AQA GCSE

Notes and Questions

Chemical Change
Metal Oxides:

Metals reaction with o________ to produce metal o________.

1. Describe the reaction

of Magnesium with
oxygen:

Redox reactions are reactions that involve r____________ and

o____________.

R___________ is the g______ of electrons or the l_____

of o__________.

Oxidation is the l________ of electrons or the g________

of oxygen.

An o_________ agent is therefore a species that is itself

r_______ and so takes the e________ away from another

species.

A r_________ agent is therefore a species that is itself

o___________ and so gives e________ to another species.

Carbon + Iron Carbon + Iron
Monoxide Oxide Dioxide

2. In the reaction above identify the following:

Species Reduced

Species Oxidised:

Oxidising Agent:

Reducing Agent:

Copper Oxide + Zinc Copper + Zinc Oxide

2. In the reaction above identify the following:

Species Reduced

Species Oxidised:

Oxidising Agent:

Reducing Agent:
The Reactivity Series:

When metals react with other substances they l______ e______

and form p__________ i_________.

4. How is the reactivity of a metal related to it forming

positive ions?

Metals can be arranged into a reactivity series based upon the

following reactions:

i) Reaction with other metal compounds

(D_____________).

ii) Reaction with w_______.

iii) Reaction with dilute a______.

The non-metals h_______ and c_________ are often included in

the reactivity series. A more reactive metal or non-metal can
d_________ a less reactive m_________ from a c__________.

5. Write an equation for this

reaction.
5. After your practical place the elements in order of
reactivity.
Small pieces of four different metals were placed in identical
amounts of hydrochloric acid. The results
are shown below.

(a) Place the metals in order of reactivity, starting with the most
reactive.
[2]

(b) The four metals used in the experiment were calcium, magnesium,
iron and platinum.
Use your knowledge of these four metals to identify the metals A,
B, C & D.
[3]

Metal A ____________________

Metal B ____________________

Metal C ____________________

Metal D ____________________
6. Write equations for the reaction between Sodium and
Water.

7. Write equations for the reaction between Magneisum and

Hydrochloric Acid.

8. Write equations for the reaction between Aluminium and

Iron (III) Oxide.

9. Write equations for the reaction between Carbon and Copper

(II) Oxide.
Extraction of Metals and Reduction:

The extraction of metals is

dependent upon their position in
the R________ series.

Unreactive metals (e.g. g_____)

are found in the Earth as the
metal but most metals are found
as c__________ and require
c________ r_________ to
extract the metal.

Metals less r__________ than

c________ can be extracted from their oxides by r__________
with c_________.

10. Write equations for the reaction between Carbon and Iron
(III) Oxide.

Identify which species is:

i) Reduced
ii) Oxidised
iii) The reducing agent
iv) The oxidising agent
Reactions of Acids:

Acids are substances that produce H_________ i______ in aqueous

solution.

11. What is the symbol of the ion responsible for acids?

Bases are substances that n__________ acids. If they are

s________ then they dissolve to form a________ which contain
H_________ ions.

12. What is the symbol of the ion responsible for alkalis?

The _____ scale, from ____ to _____, is a measure of the acidity

or alkalinity of a solution. It can be measure using u_________
i___________ or a ____ probe.

13. Deduce if the following are acid, alkali or neutral?

i) Pure water, pH = 7
ii) Ammonia, pH = 9
iii) Carbonated water, pH = 6
iv) Vinegar, pH = 3
v) Sodium Hydroxide, pH = 14
A s______ acid is c___________ i__________ in aqueous solution.
In other words all of the molecules d__________ to form
H__________ ions.

14. Write the ionic equation for Hydrogen Chloride in aqueous

solution.

A w____ acid is only p__________ i___________ (e.g Ethanoic

acid, citric and carbonic acids).

15. Write the ionic equation for Hydrogen Chloride in aqueous

solution.

In n____________ reactions between a______ and al________,

h________ ions react with hy___________ ions.

16. Write the ionic equation for the neutralisation of an acid.

As the pH descreases by one unit, the Hydrogen ion concentration

of the solution i__________ by a factor of _____.
In the reactions of acids with different substances one type of
chemical is always produced, it is called a S______.

Acids react with some m______ to produce s_______ and

h_________.

17. Write an equation to show the general reaction of acids

and metals.

Acids are n___________ by a_________ (eg soluble metal

hydroxides) and b______ (eg insoluble metal hydroxides and metal
oxides) to produce s________ and w________.

18. Write equations to show the general reaction of an acid

and Base/Alkali

Acids also react with metal carbonates to produce s______,

w_______ and c________ d___________

19. Write an equation to show the general reaction of an acid

and Metal Carbonate
The particular salt produced in any reaction is dependent upon:

1. The a______ used

2. The p_______ ions in the base, alkali or carbonate. (Ammonia
(NH3) produces A___________ salts (NH4+))

20. The following acids produce what type of salts?

i) Hydrochloric Acid:
ii) Nitric Acid
iii) Sulphuric Acid

21. Write equations for the reaction between Magnesium and

Hydrochloric Acid

22. Write equations for the reaction between Copper (II)

Oxide and Nitric Acid

23. Write equations for the reaction between Potassium

Hydroxide and Sulphuric Acid
Making Soluble salts:

1. Add an i___________ solid to the acid.

2. S_____ the mixture.

3. In the case of m_____ o_____ you may need to w_____ the

solution.

4. Keep adding the solid until no more r______ (i.e. no more solid

d__________.)

5. The excess solid is then f__________ off.

6. The solution can then be c_____________ to produce solid

salts.

24. Draw a series of diagrams to demonstrate how to carry out

the instructions above.
Strong and Weak Acids

A strong acid is c___________ i____________ in aqueous solution.

A weak acid is only p_________ i___________ in aqueous solution.

29. Describe a simple experiment to show whether two acids

are strong or weak?

30. What must be kept constant in your experiment for it to

be valid?

31. How does pH change with concentration?

32. What happens to the concentration when the pH decreases

by 1 unit?
Electrolysis

When an i__________ compound is m________ or d__________ in

water, the i________ are free to move about within the liquid or
the solution. These liquids and solutions are able to conduct
e________.

33. What name do we give to these types of liquid or solutions?

Passing an electric c_______ through e__________ causes the

i_____ to move to the e__________.

34. Where do the positive ions go?

35. Where do the negative ions go?

36. What happens to the ions?

37. What name do we give to this process?

Molten electrolytes:

When a simple ionic compound is electrolysed in the molten state

using i_______ electrodes, the m________ is produced at the
c_______ and the n___-m_______ is produced at the a______.

38. If molten lead bromide is electrolysed what is produced at

each electrode?

39. If molten sodium chloride is electrolysed what is produced

at each electrode?
Extraction of Metals:

Metals can be extracted from m_________ compounds using

electrolysis.

40. When would we use electrolysis to extract metals?

1.

2.

41. What is the biggest disadvantage with this method of extracting

metals?

Aluminium is manufactured by the

electrolysis of a m_________
mixture of a__________
o_________ and c_________ using
c________ as the p__________
electrode.

42. Why is a mixture used as the electrolyte?

43. Why must the positive electrode be continually replaced ?

Electrolysis of aqueous solutions.

The i____ d__________ when an aqueous solution is electrolysed

using inert electrodes depends upon the relative reactivity of the
e__________ involved.

44. What ions are present in a solution of Sodium Chloride?

At the negative electrode (c_________), h__________ is produced

if the metal is more r________ than h_________.

At the positive electrode (a________), o__________ is produced

unless the solution contains h_______ ions in which case the
h__________ is produced.

45. What will be produced if a solution of Sodium Chloride is

electrolysed.?

46. What will be produced if a solution of Copper Sulphate is

electrolysed.?
Representation of reactions at electrodes as half-equations.

During electrolysis, at the c___________ (negative electrode),

p_________ charged i______ g______ e________ and so the
reactions are r_________.

47. Write the half-equation for when Copper is produced?

48. Write the half-equation for when Hydrogen is produced?

At the a______ (positive electrode), n__________ charged

i______ l_______ e_____________ and so the reactions are
o________________.

49. Write the half-equation for when Chlorine is produced?

50. Write the two half-equations for when Oxygen is produced?

51. Predict the products at each electrode and write each half-equation
for the electrolysis of molten Lead (II) Bromide?

52. Predict the products at each electrode and write each half-equation
for the electrolysis of molten Copper (II) Iodide?
53. Predict the products at each electrode and write each half-equation
for the electrolysis of aqueous Sodium Chloride?

54. Predict the products at each electrode and write each half-equation
for the electrolysis of aqueous Copper (II) Sulphate?
55. Predict the products at each electrode and write each half-equation
for the electrolysis of water?