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• Contents:
• Scope of highway engineering
• Highway planning and development in India,
• Rural and urban roads,
• Road patterns and
• Planning and alignment surveys.
• INTRODUCTION
• Roads are generally constructed on small embankments, slightly above the general ground
level, in order to avoid the difficult drainage and maintenance problems.
• Such roads are therefore termed as highway and the science and technology dealing with
roads are generally called highway engineering.
• Highway engineering deals with various phase like,
• Development,
• Planning,
• Alignment,
• Highway material,
• Traffic control,
• Highway geometric design and location,
• Pavement design,
• Construction and maintenance,
• Economic considerations,
• Financial and administration.
• Scope of the highway engineering
Economics, finance and • Road user cost and economic analysis of highway
administration projects, pavement types and maintenance
measures, highway finance
• Alignment
• Traffic control
• Highway geometric design
• Highway design
Jayakar Committee,1927
• Road development should be made a national interest since the local govt do not have
financial and technical capacity for road development.
• Levy extra tax on petrol from road users to create the road development fund.
• To establish a semi-official ,technical institution to pool technical knowledge, sharing
of ideas and to act as an advisory body.
• To create a national level institution to carry research , development works and
consultation.
• Indian Roads Congress, 1934
• To provide national forum for regular pooling of experience and ideas on matters
related to construction and maintenance of highways.
Landslide control,
• Extends technical and financial support to State Governments for the development of
state roads and the roads of inter-state connectivity and economic importance.
• The government of India have launched PMGSY in year 2000 with the objective of
providing road connectivity to all villages having population more than 1000 persons
by the year 2003.
• The PMGSY covers only ODR and VR.
• Primary focus will be on providing connectivity to unconnected villages and
habitations in districts through good quality all-weather rods.
• Surface roads( black topped or cement roads).
• Bharat Nirman
• Radial pattern
• Ring roads have become increasingly popular, as the carry traffic at much faster rate,
• ring roads used in almost every town to bypass traffic not directed to that cicular town.
• Urban road classification
• ARTERIAL ROADS
• SUB ARTERIAL
• COLLECTOR
• LOCAL STREET
• Arterial roads
• The position of the layout of the centre line of the highway on the ground is called
the alignment.
• There are two types of alignment:
1. Horizontal alignment
• Straight path,
• Curves,
2. Vertical alignment
• Vertical curves,
• Vertical gradients
• Improper alignment of road would result in one or more of the following
disadvantages:
• Increase in construction cost,
• Increase in maintenance cost,
• Increase in vehicle operation cost,
• Increase in accident rates.
Requirements:
Short
Easy
Safe
Economical
Factors controlling alignment :
1. Obligatory points
2. Availability of construction materials,
3. Traffic
4. crossing
5. Economic factors
6. Geological features,
7. Other considerations
8. Land acquisition.
• Obligatory points:
• The controlling points which govern the highway alignment are known as
obligatory points.
• It is divided into two parts, 1) points through which the alignment should pass, 2)
points through which alignment should not pass.
• Availability of construction materials:
• For bringing down the cost of construction and maintenance cost it is important to
have easy availability of natural building material.
• Traffic:
• Should suit traffic requirements,
• Origin and destination studies should be carried out and desire line should be
drawn.
• The new rods aligned should keep in view the desire line, traffic patterns and
future trends.
• Crossing:
• The provision of stream crossing, river crossing and railway crossing along the
road alignment should be properly studied.
• Economic factor
• The alignment finalized based on all factors should also be economical.
• The initial cost, the maintenance cost, vehicle operating cost should be taken into
account.
• Geological factors
• Alignment should be made in such a way that no serious difficulties are met from
the geological point of view of the locality, e.g. earthwork, landslides.
• Land acquisition
• Availability of land for the construction of highway is necessary,
• If alignment should be such that considerable built up area and cultivated land
area are to be acquired, it will prove to be difficult, costly and time consuming.
• Engineering Surveys for the road alignment
• Checking for:
Number of cross drainage structures.
High Flood Level (HFL)
Confirming Length and value of gradient to IRC standards.
Soil Characteristics.
Geological features.
• Prepare a report on merits and demerits and profile map of scale 1:50,000.
• Preliminary survey
• Ground survey,
• Soil survey,
• Hydrological study,
• Period of construction,
• present and future traffic,
• Structure design,
• Construction methods,
• Total cost of construction,
• Return on investment