This project is the result of the hard

work and effort put by a lots of

people. Firstly I would like to thanks
our Physics teacher “Mr.Arnab
Adhikary” for his consistent guidance,
support and I would also like to thank
our lab assistant “Lokenath sir”. I also
extend me sincere gratitude towards
my parents, who have always
encouraged and supported me during
the course of this project.
 Bridge rectifier - An electrical device that is used to convert
alternating current into direct current is called as bridge rectifier. Every
embedded system based circuit or project consists of micro-controller
as major component. We know that, most of the micro-controllers
operate at voltage range of 5V DC. Especially, 8051 micro-controller that
is frequently used for maximum number of embedded systems based
applications works at 5V DC. But, in general, the power supply available is
230V AC. So, we need to convert this 230V AC into 5V DC or required DC
voltage level. This process of conversion of AC into DC is called as
rectification

.
Structure of bridge rectifier
Bridge rectifier consists of four diodes, which are connected in the form
of bridge; hence, these types of rectifiers are
termed as bridge-wave rectifiers or bridge
rectifiers. Different types of diodes are used for
designing bride-wave rectifier.. Similarly, bridge
wave rectifiers designed using diodes are called
as uncontrolled rectifiers and rectifiers
designed using transistors are called as
controlled rectifiers.
 A step down transformer is used in order to step down or
decrease the high voltage AC into Low voltage AC.
 Transformer’s secondary winding is connected to the opposite
points of the bridge made up diodes. The secondary output of the
transformer is connected at a point where both the anode as well
as cathode of the diode lies.
 All the four diodes are connected in such a way that they form a
passage which allows only one side of the AC voltage or pulse
and converts the negative part of it into positive voltage or
pulse.
 The DC voltage output of the bridge rectifier circuit is obtained
from the points where both the diodes are connected either from
anode or cathode. The anode becomes the positive part as well
as cathode becomes the negative part of the DC voltage output
 The output voltage of the bridge rectifier is not a
constant/straight DC voltage but does have a pulse which is then
reduced with the help an electrolytic capacitor which act as an
filter.

Fig-1: Bridge Rectifier

The rectifiers are mainly classified into two types:

 Half wave rectifier

 Full wave rectifier
Half wave rectifier
As the name suggests, the half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which
converts half of the AC input signal (positive half cycle) into pulsating DC
output signal and the remaining half signal (negative half cycle) is
blocked or lost. In half wave rectifier circuit, we use only a single diode.

Full wave rectifier

The full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts the full AC
input signal (positive half cycle and negative half cycle) to pulsating DC
output signal. Unlike the half wave rectifier, the input signal is not wasted
in full wave rectifier. The efficiency of full wave rectifier is high as
compared to the half wave rectifier.

Fig-2: Half wave Rectifier Fig-3: Full Wave Rectifier

Single phase rectifiers are used to convert AC single phase supplies to
DC. That is a single phase transformer is used to provide input to the
rectifier. Single phase rectifiers are mainly

used for low power application like a household appliance, consumer

electronic devices, etc.

Fig-4: Single-Phase Rectifier

Circuits that are used to convert the Alternating Current (AC) input
power into a Direct Current (DC) output power is known as rectifier
circuits. Rectifiers are found in almost all equipment, from a low voltage
battery charger to High Voltage DC transmission systems . Basically ,
bridge rectifiers are classified into Controlled rectifiers and
uncontrolled rectifiers. In controlled rectifiers, semiconductor switches
such as thyristors, BJTs, MOSFETs, and IGBT etc are used. The output
parameters of a controlled rectifier can be easily controlled with the
help of semiconductor switches. As the name indicates these rectifiers
cannot be controlled externally. Controlled rectifiers are made up of a
few diodes and conditioning elements such as capacitors.
Classification of uncontrolled rectifiers
Uncontrolled rectifiers can be classified as follows:
1. Half wave rectifier
2. Full wave rectifier
3. Bridge rectifier.

Fig-5: Uncontrolled Rectifier

 The rectification efficiency of full-wave rectifier is double of that of
a half-wave rectifier.

Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher Transformer

Utilization Factor in case of full-wave rectifier.

The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in case of full-

wave rectifier so simple filtering circuit is required

No centre tap is required in the transformer secondary so in case

of a bridge rectifier the transformer required is simpler. If stepping up
or stepping down of voltage is not required, transformer can be
eliminated even.

For a given power output, power transformer of smaller size can

be used in case of the bridge rectifier.
 This is to certify that the inventive and
genuine
investigation of the project has been
carried out
sincerely and satisfactorily by Ankit Sarkar,
of class XII-F, of ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL
BARRRACKPORE for the AISSCE as
prescribed by
CBSE in the year 2019-20

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