Mole Concept

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 Stoichiometry
Describes the quantitative relationships that exist between substances undergoing
chemical changes.

STOICHEION + METRON (GREEK)

Element Measure

The term stoichiometry was first used by Jeremias Benjamin Richter in 1792 when
the first volume of Richter's Stoichiometry or the Art of Measuring the Chemical
Elements was published. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek words
στοιχεῖον stoicheion "element" and μέτρον metron "measure".
 Stoichiometry

Law of Chemical Mole concept Concentration units Stoichiometric

combinations and their calculations. calculations
 Law of Chemical Combinations
Law 1 Law of Conservation of Mass: Lavoisier - 1744

“Matter can neither be created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical
change, however its physical or chemical nature may change”.

In case of nuclear reactions, some of the mass is converted into energy as per E=mc2
Example 3.4g of AgNO3 in 100 g water, when mixed with 1.17g of NaCl in 100g water,
2.87g AgCl and 1.70g NaNO3 were obtained. Justify that the data proves law of
conservation of mass.
Law 2 Law of Constant (definite) Proportions: Proust 1799

“It states that a chemical compound, irrespective of the source it is

obtained from, contains same elements combining in definite ratios by
mass”.

Exception: Isotopes and non-stoichiometric compounds

Example The mass of copper oxide obtained by heating 2.16g metallic Cu with nitric acid
and subsequent ignition was 2.7g. In another experiment 1.15g of copper
oxide on reduction yielded 0.92g of Cu. Show that results illustrate the law of
definite proportions.
Law 3 Law of Multiple Proportions : Dalton

“ When 2 elements combine with each other to form two or more chemical
compounds, then different amounts of one element which reacts with definite
amount of second element, are in whole number ratios”.
Example A and B combine with each other to form P, Q, R and S.
0.6g A + 0.8g B → 1.4g P
9.0g A + 24.0g B → 33.0g Q
40g A + 160g B → 200g R
18g A + 93.6g B → 111.6g S
Which Law is illustrated by these data?
Law 4 Law of Reciprocal Proportions : Richter

“It states that if 3 elements say A, B and C combine to form 3 different

compounds AB, BC and AC, then the ratio of masses of A and B combining
with the fixed mass of C is either same or a simple multiple of the ratio in
which mass of A and B combine with each other”.
Law 5 Law of Gaseous Volumes: Gay Lussac (1808)

“In gaseous reaction, the reactants always combine in simple ratio by volume
and form products, which is also formed in simple ratio by volume at same
temperature and pressure”.

This law is valid only for gaseous reactions. It relates volume to mole or
molecules but not to mass.
Example For rxn: H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g). If 40 ml of H2(g) completely reacts with Cl2(g),
then find out the required volume (in ml) of Cl2(g) and volume of HCl produced.

A. 40, 80 C. 40, 40

B. 20, 40 D. 80, 80
Example Calculate the final volume of reaction mixture when 10L CO and 10L O2 are
allowed to react to maximum possible extent. Pressure and temperature are
same.

A. 20 litre C. 5 litre

B. 15 litre D. 25 litre
 Law 6 Avogadro’s law (1811)

“Equal volume of all gases contain equal number of molecules at same

temperature and pressure ”.
Example Four 1 litre flasks are separately filled with SO2, SO3, Ar and CH4 gases at same
temperature and pressure. The ratio of total number of atoms of these gases
present in the different flasks would be?

A. 1:1:1:1 C. 3:4:1:5

B. 4:3:1:5 D. None
 Atomic Mass

Present system of atomic masses is based on C-12 as the standard since 1961.

Here C-12 or 12C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu) and
masses of all other atoms are given relative to this standard.

∴ 1 amu = 1/12 th mass of one C-12 atom

= 1.66056 × 10-24 g

Mass of H- atom = 1.008 amu

Mass of O- atom = 15.995 amu

Today amu has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as unified mass.