor's transmit antenna 30 Float NO

(units: dB)
LossSystem The radar system loss(units: dB) 0 Float NO
LossPropagation The propogation path loss from the radar to 0 Float NO

the target(units: dB)

Tunable
LossGround The ground plane loss(units: dB) 0 Float NO
CarrierFrequency Radar CarrierFrequency 10e9 Hz Float NO
Range The range from the augmentor and target to 100e3 m Float NO
the radar
Output Ports

Type
1 output_ The output of radar equation: SAR, Power of received signal and real NO
equivalent RCS
Notes/Equations
1. This model is the radar equation under the active augmentation.

Reference

1993
RADAR Pf Measurement Part
RADAR Pf Measurement Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Pf_Measurement (see page 260) False Alarm Rate Estimation

RADAR_Pf_Measurement
Description: False Alarm Rate Estimation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Pf Measurement Part (see page 259)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Start Data collection start index 0 Integer NO [0:∞)
Stop Data collection stop index when 1000 Integer NO (Start:

EstRelVariance is not met ∞)
ControlSimulation Let sink control how long the YES Enumeration NO

simulation will run?: NO, YES
Input Ports
1 test test stream real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to estimate the false alarm rate using radar's video output
signal.
2. Each firing, 1 token is consumed in the input pin.
Start is data collection start index
Stop is data collection stop index
ControlSimulation is used to specify if use this model to control the
DF simulation
4. The false alarm rate is estimated using Monte Carlo method as,

4.
and D(t) is the indication function defined on detection event t as,
Reference

York, 2005
RADAR Equation Part
RADAR Equation Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Equation (see page 261) Radar Range Equation
RADAR_Equation
Description: Radar Range Equation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Equation Part (see page 261)
Model Parameters
Model Parameters

Tunable
EqType Radar Range Equation Type: Basic Enumeration NO

Basic Equation for point target Equation for
in internal noise, CW, Pulsed point target
Doppler, Search, Track in internal
noise
OutputType The output type of Radar SNR Enumeration NO

Range Equation: SNR,
Maximum Range
Pt Radar Transmit Peak Power 1e6 W Float NO
Pavg Radar Transmit Average 1e6 W Float NO

Power
DwellTime The dwell or look time 100e-6 s Float NO
AntennaType The type of antenna: Single, Single Enumeration NO

Monostatic Separate
Gain Antenna Gain(Units: dB) 30 Float NO
GainTx Antenna Gain(Units: dB) 30 Float NO
GainRx Antenna Gain(Units: dB) 30 Float NO
RCS Target RCS(Units: square 1 Float NO

meter)
NoiseFigure noise figure(Units: dB) 2 Float NO
SystemNoiseTemperature System Noise Temperature in 290 degC Float NO

K
Freq Carrier Frequency 10e9 Hz Float NO
Pulsewidth Signal Pulsewidth 1e-6 m Float NO
Bandwidth Signal Bandwidth 5e6 Hz Float NO

Tunable
SystemLoss System Loss(Units: dB) 4 Float NO
PropagationLoss Propagation Loss(Units: dB) 4 Float NO
GroundPlaneLoss Propagation Loss(Units: dB) 0 Float NO
Range Range, Unit is meters 100e3 m Float NO
SNR SNR in dB 10 Float NO
IntegrationType With/Without Signal Single hit Enumeration NO

Integration: Single hit,
Integration
PulseNumber The number of pulses 1 Float NO

illuminate the target
IntegrationLoss Integration loss (Units: dB) 0 Float NO
Theta3dB The 3dB beamwidth of the 3 deg Float NO

antenna, Unit is degree
ScanRate The antenna scan rate per 40 deg Float NO

second, Unit is degree/s
ServoBandwidth The tracking servo bandwidth, 5 Hz Float NO

which is equal to the
multiplicative inverse of the
data gathering or integration
time
Output Ports
1 output_ The output of radar equation:SNR or maximum range real NO
Notes/Equations
Brief Introduction on Radar Equation

The most familiar form of the radar equation is for point targets interfered with by
the thermal noise generated in the radar’s receiver. This form is as follows:

In this equation, the signal-to-noise ratio is directly proportional to transmit power, directly
proportional to target RCS, and inversely proportional to the fourth power of range. And it
is valid only if the target is point target and if the interference is independent of range,
such as noise generated internally within the radar. The factors for non-point targets and
other forms of interference are different.
Point Target
1. Point target definition

Point targets are those which are totally contained within the radar’s
resolution cell. Most microwave radars see targets as points.
2.
2. Point targets in noise
The following equation gives the signal power received from a target.
If the interference sources are known, the signal-to-interference ratio (which

is always a power ratio) is
: the interfering power level at the same place in the system receive power
is taken.
The radar’s single antenna is represented by two different but related
parameters: gain and effective aperture. The relationship is
Substituting into equation gives a form of the radar equation which uses
only one antenna parameter:
This is the lossless radar equation for one hit(pulse).
Losses
1. If losses are considered, the radar equation becomes:

Multiple hits
1. If more than one hit is processed (the usual case), the signal-to-interference
ratio can be increased. This is the function of signal processing. In this case,
a process gain is applied to the radar equation and the equation then
becomes:
2. The noise power generated within the radar is as follows:
3. The signal-to-noise ratio for multiple hits processed together is
Average power
1. For simple gated CW waveform,
So a most useful equation form is

2. The first three factors of the numerator are the look energy. This means the S
/N is independent of peak power, as long as sufficient energy is produced, in
other words, the pulse width can be traded for peak power.
3. For example, one radar has the following specifications:

For a single hit, the SNR is -12.9dB.
If the radar in above example can coherently integrate 2048 pulses with a Li
of 1.6dB. The SNR will be 18.6dB.

Mono-static radars with separate antennas
Detection range prediction

One of the primary uses of the radar equation is the prediction of the maximum
range at which a particular target can be detected.
Example:
Find the maximum range at which the radar in the above example can detect 10m^2
target if the minimum signal-to-noise ratio for detection is 16dB. Find this range for a
single hit. The maximum range is 28.8km.

Radar Equation for specific radars
1. Radar Equation with pulse compression for mono-static radar
2. The Radar Equation for Search Radars
3. The Radar Equation for Tracking Radars
4. The Radar Equation for CW Radars
5. The Radar Equation for Pulsed Doppler Radars

Reference

York, 2005
CRC, 2009

RADAR Misc Category
RADAR Misc Category

RADAR TCPSink Part (see page 272)
RADAR UDPSink Part (see page 273)
RADAR TCPSink Part
RADAR TCPSink Part

Categories:Misc (see page 272)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_TCPSink (see page 272) This model is used to send the data to the network with TCP packet
RADAR_TCPSink
RADAR_TCPSink
Description: This model is used to send the data to the network with TCP packet
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR TCPSink Part (see page 272)
Model Parameters
IP_Address IP Address 127.0.0.1 Text NO
Port The port number of destination 8000 Integer NO
PacketSize The number of samples in one packet. 1000 Integer NO
Input Ports
Input Ports
Notes:
In some simulation application, the final simulation data or the data in the
middle nodes need to be out to view or other processing, this model (or
RADAR_UDPSink) is
used to send the simulation data from SystemVue to the 3rd application
running on the same machine or other machines.
The parameter IP_Address and Port are used to build the connection with
the receiver.
PacketSize is the size of the data frame in the streaming data.
Before the running, the application on the receiver side should be running
first to listen the assigned port.
For UDP connection, see RADAR_UDPSink (see page 273).
RADAR UDPSink Part
RADAR UDPSink Part

Categories:Misc (see page 272)
appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_UDPSink (see page 273) This model is used to send the data to the network with UDP packet
RADAR_UDPSink
RADAR_UDPSink

Description: This model is used to send the data to the network with UDP packet
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR UDPSink Part (see page 273)
Model Parameters
IP_Address IP Address 127.0.0.1 Text NO
Port The port number of destination 8000 Integer NO
PacketSize The number of samples in one packet. 1000 Integer NO
Input Ports
Notes:
In some simulation application, the final simulation data or the data in the
middle nodes need to be out to view or other processing, this model (or
RADAR_TCPSink) is
used to send the simulation data from SystemVue to the 3rd application
running on the same machine or other machines.
The parameter IP_Address and Port are used to build the connection with
the receiver.
PacketSize is the size of the data packet for once data transfer.
Before the running, the application on the receiver side should be running
first to listen the assigned port.
For TCP connection, see RADAR_TCPSink (see page 272).

Radar Environments Category
Radar Environment
Contents
RADAR Clutter 2D Part (see page 293)
RADAR Clutter H Part (see page 339)
RADAR Clutter Part (see page 301)
RADAR ClutterGen Part (see page 289)
RADAR DBF Clutter 2D Part (see page 344)
RADAR DBF Target 2D Part (see page 311)
RADAR EchoGenerator Part (see page 353)
RADAR FrameConversion Part (see page 304)
RADAR LocInAntennaFrame Part (see page 319)
RADAR PhaseShift Part (see page 314)
RADAR Platform Part (see page 307)
RADAR PropagationLoss Part (see page 317)
RADAR RCS Part (see page 275)
RADAR Sea Clutter Part (see page 335)
RADAR SummerBusRF Part (see page 288)
RADAR Target Part (see page 347)
RADAR Target Vector Part (see page 283)
RADAR Target2 Part (see page 324)
RADAR TargetEcho Part (see page 328)
RADAR TargetScatterLocation Part (see page 279)
RADAR TargetTrajectory Part (see page 297)
RADAR Tx Synthesis Part (see page 350)
RADAR RCS Part
RADAR RCS Part

Categories:Environments (see page 275)
appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_RCS (see page 276) Radar target RCS
RADAR_RCS
Description: Radar target RCS

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR RCS Part (see page 275)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type Noise probability density or Cumulative Gaussian Enumeration NO

distribution cdf function: Const Value, Uniform PDF
PDF, Gaussian PDF, Rayleigh PDF, LogNormal
PDF, Exponential PDF, Weibull PDF,
ChiSquared PDF, Gamma PDF, Beta PDF, F
PDF, Binomial CDF, Poisson CDF
VA Voltage value dependent on Type 1.0 Float NO
VB Voltage value dependent on Type 1.0 Float NO
TStep The simulation time step; TStep=0 results in 0.0001 s Float NO

use of externally set TStep
DurationTime Time duration for a certain constant RCS 1 s Float NO
Seed Initial seed for random sequence generator 1234567 Integer NO

Output Ports
1 Es The sqrt of target RCS envelope NO
2 RCS The target RCS real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is a timed model used to generate the Radar Cross Section with
user-settable probability density function(pdf). The output values in one
duration time do not change.
2. Each firing, 1 token is produced at the Es port, 1 token is produced at the
RCS port.
3. Parameter details,
Type specifies the probability density or Cumulative distribution cdf
function.
VA specifies the voltage value dependent on Type as shown in the
following table.
VB specifies the voltage value dependent on Type as shown in the
following table.
TStep specifies the output time step. If TStep = 0, the output time
step comes from the output Es port.
DurationTime specifies the time duration for a certain constant RCS.
Seed specifies the initial seed for random sequence generator. RCS
Types
RCS Type PDF f(v) or CDF F(v)
Gaussian PDF
Uniform PDF
Rayleigh PDF

RCS Type PDF f(v) or CDF F(v)
Log-normal
PDF
Exponential
PDF
Weibull PDF
Chi-squared
PDF
Gamma PDF
Beta PDF
F PDF
Binomial CDF LaTeX Math rendering error (show error message (see page 276)
).
Poisson CDF LaTeX Math rendering error (show error message (see page 276)
).
4. The radar cross section or RCS is used to describe the echo of the target.
Radar cross section fluctuates as a function of radar grazing angle,
polarization, and frequency. The RCS of simple bodies can be computed
exactly by a solution of the wave equation in a coordinate system. Several
statistical distribution is supplied in this model to model the RCS and output
in port RCS. The port Es outputs the square root of the distribution.
Reference
1. Bassem R. Mahafza, RADAR SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING USING

MATLAB, Chapter 1.

RADAR TargetScatterLocation Part
RADAR TargetScatterLocation Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_TargetScatterLocation (see page 279) Target Scatter Location
RADAR_TargetScatterLocation
RADAR_TargetScatterLocation
Description: Target Scatter Location

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR TargetScatterLocation Part (see page 279)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Trajectory_Mode The mode of trajectory generation: ECI_Frame Enumeration NO

ECI_Frame: the output in the ECI
frame is generated in this model;
UserDefined: Users can import the

Tunable
file which trajectory in ECI frame is

generated by users;
SimpleXYZ_Frame: the output
under Cartesian coordinate is
generated in this model:
ECI_Frame, UserDefined,
SimpleXYZ_Frame
FileName The target scatters location file Filename NO

path. The each line format in the
file is x0 y0 z0 rcs0
NumberOfTargetScatter The number of target scatters 1 Integer NO
ScatterLoc The scatter locations and the [0 0 0] m Floating NO

object centroid is the reference point array
point
Position_Initial The target initial position which is [0 0 0] Floating NO

defined in the LLA Frame. [ latitude point array
(deg), longitude(deg),height(m)
Velocity_Initial The initial velocity of the target in 0 Float NO

the velocity frame, the unit is m/s
Accelerate_Initial The initial accelerate of the target 0 Float NO

in the velocity frame, the unit is
m*m/s
IsRandomError Whether the random variance is false Integer NO

considered
Position_Initial_XYZ The target initial position which is [0 20e3 m Floating NO

defined in the Cartesian 5e3] point array
Coordinate System
Velocity_Initial_XYZ The initial velocity of the target [0 0 0] Floating NO

point array
Accelerate_XYZ The accelerate of the target [0 0 0] Floating NO

point array
Jerk_XYZ The jerk of the target [0 0 0] Floating NO

point array

Accelerate_Variance The velocity variance of the 0 Float NO
platform
RCS The RCS value of target scatters [1] Floating NO

point array
IsRCSRandom Whether the random variance of false Integer NO

RCS is considered
RCS_Variance The variance of the target scatter [0] Floating NO

RCS point array
DurationTime The duration time between two [1] s Float NO

random values
TimeStep The time step value 1e-9 s Float NO
Input Ports
1 Roll The roll angle of target body frame (deg) real YES
2 Pitch The pitch angle of target body frame (deg) real YES
3 Yaw The yaw angle of target body frame (deg) real YES
Output Ports
4 Pos Target position value in ECI frame multiple real matrix NO
5 ScatterRCS The RCS values of target scatters multiple real NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to generate the position value of each scatter in the ECI
frame for the target which has several scatters at each sampling time. The
two output of this model are the positions of scatters and the RCS values of
corresponding scatters. The number of scatters is the maximum bus width.
2. This model supports two types of trajectory generation:

2.
User defined file import (Parameter Trajectory_Mode = 1: User

Defined)
The file format is (x0 y0 z0 RCS0; x1 y1 z1 RCS1; …; xn yn zn RCSn) in
the ECI frame. Each line is the position values and RCS values of all
the scatters at each time step.
Real time computation (Parameter Trajectory_Mode = 0: ECI Frame)

Real time computation (Parameter Trajectory_Mode = 2: SimpleXYZ
Frame)
3. The initial position is set with the parameter Position_Initial in the geodetic
system (Latitude(degree), Longitude(degree), Height(meters)) if the
Parameter Trajectory_Mode is set to ECI Frame and the parameter
Position_Initial will be (X,Y,Z) if the Trajectory_Mode is set to SimpleXYZ
Frame. This value is the centroid of the target.
4. The positions of scatters are set with the parameter ScatterLoc. The format
of ScatterLoc is [x0, y0, z0, x1, y1, z1,…]. The unit is meter and the reference
point is the centroid and the frame is the body frame. If the ScatterLoc is set
to [0 0 0], that means the scatter location is at the centroid.
5. If the target is not static, the Velocity_Initial and Accelerate_Initial
parameters can be used to set the initial velocity (m/s) and accelerate (m/s2)
in the body frame. The random value of jerk can be provided when
IsRondomError = true.
6. TimeStep is 1.0 / SampleRate. The SampleRate is the sampling rate in the
simulation.
For more information about Euler Angle and transformation between different
coordinates, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles.
Roll 1
Pitch 1
Yaw 1
RCS 1 RCS is the bus signal type. Each channel is the RCS value of each scatter.
Pos 3 Pos is the bus signal type. Each channel is the (X,Y,Z) in the ECI frame or XYZ frame of each
scatter.

Examples
The following figure describes the parameter usage of
RADAR_TargetScatterLocation model.
The RADAR_TargetScatterLocation model which is as one of the models of

radar general framework can be used to simulate the static or moving target
trajectory. When it is used, the other RADAR_Platform model,
RADAR_EchoGeneration, and RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame will be used in
the simulation.
There are several examples at /Examples/RADAR/GeneralFramework to
demo how to use RADAR_TargetScatterLocation model and how to make
complex radar scenario simulation with the general framework. The example
TxTargetRx.wsv is a good tutorial example.
RADAR Target Vector Part
RADAR Target Vector Part

Radar target simulation, including RCS, Doppler effect, Delay and Attenuation
appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Target_Vector (see page 283)
RADAR_Target_Vector

RADAR_Target_Vector
Description: Radar target simulation, including RCS, Doppler effect, Delay and
Attenuation
Associated Parts: RADAR Target Vector Part (see page 283)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Coordinate_Mode The Coordinate Mode: Spherical, Spherical Enumeration NO

Cartesian
Distance The distance between radar antenna 100000 m Float NO

and target ([0:∞))
Vt 0 none Float NO

Tunable
The target Radial Velocity in m/s, >0

represents approach radar, <0
represents keep away from radar ((-∞:
∞))
Accelerate Acceleration of target 0 Float NO
Jerk Jerk of target 0 Float NO
Position_Initial_XYZ The initial range in antenna boresight [0 20e3 5e3] m Floating NO

directory point array

point array

point array

point array
Attenuation The atmosphere and rain attenuation 1 none Float NO

([0:∞))
RCS_Type Statistic model for target RCS: Swerling 0 none Enumeration NO

Swerling 0, Swerling I, Swerling II,
Swerling III, Swerling IV
RCS_VA Parameter dependent on RCS_Type 1 none Float NO
RCS_VB Parameter value dependent on 1 none Float NO

RCS_Type
TStep simulation time step; TStep=0 results 0 s Float NO

in use of externally set TStep ([0:∞))
DurationTime Time duration for a certain constant 1 s Float NO

RCS ([TStep:∞))
IncludeProp Include the propagation effect or not: NO none Enumeration NO

NO, YES

Input Ports
1 input Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal envelope NO
Output Ports
2 output Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal envelope NO
3 range Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real NO
4 el_angle Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real NO
5 az_angle Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real NO
6 pos_x Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real NO
7 pos_y Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real NO
8 pos_z Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is a sub-network model which is used to generate the target echo
and its radial range, the position value is also output.
2. The function of this model is similar to the RADAR_Target sub-network
model except range and position value can be output.
3. The main function of this model is close to RADAR_TargetEcho(Envelop) and
RADAR_Target2(Baseband) except there are more environment factors are
included in the RADAR_TargetEcho and RADAR_Target2 models.
4. The schematic of this model is illustrated in the following figure:

5. If you want to know more detail information about each model in the
schematic, please refer to the help page of each model.
For more detail information of parameter setting, please refer to
RADAR_Target.
In and Out Rate
input 1
output 1
range 1
pos_x 1
pos_y 1
pos_z 1
el_angle 1
az_angle 1
Examples
The following example demos how to use RADAR_Target_Vector model in the work
space. And the example is /Examples/RADAR/System/TargetDetectWavegate.wsv.

And the generate echo is as the following figure:
RADAR SummerBusRF Part
RADAR SummerBusRF Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_SummerBusRF (see page 288) RF signal summer
RADAR_SummerBusRF
Description: RF signal summer

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR SummerBusRF Part (see page 288)

Model Parameters

Tunable
FcOut The characterization frequency: min, center, max max Enumeration NO
Input Ports
1 input1 The input signal 1 multiple envelope NO
2 input2 The input signal 2 multiple envelope NO
Output Ports
3 output The output signal multiple envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. The RADAR_SummerBusRF model sum the ith input1 and the ith input2 then
outputs to the ith output. The width of input1 and input2 should be the
same.
2. Each firing, this model reads 1 sample from all inputs and writes 1 sample to
the output.
3. Each input may have either a real baseband value or a complex value defined
at a specific characterization frequency.
4. The ith output characterization frequency NewFc is determined by the
configuration of the ith inputs and the parameters, OutputFc. For more
details, refer to AddEnv output characterization frequency.
Reference
RADAR ClutterGen Part
RADAR ClutterGen Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_ClutterGen (see page 290) Radar clutter simulation with statistics method in space domain
RADAR_ClutterGen
RADAR_ClutterGen
Description: Radar clutter simulation with statistics method in space domain

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR ClutterGen Part (see page 289)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PDF Clutter amplitude probability density: Rayleigh Rayleigh Enumeration NO

PDF, LogNormal PDF, Weibull PDF, K PDF PDF
Variance Mean Squared Vaulue / Variance 1.0 Float NO
SizeFactor Size Factor for Log-Normal/Weibull 1.0 Float NO

Distribution
ShapeFactor 1.0 Float NO

Tunable
Size Factor for Log-Normal/Weibull

Distribution
Order The order of Chi^2 distribution for K 4 Integer NO

Distribution
ExpIndex The order of exp() which is used in the 1 Integer NO

simulation
PSD Clutter power spectrum density: Gaussian PSD, Gaussian Enumeration NO

Cauchy PSD, AllPole PSD PSD
Fd The Doppler Frequency of PSD 100 Hz Float NO
PSDVariance PSD Variance for Gaussian PSD Distribution 100 Hz Float NO
FreqCutoff Cutoff Frequency for Cauthy/Allpole PSD 1e3 Hz Float NO

Distribution
N Number for Allpole PSD Distribution 3 Float NO
FilterLen The PSD filter length, also the fft size 64 Integer NO
Seed The initial seed for random sequence generator 1234567 Integer NO
IsCoherent The clutter is coherent or non-coherent: Non Non Enumeration NO

Coherent, Coherent Coherent
Output Ports
1 output Clutter envelope NO
Notes/Equations
Radar clutter is echoes from an object or objects that is of no interest to the
radar mission. Please refer the reference for details.
The clutter versus noise

Noise Signal Clutter Signal
Amplitude independent of transmitted radar Amplitude proportional to transmitted radar signal level
signal level
Wide bandwidth(limited by receiver noise Narrow bandwidth(created by scatterer motion)

bandwidth)
Statistically independent between pulses May be highly correlated between pulses
Amplitude variation described by Rayleigh Amplitude variation may vary from none to extremely wide
statistics
Average value is constant and independent of Time average will differ between spatial samples as the
spatial position clutter types change
Independent of transmitted frequency Varies with changing frequency
Independent of environmental parameters Can vary with changing environmental conditions
No spatial component Varies with beam position and resolution
For more information about clutter and related different type PDF(Probability
Distribution Function) and PSD(Power Spectrum Density), please refer the
reference book.
1. This model is to generate the correlated coherent and noncoherent clutter.

2. This model supports Gaussian, LogNormal, Weibull and K clutter amplitude
distribution.
3. This model is a computation, intensive model. When this model is used in the
workspace, the simulation speed will get slower.
4. Different from noise in two major ways: The power spectrum of clutter is not
white and it is the result of echo. This model supports gaussian, all-pole and
cauchy power spectrum model.
In and Out Rate
Output 1
Examples
The usage of RADAR_ClutterGen model is illustrated in the following example. This
example is /Examples/RADAR/System/ClutterGenExample.wsv.

In this example, the PDF is set to Rayleigh(Or Gaussian) and the variance value is
set to 1.0. The PSD of this model is set to Gaussian and its variance is set to 100Hz.
The Fd is used to simulate the clutter generation when there is relative moving
between radar and ground or sea and it is the mean value of PSD when Gaussian
distribution is chosen.
Reference

1993
2. Mark A. Richards, Principles of Modern Radar : Basic Principles, SciTech
RADAR Clutter 2D Part
RADAR Clutter 2D Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Clutter_2D (see page 293) Radar clutter simulation
RADAR_Clutter_2D

Description: Radar clutter simulation
Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Clutter 2D Part (see page 293)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of X axis 0.5 Float NO
Dy Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of Y axis 0.5 Float NO
Phi The array direction angle phi in radians 0 Float NO
NumOfPulse Number of pulses within one CPI 8 Integer NO
NumOfClutterPathes Number of clutter Pathes in the iso-range 8 Integer NO

ring
Vt The relative radial velocity of clutter, >0 0 Float NO

represents approach radar, <0 represents
keep away from radar
Seed The initial seed for random sequence 1234567 Integer NO

generator
Input Ports
2 InPhi The array direction angle phi real YES

Output Ports
3 ClutterSample The clutter samples with in one CPI to evaluate the clutter complex NO
performance
4 output The clutter from the given range bin multiple NO

envelope
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate the clutter when the radar is moving such as
in airborne or spaceborne MTI systems as shown in the graph.
.
Both linear array and rectangle array of equally spaced elements are
supported.
2. Each firing,
1 token is consumed at the input port input.
1 token is consumed at the optional input port InPhi.
1 token is produced at each of the output bus port. The bus width is
NumOfAntx*NumOfAnty.
NumOfAntx*NumOfAnty*NumOfClutterPathes are produced at the
output port ClutterSample.
For parameters NumOfAntx, NumOfAnty, Dx, Dy, please refers to
RADAR_PhaseShift parameters (see page 316).
Phi specifies the array direction angle as shown in the above graph.
PRI specifies the pulse repeat interval.

NumOfPulse specifies the number of the pulse within one CPI.
NumOfClutterPath specifies the number of clutter patches in the ISO
range ring as shown in the above graph.
Vt specifies the velocity of the airborne radar.
Seed specifies the initial seed for random number generator.
4. Due to the motion of the radar, ground clutter will have a Doppler-shift
distribution. Please refer the reference for details.
The angle doppler structure of airborne clutter due to ownship platform

motion
This model is applied to a specified range ring.
Propagation delay is not applied in this model.
With the parameters NumOfAntx=16, NumOfAnty=1, NumOfPulse=8, Phi=0,

Vt=75(m/s), PRI=1e-4s, Fc=10e9Hz, NumOfClutterPathes=180, we get the
power spectrum density of the clutter as shown in the following figure.
Spectrum Density of the Clutter
Reference

2. J.R.Guerci,Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Radar.

RADAR TargetTrajectory Part
RADAR TargetTrajectory Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_TargetTrajectory (see page 297) Target Trajectory
RADAR_TargetTrajectory

Description: Target Trajectory
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR TargetTrajectory Part (see page 297)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Coordinate_Mode The Coordinate Mode: Spherical, Spherical Enumeration NO

Cartesian
Range_Initial The initial range in antenna boresight 20e3 m Float NO

direction
ElevationAngle The elevation angle between target and 0 deg Float NO

antenna boresight direction
AzimuthAngle The azimuth angle between target and 0 deg Float NO

antenna boresight direction
Velocity_Initial The initial velocity of the target 0 Float NO
Accelerate The accelerate of the target 0 Float NO
Jerk The jerk of the target 0 Float NO
Position_Initial_XYZ The initial range in antenna boresight [0 20e3 m Floating NO

direction 5e3] point array

point array

point array

point array

Output Ports

Type
1 Range_Output instantaneous range real NO
2 Delay_Output instantaneous delay real NO
3 Target_El_Angle Target Elevation Angle relative to the phase center of the real YES
antenna
4 Target_Az_Angle Target Azimuth Angle relative to the phase center of the real YES
antenna
5 Target_Pos_X Target position value in cartesian coordinate system real YES
6 Target_Pos_Y Target position value in cartesian coordinate system real YES
7 Target_Pos_Z Target position value in cartesian coordinate system real YES
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate the trajectory of moving target with velocity,
accelerate, and jerk.
2. Each firing, only one token is generated in the output.
Cooridnate_Mode - is the coordinate type, which parameter will be
supporting soon.
Range_Initial - is the initial range between the target and the
reference point of the antenna.
ElevationAngle - is the elevation angle between the target and the
phase reference point of the antenna. This parameter will be
supported soon.
AzimuthAngle - is the azimuth angle between the target and the
phase reference point of the antenna. This parameter will be
supported soon.
Velocity_Initial - is the initial velocity of the target along the boresight
of the antenna.
Accelerate - is the accelerate of the target along the boresight of the
antenna.

Jerk - is the jerk of the target along the boresight of the antenna.
More information about Jerk, can be read from RADAR_Target (see
page 347).
TimeStep - is time step value for simulation.

4. Application example:
This model is used to compute the trajectory of moving the target, and get
the range value and the echo delay value, which is controlled by the
DelayEnv@Data Flow Models to delay the envelop signal that can simulate
the moving target echo signal envelop.
This example illustrates how RADAR_TargetTrajectory generate the time
delay value, which is used to control the enveloped signal delay.
In general, this model is embedded into the RADAR_Target model as one sub-
model. so the supported parameters can be set from the RADAR_Target as the
following image.

References
York, 2005
RADAR Clutter Part
RADAR Clutter Part

RADAR clutter simulation

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Clutter (see page 301)
RADAR_Clutter
RADAR_Clutter
Description: RADAR clutter simulation

Associated Parts: RADAR Clutter Part (see page 301)
Model Parameters

Tunable
RF_Freq RF carrier frequency 1000000000 Hz Float NO
Vt The relative radial velocity of clutter in m/s, >0 0 Float NO

represents approach radar, <0 represents keep
away from radar
PDF Clutter amplitude probability density: Rayleigh Rayleigh Enumeration NO

PDF, LogNormal PDF, Weibull PDF PDF
VA Voltage value dependent on PDF 1 Float NO
VB Voltage value dependent on PDF 1 Float NO

PA Parameter value dependent on PSD 1 Hz Float NO
PB Parameter value dependent on PSD 1 Hz Float NO
TStep simulation time step; TStep=0 results in use of 0 s Float NO

externally set TStep

Tunable
Distance The distance between radar antenna and clutter 50000 m Float NO
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 ClutterSample Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. This subnetwork implements the ground clutter modeling for the nonmoving
RADAR system. The transmission delay and doppler shift are applied in this
model.
2. The RADAR Clutter schematic is shown below.
3. Each firing,
One token is consumed at the input port.
One token is produced at the output port.
One token is produced at the ClutterSamples port.
4.
For parameters RF_Freq, PDF, VA, VB, PSD, PA, PB, TStep, FilterLen,
Seed, refer to RADAR_Clutter_H parameters (see page 341).
Vt specifies the velocity of the target in m/s, when Vt > 0, the target is
moving toward the RADAR antenna, when Vt < 0, the target is moving
far away from RADAR antenna, when Vt = 0, the target is stationary.
Distance specifies the distance between RADAR antenna and the
clutter.
5. In this model, the input is the transmit signal in RADAR transmit antenna, the
output is the echo signal from a single point clutter in RADAR receive
antenna.
The Doppler shift is calculated as
DopplerShift=2*Vt*RF_Freq/c
where c is the velocity of light.
The propagation delay is calculated as
Delay=2*Distance/c
Reference

MATLAB, Chapter 9.
2. A. Farina, A. Russo and F. A. Studer, Coherent radar detection in log-normal
clutter, IEE Proceedings Vol.133, No.1, Feb 1986, 39-54.
3. C. D. Hawkes, S. S. Haykin, Modeling of clutter for coherent pulse radar,IEEE
Trans on AP, 31 (8): 1013-1023.
RADAR FrameConversion Part
RADAR FrameConversion Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_FrameConversion (see page 304) Conversion the location value in different Frame
RADAR_FrameConversion

RADAR_FrameConversion
Description: Conversion the location value in different Frame

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR FrameConversion Part (see page 304)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Transform_Mode Different Coordinate/Frame Transformation: ECI to Enumeration NO

ECI to ECF, ECF to ECI, LLA to ECF, ECF to ECF
LLA, ECF to ENU, ENU to ECF, ENU to NED,
NED to ENU, NED to BODY, BODY to NED,
BODY to Antenna
Longitude The longitude 0 deg Float NO
Latitude The latitude 0 deg Float NO
Antenna_Tilt The tilt angle between body/carrier 0 deg Float NO

coordinate and antenna coordinate
Antenna_Yaw The yaw angle between body/carrier 0 deg Float NO

coordinate and antenna coordinate
Body_Pitch The pitch angle between body/carrier 0 deg Float NO

coordinate and NED/ENU coordinate
Body_Yaw The yaw angle between body/carrier 0 deg Float NO


Tunable
Body_Roll The roll angle between body/carrier 0 deg Float NO

Input Ports
1 Loc The position value in the coordinate system real NO
Output Ports
2 NewLoc New position value in transformed coordinate system real NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to convert the position from one frame to another frame.
More reference about definition of frame(ECI, LLA, ECEF, NED, etc can
be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
input 3 (X, Y, Z) values in the different frame. The definition of X, Y, Z axis depends on which frame is
chosen.
output 3 (X, Y, Z) values in the different frame. The definition of X, Y, Z axis depends on which frame is
chosen.
Examples
The following example shows how to use RADAR_FrameConversion to implement
the conversion which converts the position value in the ECEF(ECF) frame to LLA
frame and then from LLA frame to ECEF(ECF) frame.

The position value in the ECEF(ECF) is given in the MATLAB_Script model. The first
RADAR_FrameConversion is used to convert the position in the ECEF frame to LLA
frame and the second is used to convert the position in the LLA frame to ECEF
frame.
RADAR Platform Part
RADAR Platform Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Platform (see page 307) Platform Trajectory
RADAR_Platform
RADAR_Platform

Description: Platform Trajectory
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Platform Part (see page 307)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Trajectory_Mode The mode of trajectory generation: ECI_Frame Enumeration NO

ECI_Frame: the output in the ECI
frame is generated in this model;
UserDefined: Users can import the file
which trajectory in ECI frame is
generated by users;
SimpleXYZ_Frame: the output under
Cartesian coordinate is generated in
this model: ECI_Frame, User Defined,
SimpleXYZ_Frame
Position_Initial The radar initial position which is [0 0 0] Floating NO

defined in the LLA Frame. [latitude point array
(deg), longitude(deg), height(m)
Velocity_Initial The initial velocity of the platform in 0 Float NO

the velocity frame of radar, the unit is
m/s
Accelerate_Initial The accelerate of the platform in the 0 Float NO

velocity frame of radar, the unit is m*m
/s
IsRandomError Whether the random variance is false Integer NO

considered
Accelerate_Variance The velocity variance of the platform. 0 Float NO

This parameter is available only when
IsRandomError is set to true.
FileName The platform location file path. The Filename NO

each line format in the file is X Y Z or
latitudeX longitudeX heightX
Position_Initial_XYZ The initial position in the simple XYZ [0 20e3 m Floating NO

frame 5e3] point array

Tunable

point array

point array

point array
Input Ports
2 Roll The roll angle of radar body frame (deg) real YES
3 Pitch The pitch angle of radar body frame (deg) real YES
4 Yaw The yaw angle of radar body frame (deg) real YES
Output Ports
1 Pos Platform position value in ECI frame real matrix NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to generate the position value in the ECI frame or Simple
XYZ frame for static or moving radar platform at each sampling time.
2. This model supports three types of trajectory generation:
User defined file import (Parameter Trajectory_Mode = 1: User
Defined): The file format is (x, y, z) in the ECI frame or XYZ frame. Each
line is the position value at each time step.
Real time computation (Parameter Trajectory_Mode = 0: ECI Frame)
Real time computation (Parameter Trajectory_Mode =2: SimpleXYZ)
3. When trajectory generation is set to ECI frame, the initial position is set with
the parameter Position_Initial in the geodetic system (Latitude(degree),
Longitude(degree), Height(meters)). When it is set to SimpleXYZ model, the
parameter Position_Initial is set to (x, y, z);
4.
4. If the platform is not static, the Velocity_Initial and Accelerate_Initial
parameters can be used to set the initial velocity (m/s) and accelerate (m/s2)
in the body frame. The random value of jerk can be provided when
IsRondomError = true.
5. The TimeStep value should be the 1.0 / SampleRate. The SampleRate is the
sampling rate value in the simulation.
For information on Euler angles and transformation between different

coordinates, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles.
Roll 1
Pitch 1
Yaw 1
Pos 3 (X,Y,Z) in the ECI frame or XYZ frame
Examples
The following figure describes the parameter usage of RADAR_Platform
model.
The RADAR_Platform model which is as one of the models of radar general

framework can be used to simulate the static or moving radar platform
trajectory. When it is used, the other RADAR_TargetScatterLocation model,
RADAR_EchoGeneration, and RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame will be used in
the simulation.

demo how to use RADAR_Platform model and how to make complex radar
scenario simulation with the general framework. The example TxTargetRx.
wsv is a good tutorial example.
RADAR DBF Target 2D Part
RADAR DBF Target 2D Part

Radar target 2D simulation for digital beamforming, including RCS, Doppler

effect, Delay and Attenuation
appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_DBF_Target_2D (see page 311)
RADAR_DBF_Target_2D
Description: Radar target 2D simulation for digital beamforming, including RCS,

Doppler effect, Delay and Attenuation
Associated Parts: RADAR DBF Target 2D Part (see page 311)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Distance 100000 m Float NO

Tunable
The distance between radar

antenna and target ([0:∞))
Attenuation The atmosphere and rain 1 none Float NO

attenuation ([0:∞))
Vt The target Radial Velocity in m/s, 0 none Float NO

>0 represents approach radar, <0
represents keep away from radar ((-
∞:∞))
RCS_Type Statistic model for target RCS: Swerling 0 none Enumeration NO

Swerling 0, Swerling I, Swerling II,
Swerling III, Swerling IV
RCS_VA Parameter dependent on 1 none Float NO

RCS_Type
RCS_VB Parameter value dependent on 1 none Float NO

RCS_Type

TStep ([0:∞))
DurationTime Time duration for a certain 1 s Float NO

constant RCS ([TStep:∞))
IncludeProp Include the propagation effect or NO none Enumeration NO

not: NO, YES
NumOfAntx Number of Antenna in X axis ([1:∞)) 4 none Integer NO
NumOfAnty Number of Antenna in Y axis ([1:∞)) 4 none Integer NO
Type The phase shift value calculation Calculate by none Enumeration NO

method: Calculate by theta and theta and phi
phi, DesiredPhaseShift
Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of 0.5 none Float NO

X axis ([0:∞))
Dy 0.5 none Float NO

Tunable
Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of

Y axis ([0:∞))
Theta array direction angle thata in 0 rad Float NO

radians ([0:∞))
Phi array direction angle phi in radians 0 rad Float NO

([0:∞))
DesiredPhaseShift Desired phase shift angle in [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, rad Floating NO

radians 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, point array
0, 0, 0, 0]
Input Ports
1 input Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal multiple envelope NO
2 InTheta Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real YES
3 InPhi Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real YES
Output Ports
4 output Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal multiple envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model implements the target modeling for digital array radar system
with multiple Tx/Rx antennas. RCS fluctuation, transmission loss,
transmission delay and doppler shift are applied to this model. Five Swerling
models are supported for target RCS fluctuation.
2. The RADAR_DBF_Target_2D schematic is shown below,

RADAR_DBF_Target_2D schematic
3. Parameters details,
For parameters RF_Freq, Distance, Attenuation, Vt, RCS_Type,
RCS_VA, RCS_VB, TStep, DurationTime, and IncludeProp, please
refers to RADAR Target Parameters (see page 349).
For parameters NumOfAntx, NumOfAnty, Type, Dx, Dy, Theta, Phi and
DesiredPhaseShift, please refers to RADAR PhaseShift Parameters
(see page 316).
The InTheta is an optional input port. If InTheta is
not connected, the parameter Theta is used,
otherwise, the value in InTheta port is used.
The InPhi is an optional input port. If InPhi is not

connected, the parameter Phi is used, otherwise,
the value in InPhi port is used.
Reference
1. Bassem R. Mahafza, RADAR SIGNAL ANALYSIS, AND PROCESSING USING

MATLAB, Chapter 1 & Chapter 7.
2. Merrill Skolnik, RADAR HANDBOOK, Third Edition.
RADAR PhaseShift Part
RADAR PhaseShift Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PhaseShift (see page 315) RF phase shifter continuously interpolated between time steps

RADAR_PhaseShift
Description: RF phase shifter continuously interpolated between time steps

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR PhaseShift Part (see page 314)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type The phase shift value calculation Calculate by Enumeration NO

Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths 0.5 Float NO

of X axis
Dy Antenna Spacing in wavelengths 0.5 Float NO

of Y axis
Theta The target direction angle which is 0 deg Float NO

the angle of scan measured from
broadside of antenna
Phi The target direction angle which is 0 deg Float NO

the x-axis of antenna

Tunable
DesiredPhaseShift Desired phase shift angles [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, deg Floating NO

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, point array
0, 0, 0, 0]
Input Ports
Output Ports
4 output The output signals after phase shift multiple envelope NO
5 AntPhase Test for phase output in radians real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to add phase shift from the far electric field observation
point to digital array antenna. Both rectangle array of equally spaced
elements and user-defined phase shift are supported. x(t) is the input signal,
yi(t) is the ith output signal, Ai is the ith phase to be shifted, then yi(t)=x(t)*exp
(j*Ai).
2. Each firing,
One token is consumed at the input port input.
One token is consumed at the optional input port InTheta.
One token is consumed at the optional input port InPhi.
The output port is a bus port whose width is NumOfAntx*NumOfAnty.
One token is produced at each of the output port output.
NumOfAntx*NumOfAnty tokens are produced at the output port
AntPhase.It equals to 16 by default.
3. Parameters
NumOfAntx describes the number of antennas in X axis for rectangle
array.

3.
NumOfAnty describes the number of antennas in Y axis for rectangle

array.
Type specifies the phase shift calculation method. If type = 0, the
phase is calculated as: .If type=1, the phase is specified in parameter
DesiredPhaseShift.
Dx specifies the spacing of X axis equally spaced elements in
wavelength.
Dy specifies the spacing of Y axis equally spaced elements in
wavelength.
Theta specifies the angle between Z axis and the far electric field
observation point.
Phi specifies the angle between X axis and the far electric field
observation point.
The Theta and Phi are shown in the following graph
'RADAR_PhaseShift'.
DesiredPhaseShift specifies the user-defined phase to be shifted. This

parameter is ineffective when parameter Type is set to be 0.
4. Phase calculation
denotes the phase for the kxth element in X axis and the kyth element
in the Y axis
dx denotes the spacing between the X axis elements
dy denotes the spacing between the Y axis elements
denotes the wave length
then
If the optional input port InPhi is connected, the value in the InPhi
will be used, otherwise, the parameter Phi will be used.
If the optional input port InTheta is connected, the value in the

InTheta will be used, otherwise, the parameter Theta will be
used.
Reference
RADAR PropagationLoss Part
RADAR PropagationLoss Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PropagationLoss (see page This model is used to model the propagation loss caused by rainfall or
318) snowfall
RADAR_PropagationLoss
RADAR_PropagationLoss
Description: This model is used to model the propagation loss caused by rainfall or
snowfall
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PropagationLoss Part (see page 317)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PropagationLossType The propagation loss type: Rainfall, Rainfall Enumeration NO

Snowfall
Frequency Carrier Frequency 1e9 Hz Float NO
RainfallRate The rainfall rate, the unit is mm/hour 15 Float NO
SnowfallRate 1.5 Float NO

Tunable
The snowfall rate in equivalent rainfall

water content, the unit is mm/hour. As a
general rule, the ratio between snowfall
rate and its water equivalent in rain is 10:
1
Input Ports
1 range Range in meters real NO
Output Ports
2 attenuate Attenuate value in dB real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to get the propagation loss due to rain or snow.
2. The input is the range and the output is the attenuation value in dB.
3. The rain fall rate and snow fall rate can be set in the parameter.
In and Out Rate
range 1
attenuation 1
RADAR LocInAntennaFrame Part
RADAR LocInAntennaFrame Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame (see page 320) Target Scatter Location in the antenna frame
RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame
RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame
Description: Target Scatter Location in the antenna frame

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR LocInAntennaFrame Part (see page 319)
Model Parameters

Tunable

Tunable
XYZFrameType To decide which coordinate is used ECI Frame Enumeration NO

for input postion vector.: ECI Frame,
Simple XYZ Frame
CoordinateType To decide which coordinate is used RadarCoordinate Enumeration NO

for output angles.: RadarCoordinate,
AntennaCoordinate
Input Ports
1 RadarLoc The radar location in the Cartesian frame real matrix NO
2 TargetLoc The target location in the Cartesian frame multiple real matrix NO
3 BodyRoll The roll angle of radar body frame (deg) real YES
4 BodyPitch The pitch angle of radar body frame (deg) real YES
5 BodyYaw The yaw angle of radar body frame (deg) real YES
6 AntRoll The roll angle of antenna in the body frame (deg) real YES
7 AntPitch The pitch angle of antenna in the body frame (deg) real YES
8 AntYaw The yaw angle of antenna in the body frame (deg) real YES
Output Ports
9 Elevation The elevation angle in the radar antenna frame (radian). multiple real NO
10 Azimuth The azimuth angle in the radar antenna frame (radian). multiple real NO
Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to compute the elevation and azimuth angles of different
target scatters in the radar antenna coordinate(frame).
2. The input PlatformLoc and TargetScatterLoc are the X, Y, Z values in the ECI
frame. The value can be input from the RADAR_Platform and
RADAR_TargetScatterLocation.

3. The input port Body_Pitch, Body_Yaw, Body_Roll are used to set the roll
angle, yaw angle and tilt angle (pitch angle) which are used to describe the
object altitude and convert the position value in the ECI frame to the body
frame. The AntPitch and AntYaw are the tilt angle (pitch angle) and the yaw
angle which are used to convert the position value in the body frame to the
position value in the radar antenna frame.
4. The output Azimuth and Elevation are the elevation and azimuth angles of
the target scatters in the radar antenna frame or in the antenna frame which
can be selected with parameter CoordinateType
5. Please refer the reference for the detail description about the different
definition of radar antenna frame and antenna frame.
For more information about Euler Angle, refer to http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Euler_angles.
RadarLoc 3 (X,Y,Z) in the ECI frame
TargetLoc 3 It is the bus signal type. Each channel is (X,Y,Z) in the ECI frame.
BodyRoll 1
BodyPitch 1
BodyYaw 1
AntPitch 1
AntYaw 1
Elevation 1 It is the bus signal type. The rate of each channel is 1.
Azimuth 1 It is the bus signal type. The rate of each channel is 1.
Examples
The following figure describes how to use the RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame

model with RADAR_Platform and RADAR_TargetScatterLocation models.

In the following example, supposing the target is located at the different
position and the azimuth angle and elevation angle can be computed by the
RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame model.

demo how to use RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame model and how to make
complex radar scenario simulation with the general framework. The example
LocInAntennaFrame.wsv is a good tutorial example.
References
Group LLC, FL ,2012

RADAR Target2 Part
RADAR Target2 Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Target2 (see page 324) Echo simulation of the Moving Target for Envelop signals
RADAR_Target2
RADAR_Target2

Description: Echo simulation of the Moving Target for Envelop signals
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Target2 Part (see page 324)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Coordinate_Mode The Coordinate Mode: Spherical Enumeration NO

Spherical, Cartesian
Range_Initial The initial range in antenna 20e3 m Float NO

boresight direction
ElevationAngle The elevation angle between 0 deg Float NO

target and antenna boresight
direction
AzimuthAngle The azimuth angle between 0 deg Float NO

direction
Position_Initial_XYZ The initial range in antenna [0 20e3 5e3] m Floating NO

boresight direction point array

point array

point array

point array
Carrier_Frequency Carrier Freuquency 10e9 Hz Float NO

Tunable
Max_Range The maximum range of moving 100e6 m Float NO

target
System_Loss System and propogation loss 0 Float NO

in dB
Ground_Reflection Whether multipath effect is NO Enumeration NO

included : NO, YES
Radar_Height The height of radar platform 10 m Float NO
Dielectric_Constant_Real The real part of dielectric 75 Float NO

constant
Medium_Conductivity The medium conductivity 15 Float NO

which will decide the imag part
of dielectric constant
Polar_Type The Polarization Type: Horizontal Enumeration NO

Horizontal Polarization, Polarization
Vertical Polarization
Surface_Rough The rms value of surface rough 2 m Float NO

dB/km
RCS_Type The Target Type: Conventional Conventional Enumeration NO

unmanned winged missile, unmanned
Small single-engine aircraft, winged
Small fighter aircraft or 4- missile
passenger jet, Large fighter
aircraft, Medium bomber or jet
airliner, Large bomber or jet
airliner, Jumbo jet, Small open
boat, Small pleasure boat,
Cabin cruiser, Large ship at
zero grazing angle, Pick up
truck, Automotive, Bicycle,
Human, Bird, Insect,
UserDefined
RCS The RCS of Target 100 Float NO

Input Ports
1 inputSignal Input Signal complex NO
Output Ports

Type
2 Echo Echo Waveform complex NO
antenna
antenna
Notes/Equations
1. This model is to generate the echo of the moving target under the Cartesian
and Spherical coordinate.
2. In this model, the earth propagation effect is included.
3. The typical RCS values of kinds of targets are given by the parameter. The
reference table is from the reference 2.
4. The user defined RCS value is support too.
5. The instantaneous position value and delay time can get from the output
Range_Out and Delay_Out.
6. This model is a baseband model and the related envelop model is
RADAR_TargetEcho.

In and Out Rate
TargetPos_Z 1 Optional
TargetPos_Y 1 Optional
TargetPos_X 1 Optional
Target_El_Angle 1 Optional
Target_Az_Angle 1 Optional
Range_Output 1
inputSignal 1
Echo 1
Delay_Output 1
Examples
The usage of this model is the same as RADAR_TargetEcho except the input signal
and output signal is not envelop type. So you can refer to the example /Examples
/RADAR/System/Coherent_PulsedDoppler.wsv.
Reference

1993
2. Mark A. Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2005.
RADAR TargetEcho Part
RADAR TargetEcho Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_TargetEcho (see page 329) Echo simulation of the Moving Target
RADAR_TargetEcho
RADAR_TargetEcho
Description: Echo simulation of the Moving Target

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR TargetEcho Part (see page 328)

Model Parameters

Tunable
Coordinate_Mode The Coordinate Mode: Spherical Enumeration NO

Spherical, Cartesian
Range_Initial The initial range in antenna 20e3 m Float NO

boresight direction
ElevationAngle The elevation angle between 0 deg Float NO

direction
AzimuthAngle The azimuth angle between 0 deg Float NO

direction
Position_Initial_XYZ The initial range in antenna [0 20e3 5e3] m Floating NO

boresight direction point array

point array

point array

point array
Max_Range The maximum range of moving 100e6 m Float NO

target
System_Loss System and propogation loss 0 Float NO

in dB
Ground_Reflection NO Enumeration NO

Tunable
Whether multipath effect is

included : NO, YES
Radar_Height The height of radar platform 10 m Float NO
Dielectric_Constant_Real The real part of dielectric 75 Float NO

constant
Medium_Conductivity The medium conductivity 15 Float NO

which will decide the imag part
of dielectric constant
Polar_Type The Polarization Type: Horizontal Enumeration NO

Horizontal Polarization, Polarization
Vertical Polarization
Surface_Rough The rms value of surface rough 2 m Float NO

dB/km
ScatterType The number of scatters of the Single Enumeration NO

target: Single Scatter, Multiple Scatter
Scatter
ScatterPos The position vector of scatters, [0,0,1,1] Floating NO

the reference point is the point array
center of the target.
ScatterRCS The RCS values of scatters [1, 1] Floating NO

(m^2), the size of this vector point array
should be the same as half of
the size of ScatterPos.
RotationVelocity The rotation angle velocity, the 5 Float NO

unit is rad/s and the clockwise
is the positive.
Target_Type The Target Type: Conventional Conventional Enumeration NO

unmanned winged missile, unmanned
Small single-engine aircraft, winged
Small fighter aircraft or 4- missile
passenger jet, Large fighter

Tunable
aircraft, Medium bomber or jet

airliner, Large bomber or jet
airliner, Jumbo jet, Small open
boat, Small pleasure boat,
Cabin cruiser, Large ship at
zero grazing angle, Pick up
truck, Automotive, Bicycle,
Human, Bird, Insect,
UserDefined
RCSValue The RCS of Target 100 Float NO
FalseTargetNum The number of false target. 0 Integer NO

When equal to 0, which means
no false target
DeceptiveJammerType The type of deceptive jammer: FalseTargt Enumeration NO

FalseTargt, Range Pull,
Doppler Pull,
RangeAndDopplerPull
FalseTargetRangeDelay The range delay away from [100] m Floating NO

true target point array
FalseTargetDopplerOffset The doppler offset away from [0] Floating NO

true target point array
FalseTargetGain The gain of false target [1] Floating NO

point array
RangePullRate The range pull rate 0 Float NO
VelocityPullRate The velocity pull rate 0 Float NO
Input Ports
1 inputSignal Input Signal envelope NO

Output Ports

Type
2 Echo Echo Waveform envelope NO
antenna
antenna
Notes/Equations
1. This model is to generate the echo of the moving target under the Cartesian
and Spherical coordinate.
2. In this model, the earth propagation effect is included.
3. The typical RCS values of kinds of targets are given by the parameter. Please
refer the reference[2] chapter 2 for details.
4. The user defined RCS value is supported too.
5. The instantaneous position value and delay time can be fetched from the
output, "Range_Out and Delay_Out".
6. This model is an envelop model and the related baseband model is
"RADAR_Target2".
In and Out Rate
inputSignal 1
Echo 1

TargetPos_X 1 Optional
TargetPos_Y 1 Optional
TargetPos_Z 1 Optional
Target_Az_Angle 1 Optional
Target_El_Angle 1 Optional
Delay_Output 1
Range_Output 1
Examples
In the following figure, "RADAR_TargetEcho" is used to generate the target echo.
The related example can be found at /Examples/Radar/System

/Coherent_PulsedDoppler.wsv.
Reference

1993
2. Mark A. Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2005.

RADAR SEA Clutter Part
RADAR Sea Clutter Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Sea_Clutter (see page 335) Radar Sea clutter simulation
RADAR_SEA_CLUTTER
Description: Radar Sea clutter simulation

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Sea Clutter Part (see page 335)
Model Parameters

Tunable
SeaState_Level Sea Enumeration NO

State 1

Tunable
Douglas Sea State Levels:

Sea State 1, Sea State 2,
Sea State 7
Antenna_Pattern Antenna Pattern: Gaussian Enumeration NO

Gaussian, Cosine, Sinc
Antenna_Mainlobe_Elevation_3dB Mainlobe elevation 3dB 5 deg Float NO

width in Degree
Antenna_Mainlobe_Azimuth_3dB Mainlobe azimuth 3dB 5 deg Float NO

width in Degree
AntennaGain The maximum gain of 40 Float NO

antenna in dB
AzimuthScope The azimuth scope of 30 deg Float NO

antenna in the mainlobe
direction. This value is the
+/- maximum value away
from the mainlobe. The
scope is the
2xAzimuthScope. Only the
clutter in this scope will be
considered. The unit is
degree
BodyRollAngle The roll angle from NED 0 deg Float NO

frame to body frame. The
unit is degree
BodyPitchAngle The pitch angle from NED 0 deg Float NO

unit is degree
BodyYawAngle The yaw angle from NED 0 deg Float NO

unit is degree

Tunable
AntTiltAngle The tilt angle from body 0 deg Float NO

frame to antenna frame.
The unit is degree
AntYawAngle The yaw angle from body 0 deg Float NO

frame to antenna frame.
The unit is degree
RangeAmbiguityType Range ambiguity is/not Yes Enumeration NO

considered. When range
ambiguity is considered,
the simulation will run
much more time.: Yes, No
PRF Pulse Repetion Frequency 20000 Hz Float NO
SampleRate Sample Rate 2000000 Hz Float NO
Antenna_Height Antenna height above 3000 m Float NO

horizon
Platform_Velocity Platform velocity 400 m Float NO
Input Ports

Type
1 Signal_In Input signal envelope NO
2 BodyRoll The roll angle from NED frame to body frame. The unit is degree real YES
3 BodyPitch The pitch angle from NED frame to body frame. The unit is real YES
degree
4 BodyYaw The yaw angle from NED frame to body frame. The unit is degree real YES
5 AntTilt The tilt angle from body frame to antenna frame. The unit is real YES
degree
6 AntYaw The yaw angle from body frame to antenna frame. The unit is real YES
degree

Output Ports
7 output Clutter envelope NO
Notes and Equations
1. Sea clutter depends on radar parameters such as frequency, polarization,

grazing angle, pulsewidth, and azimuth beamwidth. With the
exception of near-vertical incidence, the reflectivity of sea clutter would be
negligible were it not for wind-generated waves and
capillaries. The properties of sea clutter are thus related to the sea-surface
configuration, the most prominent feature of which are
sea waves. The sea condition is generally described in terms of sea state,
which relates to the height of the wave.
2. This model is used for LPRF radar. The model is to generate the echo at each
range bin in the unambiguous range. The output of this model
should as the input of RADAR_Clutter_H to get the wave which meets
required PDF and PSD.
3. This model supports three kinds of the antenna pattern, which are gaussian,
cosine, and sinc type. The antenna patterns are the two-way power gain.
The antenna patterns are as follows:
Gaussian
Cosine
Sinc

Douglas Sea State Levels
SeaState Description Wave Height(feet)
1 Smooth 0-1
2 Slight 1-3
3 Moderate 3-5
4 Rough 5-8
5 Very Rough 8-12
6 High 12-20
7 Very High 20-40
RADAR Clutter H Part
RADAR Clutter H Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Clutter_H (see page 340) Radar clutter simulation

RADAR_Clutter_H
Description: Radar clutter simulation

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Clutter H Part (see page 339)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PDF Clutter amplitude probability density: Rayleigh PDF, Rayleigh Enumeration NO

LogNormal PDF, Weibull PDF PDF
VA Voltage value dependent on PDF 1.0 Float NO
VB Voltage value dependent on PDF 1.0 Float NO

PA Parameter value dependent on PSD 1.0 Hz Float NO
PB Parameter value dependent on PSD 1.0 Hz Float NO
TStep Simulation time step; TStep=0 results in use of 0.0001 s Float NO

externally set TStep

Tunable
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 ClutterSample The clutter samples to evaluate the clutter performance envelope NO
3 output The clutter envelope NO
4 Coeff Filter Coeff complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is a timed model used to generate the RADAR clutter with
specified amplitude probability and specified power spectrum density.
2. Each firing,
1 token is consumed at the input port.
1 token is produced at the output port.
1 token is produced at the ClutterSample port.
FilterLen tokens are produced at the Coeff port.
RF_Freq specifies the carrier frequency of the output RF signal.
PDF specifies the amplitude distribution of RADAR clutter. Three types
are supported as Rayleigh, LogNormal, and Welbull.
VA specifies the voltage value dependent on PDF.
VB specifies the voltage value dependent on PDF.
PSD specifies the power spectrum density of RADAR clutter.
PA specifies the voltage value dependent on PSD.
PB specifies the voltage value dependent on PSD.
TStep specifies the time step for the output signal. When TStep = 0,
the time step for the output signal comes from the output port.

FilterLen specifies the filter length for PSD.
Seed specifies the initial seed of random sequence generator.
4. Clutter is used to describe any object that may generate unwanted radar
echoes. Clutter is statistically described by a probability density function
(PDF) the type of which depends on the nature of clutter itself, the radar
operating frequency, and the grazing angle.
Rayleigh distribution is used to describe the clutter which is
composed of many small scatterers which are independent of each
other. It is given by
where VA is the mean-squared value of x.

The log-normal distribution is used to describe the land clutter at low
grazing angles. It is given by
where VA is the median of the random variable, VB is the standard

deviation of the random variable ln( x ).
The Weibull distribution is used to describe clutter at low grazing
angles (less than five degrees) for frequencies between 1 and 10GHz.
It is given by
where VA is the shape parameter.

5. The clutter power spectrum can be written as
where T is the PRI(Pulse Repetition Interval),

Pc is the clutter power or clutter mean square value,
is the clutter spectral spreading parameter as defined in the above
equation.
The clutter PSD is periodic with period equal to fr as shown in the following
figure.

Three types of clutter spectrum density are supported in this model and
defined as
Gaussian distribution
The power density of gaussian distribution is
Cauchy distribution
The power density of cauchy distribution is
AllPole distribution
The power density of all pole distribution is
6. ZMNL (Zero Memory Nonlinearity)method is applied to modeling the

coherent random process of clutter. The ZMNL method is shown in the
following figure,
A white Gaussian process V is passed through the spectrum shaping filter H

which demonstrating the PSD of RADAR clutter, then the coherent Gaussian
process W is fed into a zero memory nonlinear transformation to get the
clutter process Z with specified PDF. For non-Gaussian PDF, as the ZMNL

process will change the signal's PSD, precompensation is applied to the
spectrum shaping filter.
The filter taps of the spectrum shaping filter H is output at the coeff port. The
clutter process Z is output at the output port.
Reference

MATLAB, Chapter 9.
2. A. Farina, A. Russo and F. A. Studer, Coherent radar detection in log-normal
clutter, IEE Proceedings Vol.133, No.1, Feb, 1986, 39-54.
3. C. D. Hawkes, S. S. Haykin, Modeling of clutter for coherent pulse radar, IEEE
Trans on AP, 31 (8): 1013-1023.
RADAR DBF Clutter 2D Part
RADAR DBF Clutter 2D Part

Digital Array Radar clutter ring simulation

appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_DBF_Clutter_2D (see page 344)
RADAR_DBF_Clutter_2D
Description: Digital Array Radar clutter ring simulation

Associated Parts: RADAR DBF Clutter 2D Part (see page 344)

Model Parameters

Tunable
Attenuation The atmosphere and rain attenuation ([0: 1 none Float NO

∞))
NumOfAntx Number of Antenna in X axis ([1:∞)) 4 none Integer NO
NumOfAnty Number of Antenna in Y axis ([1:∞)) 4 none Integer NO
Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of X axis 0.5 none Float NO

([0:∞))
Dy Antenna Spacing in wavelengths of Y axis 0.5 none Float NO

([0:∞))
Phi array direction angle phi in radians ([0:∞)) 0 rad Float NO
PRI Pulse Repeat Interval ((0:∞)) 0 s Float NO
NumOfPulse Number of pulses within one CPI ([4:∞)) 8 none Integer NO
NumOfClutterPathes Number of clutter Pathes in the iso- 8 none Integer NO

range ring ([4:∞))
Vt The relative radial velocity of clutter in m 0 none Float NO

/s, >0 represents approach radar, <0
represents keep away from radar ((-∞:∞))
Distance The distance between radar antenna and 100000 m Float NO

clutter ([0:∞))
IncludeDelay Include the propagation delay or not: NO, NO none Enumeration NO

YES
Theta array direction angle thata in radians ([0: 0 rad Float NO

∞))
Input Ports
1 input Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal multiple envelope NO

2 InTheta Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real YES
3 InPhi Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal real YES
Output Ports
4 output Terminal: Standard Data Port Terminal multiple envelope NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to generate the clutter for moving radar system with
digital beamforming.
2. The RADAR_DBF_Clutter_2D schematic is shown below:
For parameters NumOfAntx, NumOfAnty, Dx, Dy, Theta, Phi, refers to
RADAR_Tx_Synthesis parameters (see page 351).
For parameters PRI, NumOfPulse, NumOfClutterPathes, Vt, Seed,
refers to RADAR_Clutter_2D parameters (see page 293).
Attenuation specifies the atmosphere and rain attenuation.
IncludeDelay specifies whether the propagation delay is applied to the
input signal or not.
Reference

2. J.R.Guerci,Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Radar.

RADAR Target Part
RADAR Target Part

Radar target simulation, including RCS, Doppler effect, Delay and Attenuation
appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_Target (see page 347)
RADAR_Target
Description: Radar target simulation, including RCS, Doppler effect, Delay and
Attenuation
Associated Parts: RADAR Target Part (see page 347)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Distance The distance between radar antenna and 100000 m Float NO

target ([0:∞))
Attenuation The atmosphere and rain attenuation ([0:∞)) 1 none Float NO
Vt The target Radial Velocity in m/s, >0 0 none Float NO

represents approach radar, <0 represents
keep away from radar ((-∞:∞))
RCS_Type Swerling 0 none Enumeration NO

Tunable
Statistic model for target RCS: Swerling 0,

Swerling I, Swerling II, Swerling III,
Swerling IV
RCS_VA Parameter dependent on RCS_Type 1 none Float NO
RCS_VB Parameter value dependent on RCS_Type 1 none Float NO
TStep simulation time step; TStep=0 results in 0 s Float NO

use of externally set TStep ([0:∞))
DurationTime Time duration for a certain constant RCS 1 s Float NO

([TStep:∞))
IncludeProp Include the propagation effect or not: NO, NO none Enumeration NO

YES
Accelerate Acceleration of target 0 Float NO
Jerk Jerk of target 0 Float NO
Input Ports
Output Ports
Notes/Equations
1. This subnetwork implements the target modeling for RADAR system with
RCS, transmission loss, transmission delay, and doppler shift. Five Swerling
models are supported for target RCS fluctuation.
2. The following figure depicts the RADAR_Target schematic:

RADAR_Target Schematic
RF_Freq - specifies the carrier frequency of the input RF envelop
signal.
Distance - specifies the distance between RADAR antenna and the
target.
Vt - specifies the velocity of the target:
when Vt > 0, the target is moving toward the RADAR antenna
when Vt < 0, the target is moving far away from the RADAR
antenna
when Vt = 0, the target is stationary
RCS_Type - specifies the type of statistic mode for target RCS.
RADAR_Target RADAR_RCS
RCS_Type Type VA VB
Swerling 0 Const Value RCS_VA (RCS_VB)
Swerling I Exponential PDF RCS_VA*log10(2) RCS_VB
Swerling II Exponential PDF RCS_VA*log10(2) RCS_VB
Swerling III Gamma PDF 2/RCS_VA 2
Swerling IV Gamma PDF 2/RCS_VA 2
Please note VB is unavailable for Type = Const Value.

RCS_VA - specifies the parameter dependent on RCS_Type.

RCS_VB - specifies the parameter dependent on RCS_Type.
TStep - specifies the time step of the input signal. If TStep = 0, the
time step of input signal comes from the input port.
Duration - specifies the time duration for a certain constant RCS.
IncludeProp - specifies whether the propagation effect is included or
not.
In physics, jerk, also known as the jolt, surge, or lurch, is the rate of
change of acceleration; that is, the derivative of acceleration with
respect to time, the second derivative of velocity, or the third
derivative of position.
4. The target reflects the electromagnetic waves sent from RADAR antenna to
RADAR antenna. The echo in RADAR antenna is used to analyze the target.
In this model, the input is the transmit signal from RADAR transmit antenna,
the output is the echo signal from the target in RADAR receive antenna.
Please refer the references for details.
5. The input signal at first passes through an RF power amplifier to add
attenuation. It is then multiplied with the target RCS after transforming from
RF signal to baseband signal and then applied with propagation effect with
the Gain model. Then, the doppler shift is added by CxToEnv model. Finally,
the transmission delay is added by the DelayEnv model.
Reference
1. Bassem R. Mahafza, RADAR SIGNAL ANALYSIS, AND PROCESSING USING

MATLAB, Chapter 1 & Chapter 7.
2. Merrill Skolnik, RADAR HANDBOOK, Third Edition.
RADAR Tx Synthesis Part
RADAR Tx Synthesis Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Tx_Synthesis (see page 351) RF transmitter antenna array synthesis

RADAR_Tx_Synthesis
Description: RF transmitter antenna array synthesis

Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR Tx Synthesis Part (see page 350)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type The phase shift value calculation Calculate by Enumeration NO

Dx Antenna Spacing in wavelengths 0.5 Float NO

of X axis
Dy Antenna Spacing in wavelengths 0.5 Float NO

of Y axis
Theta The target direction angle which is 0 deg Float NO

broadside of antenna
Phi The target direction angle which is 0 deg Float NO

the x-axis of antenna
DesiredPhaseShift Desired phase shift angles deg NO

Tunable
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, Floating
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, point array
0, 0, 0, 0]
Input Ports
Output Ports
4 output output signals envelope NO
5 AntPhase Test for phase output in radians real NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to synthesis the electric wave from the plane array to far
field observation point. Both rectangle array of equally spaced elements and
user-defined phase shift are supported. xi is the ith input signal, y(t) is the
output signal, Ai is the phase to be shifted for the ith array element,N is the
number of input signals.
2. Each firing
The input port is a bus port whose width is NumOfAntx*NumOfAnty.
One token is consumed at each of the input port input.
One token is consumed at the optional input port InTheta.
One token is consumed at the optional input port InPhi.
One token is produced at the output port output.
NumOfAntx*NumOfAnty tokens are produced at the output port
AntPhase. It equals to 16 by default.
3. For parameters details, refer to RADAR_PhaseShift parameters (see page 316

)
The Theta and Phi are shown in the following graph,

3.
'RADAR_Tx_Synthesis'.
4. The phase calculation is defined in RADAR_PhaseShift phase calculation (see

page 317)
Reference
RADAR EchoGenerator Part
RADAR EchoGenerator Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_EchoGenerator (see page 353) To generate the echo signals
RADAR_EchoGenerator
RADAR_EchoGenerator

Description: To generate the echo signals
Domain: Timed
Associated Parts: RADAR EchoGenerator Part (see page 353)
Model Parameters
SampleRate The sampling rate 10e6 Hz Float NO
SystemLoss System and propogation loss in dB 0 Float NO
Input Ports
1 inSignal The transmit radar waveforms from different radar multiple NO

transmitters envelope
5 TxPlatformLoc The transmit radar platform trajectory multiple real NO

matrix
6 RxPlatformLoc The receive radar platform trajectory multiple real YES

matrix
7 TargetScatterLoc The target trajectory multiple real YES

matrix
8 TargetScatterRCS The RCS of target scatters multiple real YES
Output Ports

Type
2 TargetSignal The composite radar signals which will be received by targets multiple NO
envelope
3 outSignal The composite radar echoes which will be received by multiple NO

different radar receivers envelope
4 RxSignal The composite radar signals which will be directly received by multiple NO
different radar receivers envelope

Notes\Equations
1. This model is used to generate the radar echo signals of all the paths.
2. The different delay values along the different propagation paths and the
attenuated amplitude values are computed according to the position values
(x, y, z)s of radar transmitter platforms in the ECI frame, the position values(x,
y, z)s of radar receiver platforms in the ECI frame, and the position values (x,
y, z)s of different target scatters in the ECI frame.
3. The amount of propagation path is equal to the number of transmitter
platforms * the number of receiver platforms * the number of targets scatters
of all the targets.
4. The simplest case is the number of radar transmit platform = 1, the number
of radar receive platform =1, the number of target =1 and the number of
scatters of this target is equal to 1. The amount of the propagation paths is
1.
5. In general, this model will be used with another two models:
RADAR_Platform and RADAR_TargetScatterLocation.
6. The data rate of the TargetScatterLoc, RxPlatformLoc and TxPlatformLoc is
3. The position sequence is x, y, z. The data rate of TargetScatterRCS and
inSignal is 1.
7. The propagation loss which is decided by the distance between target and
radar transmit platform and the distance between target and radar receive
platform is included in this model.
8. The parameter SystemLoss is used to set the overall system losses (Not
propagation loss).
inSignal 1
TxPlatformLoc 3 (X,Y,Z) in ECI frame
RxPlatformLoc 3 (X,Y,Z) in ECI frame
TargetScatterLoc 3 (X,Y,Z) in ECI frame
TargetScatterRCS 1
outSignal 1

Examples
The following figure shows how to use RADAR_EchoGenerator with other models
such as RADAR_Platform, RADAR_TargetScatterLocation,
RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame to generate the echo in the general framework and
can be used to do more complex signal processing depends on which radar types.
The generated echo(red line) and transmitted waveform(blue line) is as follows:
There are some examples under /Examples/RADAR/GeneralFramework. The

example framework_basic.wsv is a good tutorial example.

Radar Signal Processing Category
Radar Signal Processing
Contents
RADAR BinaryDetector Part (see page 393)
RADAR CFAR M Part (see page 405)
RADAR CFAR Part (see page 408)
RADAR CoIntgr M Part (see page 367)
RADAR CoIntgr Part (see page 357)
RADAR DBF Part (see page 372)
RADAR Detector M Part (see page 360)
RADAR Detector Part (see page 383)
RADAR DOA Part (see page 375)
RADAR Kalman Part (see page 362)
RADAR LFMRef Part (see page 420)
RADAR MatchedFilter Part (see page 390)
RADAR MNDetector Part (see page 380)
RADAR MTD M Part (see page 396)
RADAR MTD Part (see page 398)
RADAR MTI M Part (see page 414)
RADAR MTI Part (see page 378)
RADAR NonCoIntgr M Part (see page 400)
RADAR NonCoIntgr Part (see page 418)
RADAR PC Part (see page 412)
RADAR PD Part (see page 385)
RADAR PulseCompression M Part (see page 415)
RADAR PulseCompression Part (see page 402)
RADAR TargetDetect Part (see page 387)
RADAR TargetTrack Part (see page 364)
RADAR TOA Part (see page 115)
RADAR WaveGate Part (see page 369)
RADAR CoIntgr Part
RADAR CoIntgr Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CoIntgr (see page 358) Signal Coherenent Integration
RADAR_CoIntgr
RADAR_CoIntgr
Description: Signal Coherenent Integration

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR CoIntgr Part (see page 357)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI_Or_WaveGate Time Gate to Collect Samples 10e-3 s Float NO
NumOfPulse Number of pulses for one coherent 32 Integer NO

integration
Input Ports

Output Ports
2 output The signal after coherent integration complex NO
Notes/Equations
This model is used to implement the coherent integration.
1. Seldom is a radar system required to detect a target on the basis of a single

transmitted pulse. Usually, several pulses are transmitted with the antenna
beam pointed in the direction of the (supposed) target. The received signals
from these pulses are processed to improve the ability to detect a target in
the presence of noise by performing the coherent or noncoherent
integration.
2. If coherent integration processing is employed, (i.e., both the amplitude and
the phase of the received signals are used in the processing so that the
signal contributions can be made to add in phase with one another), the SNR
resulting from coherently integrating np pulses in white noise, SNRc(np), is np
times the single-pulse SNR, SNR1:
SNRc(np) = npSNR(1)
3. Please refer the reference for details about coherent integration and non-
coherent integration.
input PRI_Or_WaveGate*SampleRate*NumOfPulse
Output PRI_Or_WaveGate*SampleRate
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_CoIntgr model. In this example,
the signal at interested range bins (samples) are captured by RADAR_WaveGate,
and then do the pulse compression by the RADAR_PulseCompression model and
RADAR_LFMRef. After pulse compression, the coherent integration is made by
RADAR_CoIntgr, and the target is detected by RADAR_TargetDetect. When the
target is detected, the range is estimated.

The signal fed into RADAR_CoIntgr model is as the following figure:
And the coherent integration result is as follows:
The example is /Examples/Radar/System/TargetDetectWavegate.wsv.
Reference
[1]. Mark A. Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing , McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2005
[2]. Mark A. Richards, Principles of Modern Radar : Basic Principles, SciTech
Publishing, Raleigh, NC, 2010
RADAR Detector M Part
RADAR Detector M Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Detector_M (see page 361) RADAR Detector Matrix

RADAR_Detector_M
Description: RADAR Detector Matrix

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Detector M Part (see page 360)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type The type of the detector: Envelop, Square, Log Square Enumeration NO
Square, Log
Log_Coefb The coefficient value b in the log detector law y = 1 Float NO

aln(bx)
Log_Coefa The coefficient value a in the log detector law y = 1 Float NO

aln(bx)
Input Ports
1 input Input signal complex matrix NO
Output Ports
2 output Output signal real matrix NO
The function of RADAR_DetectorM is the same as RADAR_Detector (see

page 383)

The input and output data type is Matrix.
With Matrix data type, the port rate of input / output is 1 Matrix. Due to the
row and column dimension of Matrix can be updated during running the
simulation, the input samples, and output samples can be updated
dynamically.
Pack_M, Unpack_M,DynamicPack_M and DynamicUnpack_M models are
always used to packet the samples to data matrix or unpack data matrix to
samples.
RADAR KALMAN Part
RADAR Kalman Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Kalman (see page 362) Radar Kalman Filter
RADAR_Kalman
Description: Radar Kalman Filter

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Kalman Part (see page 362)

Model Parameters

Tunable
Period Radar Scan Period 2 s Float NO
Meas_err_var Measure Error Variance 10000 Float NO
r_mat Measure Error Variance Matrix [10000 0;0 10000] Floating NO

point
array
a1_mat Status Transition Matrix for [1 2 0 0;0 1 0 0;0 0 1 2;0 0 Floating NO

constant velocity model 0 1] point
array
h1_mat Observation Matrix for constant [1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0] Floating NO

velocity model point
array
g1_mat System Control Matrix for [1 0;1 0;0 1;0 1] Floating NO

constant velocity model point
array
a2_mat Status Transition Matrix for [1 1 0 0 2 0;0 1 0 0 2 0;0 0 Floating NO

constant accelerate model 1 2 0 2;0 0 0 1 0 2;0 0 0 0 point
1 0;0 0 0 0 0 1] array
h2_mat Observation Matrix for constant [1 0 0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0 0 0] Floating NO

accelerate model point
array
g2_mat System Control Matrix for [1 0; 2 0; 0 1; 0 2; 1 0; 0 1] Floating NO

constant accelerate model point
array
q1_mat Variance of accelerate for [0 0;0 0] Floating NO

constant velocity model in the point
IMM algorithm array
q2_mat Variance of accelerate for [0.05 0;0 0.05] Floating NO

constant accelerate model in the point
IMM algorithm array
q3_mat [0.02 0;0 0.02] NO

Tunable
Another Variance of accelerate Floating

for constant accelerate model in point
the IMM algorithm array
p_mat Markov Probability Transition [0.95 0.025 0.025; 0.025 Floating NO

Matrix which is used to control 0.95 0.025; 0.025 0.025 point
model transition in the IMM 0.95] array
algorithm
u_mat To generate the initial Matrix with [1; 0; 0] Floating NO

Markov Probability Transition point
Matrix in the IMM algorithm array
Input Ports
1 x_in x measure value real NO
2 y_in y measure value real NO
Output Ports
3 x_out x estimated value real NO
4 y_out y estimated value real NO
Notes and equations
1. For the introduction to kalman filter, refers to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

/Kalman_Filter.
RADAR TargetTrack Part
RADAR TargetTrack Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_TargetTrack (see page 365) Target Tracking Algorithm which is used to track single target
RADAR_TargetTrack
RADAR_TargetTrack
Description: Target Tracking Algorithm which is used to track single target

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR TargetTrack Part (see page 364)
Model Parameters

Tunable
TrackGate Time Gate to Track the Target 10e-6 s Float NO
InitGateStartTime Initial WaveGate Start Time which is used to 10e-6 s Float NO

search target
Input Ports

2 isTrack Whether the target is tracked or not boolean NO
Output Ports

Type
3 GateStart The start position of wave gate, which will fed to wave gate model real NO
4 Range The measured range real NO
5 output The output signal complex NO
Notes/Equations
This model is used to track the target and measure the target range when the
target is detected.
1. The range measurement is based on the energy center of the waveform in

the track gate.
2. The range un-ambiguity computation is not in this model.
3. The TrackGate value should be less than the value of WaveGate.
4. The output of GateStart is the new start time of wavegate and feedback to
the WaveGate model to make the target at the center of WaveGate.
Input PRI_Or_WaveGate*SampleRate The number of samples in one PRI or wavegate
isTrack 1
output PRI_Or_WaveGate*SampleRate The number of samples in one PRI or wavegate
Range 1
GateStart 1

Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_TargetTrack model. In this
example, the signal at interested range bins (samples) are captured by
RADAR_WaveGate, and then do the pulse compression and coherent integration,
when the target is detected, the range is estimated in this model. When the target
is moving, the new wave gate start time will be estimated in order to make the
target at the center of wave gate.
The signal after pulse compression and coherent integration is fed into
RADAR_TargetTrack is as the following figure:
And the estimated target range is as follows:
Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR CoIntgr M Part
RADAR CoIntgr M Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CoIntgr_M (see page 368) Signal Coherent Integration for Matrix signals
RADAR_CoIntgr_M
Description: Signal Coherent Integration for Matrix signals

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR CoIntgr M Part (see page 367)
Model Parameters

Tunable
NumOfPulse Number of pulses for one coherent integration 32 Integer NO
Input Ports
1 input The input signal complex matrix NO
Output Ports
2 output The signal after coherent integration complex matrix NO

Notes/Equations
The function of RADAR_CoIntgr_M is the same as RADAR_CoIntgr (see page
358).
dynamically.
samples.
RADAR WaveGate Part
RADAR WaveGate Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_WaveGate (see page 369) Wave Gate to capture and process the echo signal
RADAR_WaveGate
RADAR_WaveGate

Description: Wave Gate to capture and process the echo signal
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR WaveGate Part (see page 369)
Model Parameters
PRF Pulse Repeat Frequency 10e3 Hz Float NO
StartTime The start time of wavegate 0 s Float NO
GateTime The time length of gate 20e-6 s Float NO
Input Ports
2 GateStartCtrl The start time of gate real YES
Output Ports
3 output The samples within the wave gate complex NO
Notes/Equations
This model is used to simulate wave gate which is used to capture echoes at the
interested range bins.
1. The wavegate refers to a fraction of the time window in one PRI.When

wavegate is used, only the samples during the wavegate will be captured
and processed.
2. The GateTime value must greater than zero and less than the PRI.
3. The GateStartCtrl input is optional. When it's connected, the start time of
gate is set to its value. And by adjusting the value of GateStartCtrl, the
wavegate start position can be adjusted dynamically. When it's
disconnected, the start time of gate is set by parameter StartTime.

Input PRI*SampleRate The number of samples in one PRI
GateStartCtrl 1
output GateTime*SampleRate The number of samples in one wave gate
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_WaveGate model to capture the
signal at interested range bins (samples).
In this example, the PRF is 10e3Hz and SampleRate is 40e6Hz, so the number of
samples in one PRI is 4000. And the gate time is 20e-6s, so the number of samples
in the wave gate is 800. The following signal processing algorithms only process
these 800 samples.
Before RADAR_WaveGate the signal is as the following figure:
After RADAR_WaveGate the signal is as the following figure:

Reference
1. Mark A. Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing , McGraw-Hill,

New York, 2005
RADAR DBF Part
RADAR DBF Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_DBF (see page 372) Digital Beamforming
RADAR_DBF
Description: Digital Beamforming

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR DBF Part (see page 372)
Input Ports
1 input Input signal multiple complex NO
2 weight Weight for digital beamforming multiple complex NO

Output Ports
3 output Output signal after beamforming complex NO
Equation
The DBF architecture enables the use of a number of array signal processing
techniques that can enhance the capability of a radar, including the following:
1. Digital re-steering of beams on receive for improved search occupancy
2. Adaptive cancellation for jammer and electromagnetic interference (EMI)
mitigation
3. High-resolution angle estimation of both targets and jammers for improved
metric accuracy
Please refer the reference for details of DBF.
For the RADAR_DBF model, the inputs are signals from each channel and weights
for each signal. The weights generation is implemented by other models that can
adaptively estimate the weights based on the input signals and interference.
Input 1
Weight 1
Output 1
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_ADBF model to estimate the
weights with received signal samples and the weights are fed into RADAR_DBF to
implement digital beamforming.
Figure 1. DBF example

In this example, there is one interested signal from 30 degrees and one jammer
from 60 degrees. Both of them are received by phased array antenna
(RADAR_PhasedArrayRx). The combined signal is fed into RADAR_ADBF that is
used to generate adaptive estimated weight. The angle of interested direction can
be set with parameter Theta(elevation angle in antenna frame) and Phi(azimuth
angle in antenna frame) when input ports el and az are not connected. When they
are connected, the angle values in the parameter are disabled and the angles are
decided by the input angle values. The adaptive weights computed by
RADAR_ADBF are then fed into RADAR_DBF to implement the digital beamforming.
With these two models, the steering vector of interested direction is set to 30
degrees and the jammer is suppressed.
Without adaptive beamforming, the received signal is as the following figure:
With adaptive estimated weights and digital beamforming, the received signal is as
the following figure:

The antenna pattern with adaptive estimated weights is as the following figure,
from the pattern, the jammer from 60 degrees is suppressed and the beam is
steered to the direction of the interested signal.
This example is /Examples/Radar/DAR/ADBF.wsv.
Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR DOA Part
RADAR DOA Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_DOA (see page 376) RADAR direction of arrival (DOA) estimation

RADAR_DOA
Description: RADAR direction of arrival (DOA) estimation

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR DOA Part (see page 375)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Fc Frequency 10e9 Hz Float NO
NumOfCh The number of rx channel 16 Integer NO
Type DOA Type: MUSIC, ESPRIT, MUSIC_2D MUSIC Enumeration NO
Ant_RowNum The number of rx antenna element in row 8 Integer NO
Ant_ColNum The number of rx antenna element in column 9 Integer NO
D The distance between elements in wavelength 0.5 Float NO
D_H The element distance of Horizontal Antenna 0.5 Float NO

Element for 2-D Array in wavelength
D_V The element distance of Vertical Antenna 0.5 Float NO

Element for 2-D Array in wavelength
SnapShotLen The snap shot length 100 Integer NO

Input Ports
1 input Input signal multiple complex NO
Output Ports
2 number the number of targets int NO
3 elevation elevation of the targets real matrix NO
4 azimuth azimuth of the targets real matrix YES
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used for Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation.

2. Each firing, the number of tokens consumed at the input port is decided by
parameter SnapShotLen; 1 token is produced at ports number and elevation
and 1 token are produced at port azimuth in the case of MUSIC_2D. The
output token at elevation and azimuth are matrix token with the size 1 x
number of estimated targets. The number of estimated targets is output at
port number.
Fc is the carrier frequency.
Type is used to specify the DOA estimation method. It can be set to
MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm, ESPRIT (Estimation
of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance Techniques) or
MUSIC_2D.
Ant_RowNum and Ant_ColNum are used to specify the receive
antenna elements in row and column. These 2 parameters are active
when Type is set to MUSI_2D.
NumOfCh is used to specify the receive antenna elements in case of
the linear array antenna. It is active in case of parameter Type is set to
MUSIC or ESPRIT.
SnapShotLen is the snapshot length.
4. This model can support MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithm for the linear array
antenna. In this case, the port number outputs the number of estimated
targets. The port elevation outputs one matrix token with the size 1 x number
of estimated targets and each matrix element is the direction of arrival of one
target.
5.
5. This model can support MUSIC algorithm for 2-dimensional receive antennas
DOA estimation. In this case, the port number is same as linear array antenna
case, These 2 ports elevation and azimuth output one matrix token with the
size 1 x number of estimated targets and each matrix element are the
elevation and azimuth of one target.
Reference
1. Harry L. Van Trees, Optimum Array Processing , Wiley 2002.
RADAR MTI Part
RADAR MTI Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MTI (see page 378) Moving Target Indication
RADAR_MTI
Description: Moving Target Indication

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR MTI Part (see page 378)
Model Parameters

Tunable

Tunable
NumOfPulse Number of pulses in MTI 32 Integer NO
MTI_Type The Type of Moving Target Indicator: Two Two Pulse Enumeration NO
Pulse Canceller, Three Pulse Canceller Canceller
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 output The output signal after MTI processing complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to perform pulse canceler based moving target indicator
(MTI).
2. Each firing, NumOfPulses*PRI*BB_SamplingRate, inputs are consumed and
(NumOfPulses-n)*PRI*BB_SamplingRate outputs are generated, where n is
the order of pulse canceler used for MTI.
PRI - denotes the pulse repetition interval
NumOfPulses - specifies the number of pulses in coherent processing
interval (CPI)
Type - determines if 2-pulses canceler or 3-pulses canceler is used,
BB_SamplingRate - specifies the baseband sampling rate
4. This model supports both 2-pulses canceler and 3-pulses canceler. Please
refer the reference for details.
Reference

York, 2005

RADAR MNDetector Part
RADAR MNDetector Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MNDetector (see page 380) M of N Detector
RADAR_MNDetector
Description: M of N Detector
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR MNDetector Part (see page 380)
Model Parameters

Tunable
M The detection decision is declared only if the target in 2 Integer NO

that range bin was detected on at least one of the
individual CPI. The common example is 2 of 5 or 3 of 8
CPIs. M is the number of target decisions of N times
detection.
N The detection decision is declared only if the target in 5 Integer NO

that range bin was detected on at least one of the
individual CPI. The common example is 2 of 5 or 3 of 8
CPIs. N is the number of detection.

Tunable
Input Ports
1 input The input signal int NO
Output Ports
2 output The detected result after m-outof-n detector int NO
Notes/Equations
This model can be used with RADAR_BinaryDetector in the RADAR library to
simulate the binary integration procedure. Binary integration is the first automatic
method developed to integrate pulses and make the detection decision. The
RADAR_BinaryDetector and RADAR_MNDetector also be called double-threshold
detector and M-out-of-N detector.
The input of RADAR_MNDetector is RADAR_BinaryDetector. If M of these expected
N pulses at each range bin are 1s, a target is declared to be present and the output
at that range bin is 1, or else the output is 0. So the output of RADAR_MNDetector
is a series of 1s and 0s.
Input PRI*SampleRate*N The number of samples in N PRIs
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_MNDetector and
RADAR_BinaryDetector which is called double threshold detector model to declare
whether the target is present.

The output of RADAR_BinaryDetector is as follows:
And the output of RADAR_MNDetector is as follows:

Reference
York, 2005.

RADAR Detector Part
RADAR Detector Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_Detector (see page 383) RADAR Detector
RADAR_Detector
Description: RADAR Detector

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR Detector Part (see page 383)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Type The type of the detector: Envelop, Square, Log Square Enumeration NO
Square, Log
Log_Coefb The coefficient value b in the log detector law y = 1 Float NO

aln(bx)
Log_Coefa The coefficient value a in the log detector law y = 1 Float NO

aln(bx)

Input Ports
1 input Input signal complex NO
Output Ports
2 output Output signal real NO
Notes/Equations
This model is used to model the detector law.
The detector law includes linear law, square law, and log square law. The
expression is as follows:
where, x(n) is the nth input and y(n) is the nth output.
Input 1
Output 1
Example
There are some examples with RADAR_Detector under the folder /Examples/Radar
/PDRADAR_Performance. One good example is /Examples/Radar
/PDRADAR_Performance/

Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR PD Part
RADAR PD Part
Pulse Doppler
appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_PD (see page 385)
RADAR_PD
Description: Pulse Doppler

Associated Parts: RADAR PD Part (see page 385)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI Pulse Repeat Interval ((0:∞)) 0 s Float NO
NumOfPulse Number of pulses ([4:∞)) 8 none Integer NO

Tunable
MTI_Type The Type of Moving Target Two Pulse none Enumeration NO

Indicator: Bypass MTI, Two Canceller
Pulse Canceller, Three Pulse
Canceller
MTD_Freq_Weight frequency domain weight [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] none Floating NO

point array
MTD_WindowType the type of window: Rectangle none Enumeration NO

Rectangle, Bartlett,
Hanning, Hamming,
Blackman, SteepBlackman,
Kaiser
MTD_WindowParameters array of values for the 0 none Floating NO

window point array
SampleRate Waveform Baseband 10000000 Hz Float NO

Sampling Rate ((0:∞))
Input Ports
1 input data before FEC complex NO
Output Ports
2 mtd_output data after FEC complex NO
3 mti_output data after FEC complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used for pulse-doppler(PD) processing

see
RADAR_MTI (see page 378)
RADAR_MTD (see page 399)
3.
3. If MTI is enabled, each firing (N+M-1)*PRI*BB_SamplingRate number of
tokens are consumed in the input and N*PRIi*BB_SamplingRate number of
tokens will be produced in the output, where N is the number of pulses used
for MTD and M is the order of pulse canceler. If MTI is disabled, each firing,
N*PRI*BB_SamplingRate number of tokens will be consumed in the input
and the same amount of tokens will be produced in the output.
Also see
RADAR_MTI (see page 378)
RADAR_MTD (see page 399)
Reference

York, 2005
RADAR TargetDetect Part
RADAR TargetDetect Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_TargetDetect (see page 387) Target Detecting Algorithm which is used to detect target from noise
RADAR_TargetDetect

Description: Target Detecting Algorithm which is used to detect target from noise
Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR TargetDetect Part (see page 387)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI_Or_WaveGate Time Gate to Collect 10e-3 s Float NO

Samples
SampleNumForEstimateNoise The number of noise 32 Integer NO

samples
DetectType the type of detecting: Range Enumeration NO

Range Dimension Dimension
Detecting, 2D Detecing Detecting
FalseAlarmProbability The probability of false 1e-6 Float NO

alarm
Coef1 The weight coefficient for 0.8 Float NO

noise samples in current
wavegate for noise
estimation
Coef2 The weight coefficient for 0.2 Float NO

noise samples in last
wavegate for noise
estimation
Coef The weight coefficient for 1 Float NO

noise samples for 2-D noise
estimation
FreqChannelNum The number of frequency 32 Integer NO

channels when 2D target
detecting is used

Sampling Rate

Input Ports
Output Ports

Type
2 IsDetect Whether target is detected or not boolean NO
3 output The output signal complex NO
4 RangeBinIndex The frequency bin index of detected target in the doppler int NO
dimension
5 FreqBinIndex int NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used to detect the target in the noise environment.

2. In this model, the noise average voltage is estimated. According to Bernoulli
Theory, a big number of noise samples is required. But it's impossible to get
enough noise samples in a PRI, so the samples average recursive estimation
algorithm is used in this model.
3. How to set the weighting coefficients Coef1 and Coef2?
Coef1 + Coef2 = 1 (Coef1 > 0; Coef2 > 0);
if SampleNumForEstimateNoise is relatively small, the Coef1 may be
set to a smaller value, such as 0.125; Or if
SampleNumForEstimateNoise is relatively large, the Coef1 may be set
to a larger value, such as 0.25.
4. When the target is detected, the IsDetect output is set to 1 and the output is
the samples in the wavegate or PRI.
When the wavegate model is used, the input port rate is PRI * SampleRate, the
output port rate is wavegate * SampleRate.
Reference

1993

RADAR MatchedFilter Part
RADAR MatchedFilter Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MatchedFilter (see page 390) Matched Filter
RADAR_MatchedFilter
Description: Matched Filter

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR MatchedFilter Part (see page 390)
Model Parameters
PulseWidth Pulse Width 1e-5 s Float NO

Input Ports
1 signal The input signal complex NO
2 reference The reference signal complex NO
Output Ports
3 output The signal after matched filter complex NO
Notes/Equations
A matched filter is one that maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio. A matched
filter does not preserve the shape of the input waveform. The factor that the
matched filter changes the shape of the received signal is to maximize the
detectability.
The matched filter is that the impulse response of the filter should satisfy
Where TM is the time instant at which the SNR is maximized. s(t) is the signal which
will be detected.
Example
Figure 1 is the example to demo how RADAR_MatchedFilter(blue) is used to match
the simple pulse and related simulation result.

Figure 1 Matched filter for simple pulse
Figure 2 is the example to demo how RADAR_MatchedFilter (blue) is used to match the
LFM signal and its result. And you can see the output of matched filter and output of
pulse compression is the same. The RADAR_PulseCompression is typically matched
filter for LFM which is commonly implemented in the frequency domain.

Figure 2 Matched filter for simple pulse
The example is /Examples/Radar/Basic/MatchedFilter.wsv.
Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR BinaryDetector Part
RADAR BinaryDetector Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_BinaryDetector (see page 394) Binary Detector

RADAR_BinaryDetector
Description: Binary Detector

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR BinaryDetector Part (see page 393)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Threshold Threshold is in the [0:1]. When the value of sample is 0.6 Float NO
greater than Threshold * maximum value in one detection
frame, the output is 1, otherwise, the output is 0.
Input Ports
1 input The input signal real NO
Output Ports
2 output The detected result of input signal with binary detector int NO

Notes/Equations
This model can be used with RADAR_MNDetector in the RADAR library to simulate
the binary integration procedure. Binary integration is the first automatic method
developed to integrate pulses and make the detection decision. The
RADAR_BinaryDetector and RADAR_MNDetector also be called double-threshold
detector and m-out-of-n detector.
When the input signals exceed the threshold which is the parameter of this model,
a target is declared to be present and the output at that range bin is 1, or else the
output is 0. So the output of RADAR_BinaryDetector is a series of 1s and 0s.
Input PRI*SampleRate The number of samples in one PRI
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_BinaryDetector model to declare
whether the target is present.
The output of CFAR result is as follows:

And the output of RADAR_BinaryDetector is as follows:

Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR MTD M Part
RADAR MTD M Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MTD_M (see page 397) Moving Target Detection for Matrix signals

RADAR_MTD_M
Description: Moving Target Detection for Matrix signals

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR MTD M Part (see page 396)
Model Parameters

Tunable
NumOfPulse Number of pulses 8 Integer NO
Freq_Weight The weights in frequency domain [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] Floating NO

point array

Hamming, Blackman,
WindowParameters The array of values for the window 0 Floating NO

point array
Input Ports

Output Ports
2 output The output signal after MTD processing complex matrix NO
Notes:
The function of RADAR_MTD_M is the same as RADAR_MTD (see page 399)
dynamically.
Since the data samples for once MTD operation is stored in one Matrix, the
sample rate parameter which is used to compute the data port rate is not
required.
samples.
Examples:
There is one example located at:
\example\Radar\system\PulseCompressionMatrix.wsv which demos the
usage of RADAR_MTD_M and other models with Matrix data type.
The schematic of example is as follows:
RADAR MTD Part
RADAR MTD Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MTD (see page 399) Moving Target Detection
RADAR_MTD
Description: Moving Target Detection

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR MTD Part (see page 398)
Model Parameters

Tunable
NumOfPulse Number of pulses 8 Integer NO
Freq_Weight The weights in frequency domain [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] Floating NO

point array

Hamming, Blackman,
WindowParameters The array of values for the window 0 Floating NO

point array

Rate

Input Ports
Output Ports
2 output The output signal after MTD processing complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used for moving target detection (MTD).

2. Each firing, NumOfPulse*PRI*BB_SamplingRate number of tokens are
consumed in input and the same amount of tokens are generated in output.
PRI is used to specify the cycle of the pulse
NumOfPulse is used to specify the number of pulses in a CPI(Coherent
Processing Interval)
Freq_Weight is an array parameter with the size as the NumOfPulse
used to specify the weighting for MTD filter bank
WindowType is used to specify the type of window used in time
domain
WindowParameters is an array parameter for time domain windowing
BB_SamplingRate is used to specify the baseband sampling rate
4. The implementation of MTD is based on FFT over same range gate data of
different PRI. Frequency domain weighting is provided for the user to define
their own Doppler domain shaping and also user can specify different time
domain windowing functions to support time windowing to the data.
Reference

York, 2005.
RADAR NonCoIntgr M Part
RADAR NonCoIntgr M Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_NonCoIntgr_M (see page 401) Signal non-coherent Integration for Matrix signals
RADAR_NonCoIntgr_M
Description: Signal non-coherent Integration for Matrix signals

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR NonCoIntgr M Part (see page 400)
Model Parameters
Number Number of Pulses for non-coherent integration 5 Integer NO
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 output The output signal after non-coherent integration real matrix NO
Notes:
The function of RADAR_NonCoIntgr_M is the same as RADAR_NonCoIntgr
(see page 418)

dynamically.
Since the data samples for once noncoherent integration operation is stored
in one Matrix, the sample rate parameter which is used to compute the data
port rate is not required.
samples.
RADAR PulseCompression Part
RADAR PulseCompression Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_PulseCompression (see page 402) Pulse Compression
RADAR_PulseCompression
Description: Pulse Compression

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PulseCompression Part (see page 402)

Model Parameters

Tunable
Samplenum The number of samples which is equal to 300 Integer NO

the samples in the wavegate
FFTSize FFT Size and it should be 2^N 1024 Integer NO
Bandwidth The bandwidth of LFM signal 5e6 Hz Float NO
SampleRate The baseband sampling rate 10e6 Hz Float NO
WindowType The type of window function: Rectangle, Rectangle Enumeration NO


function
Input Ports
1 reference The reference for pulse compression complex NO
2 signal The input signal complex NO
Output Ports
3 output The pulse compression result complex NO
Notes/Equations
This model is used to implement the pulse compression algorithm which is widely
used in the radar system.
1. The pulse compression algorithm is implemented in the frequency domain.

2. The SampleNum is the number of samples in the wavegate or in one PRI.
3. The FFTSize is the size of FFT length, which should be the same as
SampleNum, or greater than SampleNum, When FFTSize is greater than the
SampleNum, the zero will be padded

4. In general, the FFTSize should be 2^n
5. The pulse compression algorithm can be referred the reference.
6. The WindowType parameter is used to select different amplitude weighting
window functions which can suppress the side lobe of the pulse compression
result.
7. The digital compressor receives the digitized signal and passes it through the
first FFT (or DFT), as shown in above figure, and the matched filter’s
spectrum is defined by H[k] which is computed in the RADAR_LFMRef model
(It is generally precomputed and stored in memory in the real system). The
compressor forms the product and the inverse transform yields the output of
the filter.
Reference FFTSize It should be the 2^N value (N is a positive integer).
signal SampleNum The number of samples in one PRI or wavegate
output SampleNum The number of samples in one PRI or wavegate
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_PulseCompression model. In this
example, the signal at interested range bins (samples) are captured by
RADAR_WaveGate, and then do the pulse compression by the
RADAR_PulseCompression model and coherent integration, and the target is
detected by RADAR_TargetDetect. When the target is detected, the range is
estimated.
The signal fed into RADAR_PulseCompression model is as the following figure:

The reference which is the spectrum of matched filter is as follows:
And the pulse compression result for one waveform is as follows:
Reference
York, 2005.
[3] Byron Edge, Radar Principles, technology, applications , PTR, New Jersey, 1993
RADAR CFAR M Part
RADAR CFAR M Part


appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CFAR_M (see page 406) Constant False Alarm Rate
RADAR_CFAR_M
Description: Constant False Alarm Rate

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR CFAR M Part (see page 405)
Model Parameters

Tunable
CFAR_Type The type of CFAR: CA, SOCA, GOCA, Clutter CA Enumeration NO

Map
CFAR_Dimension The type of CFAR dimension: Range, Doppler Range Enumeration NO
CellSize Cell size of samples which will be detected 100 Integer NO
ReferenceCell The number of samples/range bins which are 32 Integer NO

regarded as Reference Cell
GuardCell The number of samples/range bins which are 4 Integer NO

regarded as Guard Cell
Detector_Type Type of the detector: Envelop, Square, Square Enumeration NO

LogSquare, Log

Threshold The method to decide the threshold: Pf, Pf Enumeration NO
Alpha
Pf Expected False Alarm Rate 1e-4 Float NO
Alpha Threshold Accumulation Factor 1.0 Float NO
Beta Adaption coeficient for clutter map 1.0 Float NO
Input Ports
1 input The input signal real matrix NO
Output Ports
2 output The CFAR result of input signal real matrix NO
3 threshold The threshold result of input signal real matrix NO
Notes:
The function of RADAR_CFAR_M is the same as RADAR_CFAR (see page 409
).
dynamically. So the simulation need not to be stopped when work mode is
changed.
Examples:
usage of RADAR_CFAR_M and other models with Matrix data type.

The red line is the result of CFAR operation and the green line is the
threshold.
RADAR CFAR Part
RADAR CFAR Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_CFAR (see page 409) Constant False Alarm Rate

RADAR_CFAR
Description: Constant False Alarm Rate

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR CFAR Part (see page 408)
Model Parameters

Tunable
CFAR_Type The type of CFAR: CA, SOCA, GOCA, Clutter CA Enumeration NO

Map
CellSize Cell size of samples which will be detected 100 Integer NO
ReferenceCell The number of samples/range bins which are 32 Integer NO

regarded as Reference Cell
GuardCell The number of samples/range bins which are 4 Integer NO

regarded as Guard Cell
Detector_Type Type of the detector: Envelop, Square, Square Enumeration NO

LogSquare, Log
Threshold The method to decide the threshold: Pf, Alpha Pf Enumeration NO
Pf Expected False Alarm Rate 1e-4 Float NO
Alpha Threshold Accumulation Factor 1.0 Float NO

Tunable
Beta Adaption coeficient for clutter map 1.0 Float NO
Input Ports
1 input The input signal real NO
Output Ports
2 output The CFAR result of input signal real NO
3 threshold The threshold result of input signal real NO
Notes/Equations
1. RADAR_CFAR model is used to simulate the Constant False Alarm Rate

(CFAR) detection.
2. CA CFAR: The CA(cell-averaging)-CFAR exhibits optimum performance in a
homogeneous interference environment.
3. GOCA-CFAR is the “greatest-of” CA-CFAR to reduce clutter edge false
alarms. Clutter edge false alarms are suppressed by computing the average
interference power in the lagging and leading windows separately and
selecting the larger of the two sample means as the CFAR statistic.
4. SOCA-CFAR is the “smallest-of” CA-CFAR to estimate the interference
power in the lagging and leading reference windows and selects the smaller
of the two estimates as the CFAR statistic. The smaller of the two estimates
is selected to suppress interfering targets that may reside in either the
leading or lagging window but not targets present simultaneously in both
windows.
5. Clutter map CFAR: In environments, where the interference is heterogeneous
from resolution cell to resolution cell, a clutter map CFAR may be employed.
The threshold for each range-angle cell is computed as a multiple of the
measured clutter in the same cell. The clutter measurement is obtained as a
simple first-order recursive filter of the form.
Please refer the reference 1 , chapter, 7 for details about CFAR.

Input CellSize
Output CellSize
Threshold CellSize
Example
The following figure depicts the RADAR_CFAR usage to detect the target and use
RADAR_PdMeasure model with RADAR_BinaryDetector and RADAR_MNDetector
models to compute the probability of detection.
output of RADAR_BinaryDetector is fed into RADAR_MNDetector. Eventually, the
output of RADAR_MNDetector is fed into the RADAR_PdMeasure model that
computes the probability of detection at each range bin.
The output of RADAR_CFAR(Blue line) and the threshold of RADAR_CFAR(Red line)
is depicted in the following figure:

Reference
[1]. Mark Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, Mcgraw-Hill, New
York, 2005
[2]. Mark A. Richards, Principles of Modern Radar : Basic Principles, SciTech
Publishing, Raleigh, NC, 2010
RADAR PC Part
RADAR PC Part
Pulse Compression
appropriate link.
Model
RADAR_PC (see page 412)
RADAR_PC
Description: Pulse Compression

Associated Parts: RADAR PC Part (see page 412)
Model Parameters

Tunable
PRI pulse repeat interval ((0:∞)) 0 s Float NO
BandWidth signal bandwidth ((0:∞)) 24130000 Hz Float NO

Tunable
FM_Offset Frequency Modulation Offset ((0:∞)) 0 Hz Float NO
BB_SamplingRate Waveform Baseband Sampling Rate ((0: 30000000 Hz Float NO

∞))
WindowType the type of window: Rectangle, Bartlett, Rectangle none Enumeration NO

Hanning, Hamming, Blackman,
Input Ports
1 SigIn data in complex NO
2 RefIn reference in complex NO
Output Ports
3 SigOut data out complex NO
Notes/Equations
1. This model is used for pulse compression(PC) in pulse radar.

2. Each firing, PRI*BB_SamplingRate, the number of inputs are consumed and
the same amount of outputs are generated.
PRI - specifies the pulse cycle
Bandwidth - denotes the pulse bandwidth
FM_Offset - specifies frequency domain offset
BB_SamplingFreq - defines the baseband sampling rate for waveform
generation
WindowType - denotes the type of window to control the compressed
pulse sidelobe
4. The model is used an FFT-based implementation can be referred the
reference for details.
5. Application example,
The input and output of PC are depicted in the figure below:

5.
Reference

York, 2005
RADAR MTI M Part
RADAR MTI M Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_MTI_M (see page 414) Moving Target Indication for Matrix signals
RADAR_MTI_M
Description: Moving Target Indication for Matrix signals

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR MTI M Part (see page 414)

Model Parameters

Tunable
MTI_Type The Type of Moving Target Indicator: Two Pulse Two Pulse Enumeration NO
Canceller, Three Pulse Canceller Canceller
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 output The output signal after MTI processing complex matrix NO
Notes:
The function of RADAR_MTI_M is the same as RADAR_MTI_M (see page 414)
dynamically.
Since the data samples for once MTI operation is stored in one Matrix, the
sample rate parameter which is used to compute the data port rate is not
required.
samples.
RADAR PulseCompression M Part
RADAR PulseCompression M Part

appropriate link.

Model Description
RADAR_PulseCompression_M (see page 416) Pulse Compression for Matrix signals
RADAR_PulseCompression_M
Description: Pulse Compression for Matrix signals

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR PulseCompression M Part (see page 415)
Model Parameters

Tunable
WindowType The type of window function: Rectangle, Rectangle Enumeration NO


function
Input Ports
1 reference The reference for pulse compression complex matrix NO
2 signal The input signal complex matrix NO

Output Ports
3 output The pulse compression result complex matrix NO
Notes:
The function of RADAR_PulseCompression_M is the same as
RADAR_PulseCompression (see page 402)
dynamically.
Since the data samples for once pulse compression operation is stored in
one Matrix, the sample rate parameter which is used to compute the data
port rate is not required.
samples.
Examples:
usage of RADAR_PulseCompression_M and other models with Matrix data
type.

RADAR NonCoIntgr Part
RADAR NonCoIntgr Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_NonCoIntgr (see page 418) Signal non-coherent Integration
RADAR_NonCoIntgr
RADAR_NonCoIntgr
Description: Signal non-coherent Integration

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR NonCoIntgr Part (see page 418)

Model Parameters

Tunable
Number Number of Pulses for non-coherent 5 Integer NO

integration
Input Ports
Output Ports
2 output The output signal after non-coherent integration real NO
Notes/Equations
This model is used to implement the non-coherent integration.
1. Non-coherent integration discards the phase of the individual echo samples,

averaging only the amplitude information.
2. For non-coherent integration, the integration gain for many cases is at least
but less than np:
input PRI_Or_WaveGate*SampleRate*Number
Output PRI_Or_WaveGate*SampleRate

Reference
York, 2005.
RADAR LFMRef Part
RADAR LFMRef Part

appropriate link.
Model Description
RADAR_LFMRef (see page 420) Linear Frequency Modulation Waveform Reference Function
RADAR_LFMRef
RADAR_LFMRef
Description: Linear Frequency Modulation Waveform Reference Function

Domain: Untimed
Associated Parts: RADAR LFMRef Part (see page 420)
Model Parameters

Tunable
Pulsewidth Pulse Width 1e-5 s Float NO
Bandwidth Waveform Bandwidth 5e6 Hz Float NO

Tunable
FM_Offset Frequency Modulation Offset 0 Hz Float NO
FFTSize The fft size which should be 2^N and greater than sample 1024 Float NO
number of pulse
Output Ports
1 output The conjunction of spectrum of referenced signal complex NO
Notes\Equations
This model is used to generate the spectrum of matched filter of LFM(Linear
Frequency Modulation) which is widely used in the radar system.
Please refer the reference for details about pulse compression.
output FFTSize It should be the 2^N value (N is a positive integer).
Example
The following example demos how to use RADAR_LFMRef model. In this example,
the signal at interested range bins (samples) are captured by RADAR_WaveGate,
and then do the pulse compression by the RADAR_PulseCompression model and
RADAR_LFMRef. After pulse compression and coherent integration, and the target
is detected by RADAR_TargetDetect. When the target is detected, the range is
estimated.
The signal fed into RADAR_PulseCompression model is as the following figure:

The reference which is the spectrum of matched filter is as follows:
And the pulse compression result for one waveform is as follows:

Reference
York, 2005.

About Radar Baseband Verification Library
Release Notes for Off-cycle release for SystemVue 2015.01

Feature summary
In the off-cycle release,
1. PDW file generation and instrument connection with UXG is supported.

2. For the time of arrival, (TOA) of pulsed signals can be estimated with new
model RADAR_TOA, pulse widths and PRIs can also be estimated with this
model.
3. To support dynamical simulation, several new models with the matrix data
type interface are added.
4. RADAR_EchoGeneration model is upgraded to support passive radar more
easily.
5. RADAR_TCPSink and RADAR_UDPSink are updated and can be export data
to 3rd application software. The related examples can be found in the
example directory.
In the off-cycle release, the following new models are added to library
1. RADAR_PulseCompression_M
2. RADAR_CoIntgr_M
3. RADAR_NonConIntgr_M
4. RADAR_MTI_M
5. RADAR_MTD_M
6. RADAR_CFAR_M
7. RADAR_DetectorM
8. RADAR_PDW
9. RADAR_TOA
The following models are updated:
1. RADAR_EchoGeneration
2. RADAR_TCPSink
3. RADAR_UDPSink
4. RADAR_LFM
5. RADAR_Barker
6. RADAR_NLFM
7. RADAR_Pulse
8. RADAR_LocInAntennaFrame

The following examples are new added
1. PDW_UXGDownloader.wsv
2. PDW_UXG.wsv
3. TOA.wsv
4. PulseCompressionMatrix.wsv
5. DeceptionJammingOutputData.wsv
Introduction
The Radar Model Library provides over 80 highly-parameterized primitive blocks
and higher-level reference designs to create a working pulsed or CW radar system,
especially targeting MTI/MTD/pulsed-doppler (PD) radar and digital phase array
radar architectures. The blockset and its example workspaces serve as algorithmic
and architectural reference designs to verify radar performance under different
signal conditions, target and RCS scenarios, clutter conditions, jammers and
environmental interferers, and different radar signal processing algorithms.
Radar Library Applications

The library is targeted for Radar system designers in military, regulatory,
commercial, avionics, medical, automotive, research, academic, and consulting
applications.
Accurate radar system architecture and scenario analysis

Include realistic RF effects, clutter, fading, and directly-measured
waveforms
Leverage the existing MATLAB, HDL, C++ algorithms

Continue into hardware test using the same SystemVue environment
and IP
Ideal for proposals, hardware design, or verification.
Algorithmic reference & test vector generation for baseband DSP hardware
/software design
Precisely-degraded BB/RF signal generation for receiver testing
Save time by verifying algorithms, prior to targeted hardware
implementation
Reduce NRE and scripting with regression suites of simulated
scenarios
Re-use Keysight equipment assets with SystemVue for functional
verification
Reduce the need for expensive chambers, hardware emulators,
faders, and field testing in the early phases of design

Radar Library Block List
Signal Sources LFM – Linear FM wave generator
CW – simple sine wave generator
DDS – signal generator based on the DDS
FSK – Frequency hopping and Costas FSK signal generator
PRNSeq – PRN signal generator
NLFM – Nonlinear FM wave generator
BarkerCode – Barker code wave generator
PolyTimeCode &ndsh; Polytime code generateor
PULSE – simple pulse signal generator
SAR Echo – SAR echo wave generator
SignalX – dynamic signal generator
StepFreq – frequency stepped wave generator
FrankCode – Frank code and polyphase wave generator
ZCCode – Zadoff–Chu code wave generator
MatchedSrc – generate the matched source signal for pulse compression
PDW- generate the Pulse Description Word file
Signal Detector/Detector_M – Video Signal Detector

Processing
PC – Pulse Compression processing
PD – Pulse Doppler Processing
MTI/MTI_M – Moving Target Indication
MTD/MTD_M – Moving Target Detection

CFAR/CFAR_M – Constant false alarm rate process
CoIntgr/CoIntrg_M – Coherent integration
NonCoIntgr/NonCoIntrg_M – Non-coherent integration
KALMAN – Kalman filter
PulseCompression/PulseComression_M – LFM Pulse compression
LFMRef – Generate the reference signal of LFM
TargetDetect – Detect target in noise
TargetTrack – Tracking target when target is detected
WaveGate – Capture the waveform in the wavegate
TOA- Estimate the Time or Arrival
EW EWJamming – Jamming wave generator
Transmitter CICInterp – Interpolation with cascaded CIC filters
DUC – Digital Up Converter, BB to IF
Tx – Transmitter Front End
Receiver CICDecimate – decimation with cascaded CIC filters
DDC – Digital Down Converter, IF to BB
Rx – Receiver Front End
TxRx GainCtrl – Gain Controller
Switch – Switch between transmitter and receiver
Environment RCS – Cross-Section modeling
Target – Target modeling, including RCS, Doppler effect, Delay, Attenuation
Clutter – Clutter modeling

Clutter 2D– 2D Clutter modeling
Clutter H – Generate the different distribution random samples
ClutterGen – Clutter echo generator
CoordinateTransform – Compute the angles in the antenna frame
DBF Clutter 2D – Clutter modeling for phased array radar
DBF Target 2D – Clutter modeling for phased array radar
EchoGenerator – Generate the radar echoes
FrameConversion – Convert position values between different frame
LocInAntennaFrame – Compute the angles in the antenna frame
Platform – Compute the position in ECI frame of radar platform
PropagationLoss – Compute the propagation loss value in rain or snow
TargetEcho – Generate the echo of target
TargetScatterLocation – Compute the positions in ECI frame of target scatters
TargetTrajectory – Compute the trajectory of target
Tx Synthesis – RF transmitter antenna array synthesis
SummerBusRF – RF signal summer
PhaseShift – phase shifter continuously interpolated between time steps
Antenna Antenna Rx – Receive antenna model which supports scan and tracking mode and
supports user defined pattern file
Antenna Tx – Transmit antenna model which supports scan and tracking mode and
supports user defined pattern file
PolarizationRx – Read the EMPro antenna pattern file to support antenna polarization
PolarizationTx – Read the EMPro antenna pattern file to support antenna polarization
Array TR MultiCH Rx – behavior simulation model of multi-channel receiver from RF to baseband

MultiCH_Tx – ideal behavior simulation model of multi-channel transmitter
Rx_4x4 – conceptual multi-channels RF receiver and digital downconverter model
Tx_4x4 – conceptual multi channels digital upconverter and RF transmitter model
PhasedArrayTx – Linear and planar transmit phased array
PhasedArrayRx – Linear and planar receive phased array
ArrayCouple – Model the coupling effect during multiple channels in the array
Array Signal Array Filter – simulate the adaptive array signal processing algorithm
Processing
Rx_DBS_2D – 2D Rectangular Array Digital Beam Synthesis
Tx_DBS_2D – 2D Rectangular Array Tx Digital Beam Synthesis
STAP – 2D Rectangular Array Space-Time Adaptive Processing
DOA – Estimate the direction of arrival of signal with MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithm
DBF – Digital Beam Forming
ADBF – To estimate the coefficients to do the adaptive digital beam forming
Measurement Pd Measurement – Detection Probability Estimation
Equation – Support different types equations
SignalAnalyzer – Analyze the radar signal
Pf Measurement – False Alarm Rate Estimation
AmbgtResolution – resolve range and velocity ambiguity
Tx DBS Measurement – RF transmitter antenna pattern measurement
MISC TCPSink – Export the data outside via TCP connection
UDPSink – Export the data outside via UDP connection

Radar Examples and Test Benches
About 60 examples are released in the SystemVue. The detail information about
examples can be found in Radar Examples (see page 83).
Reference
1. I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill,Inc. 1990

York, 2005
3. Dingqing Lu, “Quasi-Analytical Method For Estimating low False Alarm Rate,”
Accepted by EuRAD2010, 2010.

This information is subject to change
without notice.
www.keysight.com

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RADAR Baseband Verification Library 2

Antenna Array Signal Processing Array TR Environment

RADAR ANTENNA Part RADAR ADBF RADAR RADAR Clutter 2D

13 RADAR Baseband Verification Library

RADAR Target Part

EW Measurement Misc Receiver

RADAR EWJamming RADAR RADAR RADAR CICDecimate

RADAR Baseband Verification Library 14

Signal Processing Signal Source Transmitters Tx/Rx

RADAR RADAR RADAR GainCtrl Part

15 RADAR Baseband Verification Library

RADAR CFAR Part RADAR DDS Part RADAR

RADAR MTD Part (see RADAR SAR

RADAR Baseband Verification Library 16

RADAR PDW Part (see

17 RADAR Baseband Verification Library

RADAR Receiver Front End

RADAR_Rx (see page 18)

Description: RADAR Receiver Front End

RADAR Baseband Verification Library 18

Name Description Default Units Type Runtime

TStep simulation time step; 0 s Float NO

RF_Freq RF carrier frequency ((0: 1000000000 Hz Float NO

RF_Gain Complex voltage gain; 1 none Complex NO

IF_Freq IF carrier frequency ((0: 25000000 Hz Float NO

IF_Gain Complex voltage gain; 1 none Complex NO

IF_SamplingRate Digital IF signal 100000000 Hz Float NO

BandWidth passband bandwidth of 5000000 Hz Float NO

ADC_NBits number of bits for DAC 8 none Integer NO

PhaseImbalance phase imbalance in 0 deg Float NO

BB_DownSamplingRatio the downsampling ratio 20 none Integer NO

19 RADAR Baseband Verification Library

RC_ExcessBW Excess bandwidth of 0.22 none Float NO

Out_CenterFreq The center frequency of 0 Hz Float NO

NoiseFigure_RFGain input noise figure for 0 none Float NO

NoiseFigure_IFGain input noise figure for 0 none Float NO

NoiseFigure_Mixer input noise figure for 0 none Float NO

GCType_RFGain Gain compression type: PSat+GCSat+TOI+dBc1 none Enumeration NO

TOIout_RFGain Third order intercept 3 W Float NO

dBc1out_RFGain 1 dB gain compression 1 W Float NO

PSat_RFGain Saturation power ((-∞: 1 W Float NO

GCSat_RFGain Gain compression at 1 none Float NO

GComp_RFGain Array of triple values for [0,0,0] none Floating NO

RADAR Baseband Verification Library 20

Gain change from small

GCType_IFGain Gain compression type: none none Enumeration NO

TOIout_IFGain Third order intercept 3 W Float NO

dBc1out_IFGain 1 dB gain compression 1 W Float NO

PSat_IFGain Saturation power ((-∞: 1 W Float NO

GCSat_IFGain Gain compression at 1 none Float NO

GComp_IFGain Array of triple values for [0,0,0] none Floating NO

Port Name Signal Type Optional

Port Name Signal Type Optional

RADAR Baseband Verification Library 22

NoiseFigure_Mixer specifies the input noise figure for RF Mixer in dB.

Digital receiver front-end architecture

23 RADAR Baseband Verification Library

The sampling rate of output baseband signal should be no

1. Merrill Skolnik, RADAR HANDBOOK, Third Edition, Chapter 25.

RADAR DDC Part