Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Building construction is the engineering which deals with the construction of buildings such as
residential buildings, schools, college buildings, hotels, public-cum-office buildings etc. In
engineering studies all types of constructions are made with proper planning and designing. The
building construction without planning will not stay long. Every construction has its own planning
and design. Our project also shows the planning and designing methods of a building.
In this project, a G+3 R.C. building is adopted for analysis and design. A building frame in which
maximum loading and deflection will occur is taken for analysis and design. The gravity load analysis is
done by Kani’s method while the earthquake analysis is carried out by Portal Frame method. Calculation
of earthquake load on the building frame is done by the EQUIVALENT STATIC LOAD METHOD,
RESPONSE SPECTRA METHOD (SAP2000).
The location of the building is assumed in Zone V having soil bearing capacity of 110 kN/m2. For
concrete design, IS 456:2000 is considered and for ductile detailing IS 13920:2016 is considered. The
earthquake resistant design of the building is carried out according to IS 1893:2002. The grade of
concrete and steel considered are M20 and Fe 415 respectively. The design of beam and column are
carried out as per IS456:2000 and design aids of SP16.
The plot is located in earthquake zone V. Zone V covers the areas with the high risks of earthquakes.
The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for Zone V.
The building is subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load
consists of dead load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc. and live loads. The
horizontal load consists of the earthquake forces. Thus the building is designed for dead load, live
load and earthquake load as per IS 875:1987 (part 1, 2, and 5).

Primary components of a building

Slab: Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 100 and 500 millimeters thick,
are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior
paving. In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or
directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building.

Beam: A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to its axis. Its mode
of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the
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beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear
forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and
deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-
section), length, and their material.

Column: A column is a structural element that bears the load through compression, it transmits the
weight of the structure above to the foundation safely, and in other words a column is a compression
member. In this project columns of square cross-sections have been used.

Foundation: A foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground,
and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. These are structural members that are hammered
or otherwise driven through the weak soil. The foundation systems must be designed to transmit the
loads from the superstructure structural system directly to the ground in such a manner that settlement
of the completed buildings will be within acceptable limits.