The plan and elevation views of a five-story office building are shown below.

The lateral-load

resisting system consists of columns and floor slab. The following design data have been provided.

Unfactored gravity loads:

 Roof: LL = 1 kN/m2

 Floors: LL = 3kN/m2,

 DL = 2kN/m2 (partitions and ceiling)

The slab thickness is 250 mm,

spandrel beams are 300 mm x 500 mm, and

all columns are 400 mm x 400 mm.

Concrete C-30 and steel Fe = 400 MPa.

The coefficient of thermal expansion 𝛼 𝑇 of concrete is

between 1.0 and 1.2 X 10-5 °C-1 take 𝛼𝑇 = 1.0 X 10−5 °C−1

Poisson’s ratio 𝝼 = 0.20

Unit weight of RC concrete (Ὑ𝑐)= 25 KN/m3

Ec = 32GPa

Part I

Calculate the gravity load design moments in the slab, beams, and columns based on Equivalent

Frame Method. Clearly show your model (including the node and element numbers), summarize

the member properties used in your analysis, and provide a condensed version of your outputs.

Part II

a. In a tabular format, summarize the moments in the slab (column strip and middle strip),

beams, and columns from all the analyses for interior and exterior column lines. Make sure

that the table is clear, e.g., indicate the location of each tabulated moment on a figure, put

the results from each method in a separate column of the table, etc.
 b. Establish the torque diagram for the spandrel beams in the N-S direction.

Part III

a. Design a typical interior panel in the N-S direction. Draw the reinforcement details.

b. Design a typical exterior panel in the N-S direction. Draw the reinforcement details.

c. Design a typical spandrel beam in the N-S direction. Draw the reinforcement details.

d. Design a typical interior and exterior column. Draw the reinforcement details. Hint: You

may have to account for slenderness effects and biaxial bending. Ignore shear in the slab

and issues related to slab-column connections.

Part IV

Each team will prepare and present a 10-minute presentation (i.e., prepare a PowerPoint) to

highlight the important aspects of the team’s calculations, results, and observations.

General Notes:

1. Submit electronic copies of your design calculations and reports.

2. Submit electronic copies of your input and output files for your computer models.

3. Submit any electronic copies of your drawings.

4. Each team needs to submit a one-page summary describing each member’s role in the

project.
Tasks included in the project

Part I

Calculate the gravity load design moments in the slab, beams, and columns based on

Equivalent Frame Method.

 Clearly show your model (including the node and element numbers),

 Summarize the member properties used in your analysis, and

 Provide a condensed version of your outputs.

Establish the torque diagram for the spandrel beams in the N-S direction.

Part III

a. Design a typical interior panel in the N-S direction. Draw the reinforcement details.

b. Design a typical exterior panel in the N-S direction. Draw the reinforcement details.

c. Design a typical spandrel beam in the N-S direction. Draw the reinforcement details.

d. Design a typical interior and exterior column. Draw the reinforcement details. Hint: You

may have to account for slenderness effects and biaxial bending. Ignore shear in the slab

and issues related to slab-column connections.

Methodology and software used

Methodology = equivalent frame method

Software = SAPE
Analysis

Find the design loads

The following design data have been provided.

Unfactored gravity loads:

 Roof: LL = 1 kN/m2

 Floors: LL = 3kN/m2,

 DL = 2kN/m2 (partitions and ceiling)

The slab thickness is 250 mm,

spandrel beams are 300 mm x 500 mm, and

all columns are 400 mm x 400 mm.

Concrete C-30 and steel Fe = 400 MPa.

Unit weight of RC concrete (Ὑ𝑐)= 25 KN/m3

i. For interior slab

w = ts ∗ Ὑc

w = 0.25 ∗ 25 = 6.25 KN/m2 …..self-weight of slab

Partitions and ceiling) DL = 2kN/m2 (given)

Floors: LL = 3kN/m2,

Total factored load, Pd = 1.2 ∗ (DL + w) + 1.6 ∗ LL

Pd = 1.2 ∗ (2 + 6.25) + 1.6 ∗ 3

Pd = 14.7 KN/m2
i. For exterior frame

w = Dw ∗ Ὑc

w = 0.25 ∗ 25 + (0.5 − 0.25) ∗ 25 = 12.5 KN/m2 (Self-weight of slab and spandrel

beam)

DL = 2 KN/m2 (Given) , LL = 3 KN/m2

Total factored load, Pd = 1.2 ∗ (DL + w) + 1.6 ∗ LL

𝑃d = 1.2 ∗ (2 + 12.5) + 1.6 ∗ 3

Pd = 22.2 KN/m2

Step 2:Strip formation in both N-S and E-W direction

1. Interior strip

i. N-S direction (short direction)

i. E-W direction (long direction with hole)

 1. Interior strip

i. N-S direction (short direction with hole)

2. Exterior strip

i. N-S direction (short direction )

ii. E-W direction (long direction )
I.Calculate the equivalent column stiffness, Kec: For E-W (long) direction

1) Define the cross section of the torsional members. According to ACI Code Section 13.7.5.1,

the attached torsional member at the interior column corresponds to condition in the fig below. The

250mm.-thick flat plate is attached to exterior column with edge beam columns oriented with the

400mm. dimension parallel to column line 2. The story-to-story height is 3.60 above slab and

4.50m below for first floor. The slab and columns are of C-30 concrete. Compute and for the

exterior connection between the slab strip along line 2 and column A2

It can be assumed that the part of the slab strip between exterior columns acts as a beam resisting

torsion. The section of the slab–beam is 400mm. (width of the column) × 250. (thickness of the

slab),

Design of Flat Plate or Flat Slab with Edge Beams

A. For exterior columns line-2 Ground floor Level A2 & F2

1) Compute C.

The cross section of the torsional member & torsional stiffness, Kt,

The torsional member at the exterior edge has the cross section

For exterior columns the long span edge beam acts as the torsional member , having a torsional

constant

Compute the torsional stiffness of the slab-beam

i. For Case -1

Find the torsional constant C for the edge beam

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
Where: x and y are the shorter and longer sides of a given rectangle respectively.
X1= 300 mm
Y1= 500 mm
X2= 250 mm
Y2= 250 mm
𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503 300 3003

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 500
250 3 500 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09m m4

ii. For Case-2

X1= 300 mm

Y1= 250 mm

X2= 250 mm

Y2= 550 mm

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

300 3003 250 2503

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 550
250 3 550 3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =2.59E+09mm4

Therefore take the larger value of C

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09mm4

2) Compute .Kt

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗3.28E+09
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 12.10 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
6000(1−400⁄6000)3

𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 is no needed to multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section

including the beam stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone. Because there is no a beam

parallel to the span, for which moments are being determined

E-W (long) direction

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3
𝐼𝑠 =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
𝐼𝑠 =
12
𝐼𝑠 = 7.813 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the edge columns at B 2.
 The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

4.50m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12
For the bottom column,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 4500𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 4500 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 4250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.06. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.63

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 4500

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.075. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 = 125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17.

k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 = = =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.96E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.01E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡)

5.01 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
1 + 5.05 ∗ 106 ⁄12.10 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 =3.543E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 =3.543E+06𝑬𝒄

𝑲 𝟑.𝟓𝟒𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓.𝟎𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
𝒄

Note that K ec,ext is only 71 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑨𝟐− 𝑩𝟐 At end A

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

60000mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = =
l1 𝑙1

4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗7,812.5∗106 𝑚𝑚4

=
7000

=4.54E+06𝐄𝐜𝐬

B. For Interior columns Ground Floor Level Line -2, B2 &E2

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute , 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on each side of line 2. Because the two beams are similar,

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ∗ 3
= 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
⁄
6000(1 − 400 6000)
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is no needed to multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section

including the beam stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone. Because there is no a beam

parallel to the span, for which moments are being determined

E-W (long) direction

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3
𝐼𝑠 =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
𝐼𝑠 =
12
𝐼𝑠 = 7.813 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4

3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

4.50m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.
Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 4500𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 4500 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 4250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.06. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.63

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐

4.63∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
= =2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
4500
For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.08. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐

4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
=
𝑙𝑐

4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
=
3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.010E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

5) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

5.01 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 5.01 ∗ 106 ⁄4.66 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =2.41E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, K ec,int =2.41E+06Ec .

𝑲 𝟐.𝟒𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟓.𝟎𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 48 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 b) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑩𝟐− 𝑪𝟐 At end B

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the
top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is
60000mm

250mm

b∗h3 6000∗2503
Is = = =7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗7,812.5∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =4.54E+06𝐄𝐜𝐬
l1 𝑙1 7000
C. For Interior columns, Ground level line-2 C2 &D2

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute , 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on each side of line 2. Because the two beams are similar,

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)3
 Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a effects of opening in

stiffness of the strip to the span, 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 , is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,

Is,opening ,of a cross section including the beam stem Fig. below to the moment of inertia

, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Section for , 𝑰𝒔 - Interior beam

b ∗ h3
Is =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12
𝐈𝐬 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝟒

ACI CODE :13.4 OPENINGS IN FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS

The code permits openings of any size in any slab system, provided that an analysis is performed
that demonstrates that both strength and serviceability requirements are satisfied (13.4.1). For slabs
without beams; the analysis of 13.4.1 is waived when the provisions of 13.4.2.1 through 13.4.2.4
are met:
1.In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted
(13.4.2.1). provided total amount of reinforcement required for the panel without the
opening is maintained.
2. In the area common to intersecting column strips, maximum permitted opening size is one-

eighth the width of the column strip in either span (13.4.2.2). in either span shall be

interrupted by Openings. An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that interrupted by an

opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.

3. In the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, maximum permitted opening

size is limited such that only a maximum of one-quarter of slab reinforcement in either

strip may be interrupted (13.4.2.3). An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that

interrupted by an opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.

 Our case met case I

In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted

(13.4.2.1).but we shall deduct moment of inertia of the opening

1500mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

1500 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

Is.opening = 1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

I s ,effective = Is − Is.opening

=Is = 7.813 ∗ 109 mm4 -1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

=5.859E+09mm4

𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, I s ,effective , of a cross section

including the beam stem above fig to the moment of inertia, Is of the slab alone.

Therefore,

Is,efft 5.859∗109
= =0.7499≈ 0.75 and
Is 7.813∗109

𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.75 ∗ 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠

𝐊 𝐭,𝐢𝐧𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐄𝐜𝐬

3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

4.50m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 4500𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 4500 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 4250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.06. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.63

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 4500

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75
𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.756𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 = =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.01E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

5.01 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 5.01 ∗ 106 ⁄3.495 ∗ 10 ∗ 106
𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 2.059E+06𝑬𝒄
Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, K ec,int =2.059E+06Ec .

𝑲 𝟐.𝟎𝟓𝟗∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓.𝟎𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 41 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑪𝟐− 𝑫𝟐 At end C

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

60000mm

250mm

b ∗ h3 6000 ∗ 2503
Is = =
12 12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4

In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted

(13.4.2.1).but we shall deduct moment of inertia of the opening

1500mm

250mm
 b ∗ h3
Is =
12

1500 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

Is.opening = 1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

I s ,effective = Is − Is.opening

=Is = 7.813 ∗ 109 mm4 -1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

=5.859E+09mm4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs,efft 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠,𝑒𝑓𝑓 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗5.859∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =3.41E+06𝐄𝐜𝐬
l1 𝑙1 7000

D. For exterior columns in Mid-Story of floor Line -2,A2 & F2

1) Compute C.

The cross section of the torsional member & torsional stiffness, Kt,

The torsional member at the exterior edge has the cross section

For exterior columns the long span edge beam acts as the torsional member , having a torsional

constant

Compute the torsional stiffness of the slab-beam

iii. For Case -1

Find the torsional constant C for the edge beam

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
Where: x and y are the shorter and longer sides of a given rectangle respectively.
X1= 300 mm
Y1= 500 mm
X2= 250 mm
Y2= 250 mm
𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503 300 3003

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 500
250 3 500 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09m m4

iv. For Case-2

X1= 300 mm

Y1= 250 mm

X2= 250 mm

Y2= 550 mm

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

300 3003 250 2503

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 550
250 3 550 3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =2.59E+09mm4

Therefore take the larger value of C

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09mm4

2) Compute .Kt

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗3.28E+09
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 12.10 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
6000(1−400⁄6000)3

𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 is no needed to multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section

including the beam stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone. Because there is no a beam

parallel to the span, for which moments are being determined

E-W (long) direction

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3
𝐼𝑠 =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
𝐼𝑠 =
12
𝐼𝑠 = 7.813 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the edge columns at B 2.
 The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

3.60m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 = = =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.63E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

 1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡)
5.63 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
1 + 5.63 ∗ 106 ⁄12.10 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 =3.843E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 =3.843E+06𝑬𝒄

𝑲 𝟑.𝟖𝟒𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓.𝟔𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
𝒄

Note that K ec,ext is only 68 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

c) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑨𝟐− 𝑩𝟐 At end A

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the
top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is
60000mm

250mm
 b ∗ h3
Is =
12

6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = =
l1 𝑙1

4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 7,812.5 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

=
7000

=4.54E+06𝐸𝑐𝑠

E. For Interior columns, at mid-story level Line -2,B2 &E2

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on each side of line 2. Because the two beams are similar,

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ∗ 3
= 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is no needed to multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section

including the beam stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone. Because there is no a beam

parallel to the span, for which moments are being determined

E-W (long) direction

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3
𝐼𝑠 =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
𝐼𝑠 =
12
𝐼𝑠 = 7.813 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

3.60m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc
 The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.08. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐

4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
=
𝑙𝑐

4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
=
3600
 =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.63E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

5.63 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 5.63 ∗ 106 ⁄4.66 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =2.55E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, K ec,int =2.55E+06Ec .

𝑲 𝟐.𝟓𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟓.𝟔𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 45 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑩𝟐− 𝑪𝟐 At end B

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

60000mm

250mm

b ∗ h3 6000 ∗ 2503
Is = =
12 12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =
400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000
Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗7,812.5∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =4.54E+06𝑬𝒄𝒔
l1 𝑙1 7000

F. For Interior columns, at Mid-story Level Line-2, C2 &D2

1) Compute C.
The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on each side of line 2. Because the two beams are similar,

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)3
Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a effects of opening in

stiffness of the strip to the span, 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 , is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,
 Is,opening ,of a cross section including the beam stem Fig. below to the moment of inertia

, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Section for , 𝑰𝒔 - Interior beam

b ∗ h3
Is =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12
𝐈𝐬 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝟒

ACI CODE :13.4 OPENINGS IN FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS

The code permits openings of any size in any slab system, provided that an analysis is performed
that demonstrates that both strength and serviceability requirements are satisfied (13.4.1). For slabs
without beams; the analysis of 13.4.1 is waived when the provisions of 13.4.2.1 through 13.4.2.4
are met:
4.In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted
(13.4.2.1). provided total amount of reinforcement required for the panel without the
opening is maintained.
5. In the area common to intersecting column strips, maximum permitted opening size is one-

eighth the width of the column strip in either span (13.4.2.2). in either span shall be
 interrupted by Openings. An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that interrupted by an

opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.

6. In the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, maximum permitted opening

size is limited such that only a maximum of one-quarter of slab reinforcement in either

strip may be interrupted (13.4.2.3). An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that

interrupted by an opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.

Our case met case I

 In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted

(13.4.2.1).but we shall deduct moment of inertia of the opening

1500mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

1500 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

Is.opening = 1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

I s ,effective = Is − Is.opening

=Is = 7.813 ∗ 109 mm4 -1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

=5.859E+09mm4

𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, I s ,effective , of a cross section

including the beam stem above fig to the moment of inertia, Is of the slab alone.

Therefore,

Is,efft 5.859∗109
= =0.7499≈ 0.75 and 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.75 ∗ 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
Is 7.813∗109

𝐊 𝐭,𝐢𝐧𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐄𝐜𝐬

3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

3.60m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.756𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 = =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.63E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)
5.63 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 5.63 ∗ 106 ⁄3.495 ∗ 10 ∗ 106
𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 2.156E+06𝑬𝒄
Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, K ec,int =2.156E+06Ec .

𝑲 𝟐.𝟏𝟓𝟔∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓.𝟔𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 38 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑪𝟐− 𝑫𝟐 At end C

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

60000mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4

In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted

(13.4.2.1).but we shall deduct moment of inertia of the opening

1500mm

250mm
 b ∗ h3
Is =
12

1500 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

Is.opening = 1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

I s ,effective = Is − Is.opening

=Is = 7.813 ∗ 109 mm4 -1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

=5.859E+09mm4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs,efft 4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠,𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = =
l1 𝑙1

4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗5.859∗106 𝑚𝑚4

=
7000

=3.41E+06𝑬𝒄𝒔
G. For exterior columns in Roof level-Story of floor, Line-2, A2 & F2
1) Compute C. The cross section of the torsional member & torsional stiffness, Kt,

The torsional member at the exterior edge has the cross section

For exterior columns the long span edge beam acts as the torsional member , having a torsional

constant

Compute the torsional stiffness of the slab-beam

v. For Case -1
𝒚𝟐

Find the torsional constant C for the edge beam

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
 Where: x and y are the shorter and longer sides of a given rectangle respectively.

X1= 300 mm
Y1= 500 mm
X2= 250 mm
Y2= 250 mm
𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503 300 3003

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 500
250 3 500 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09m m4

vi. For Case-2

X1= 300 mm

Y1= 250 mm

X2= 250 mm

Y2= 550 mm

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
 300 3003 250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 550
250 3 550 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =2.59E+09mm4

Therefore take the larger value of C

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09mm4

2) Compute .Kt

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗3.28E+09
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 12.10 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
6000(1−400⁄6000)3

𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 is no needed to multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section

including the beam stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone. Because there is no a beam

parallel to the span, for which moments are being determined

E-W (long) direction

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3
𝐼𝑠 =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
𝐼𝑠 =
12
𝐼𝑠 = 7.813 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the edge columns at B 2.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60m below the slab. The distribution

of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig. below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡)

2.81 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
1 + 2.81 ∗ 106 ⁄12.10 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 =2.284E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 =2.284E+06𝑬𝒄

𝑲 𝟐.𝟐𝟖𝟒∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 = 𝟐.𝟖𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
𝒄

Note that K ec,ext is only 81 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑨𝟐− 𝑩𝟐 At end A

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the
top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is
60000mm

250mm

b ∗ h3 6000 ∗ 2503
Is = =
12 12
=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4
The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗7,812.5∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =4.54E+06𝑬𝒄𝒔
l1 𝑙1 7000
H. For Interior columns, Roof level E-W (line-2) B2 &E2

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on each side of line 2. Because the two beams are similar,

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ∗ 3
= 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is no needed to multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section

including the beam stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone. Because there is no a beam

parallel to the span, for which moments are being determined

E-W (long) direction

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3 6000 ∗ 2503
𝐼𝑠 = =
12 12
𝐼𝑠 = 7.813 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60m below the slab. The distribution

of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig. below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12
For the bottom column,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

2.81 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 2.81 ∗ 106 ⁄4.66 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.75E+06𝑬𝒄
Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, K ec,int =1.75E+06Ec .

 𝑲 𝟏.𝟕𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟐.𝟖𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 62 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑩𝟐− 𝑪𝟐 At end B

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

60000mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4
 The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = =
l1 𝑙1

4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗7,812.5∗106 𝑚𝑚4

=
7000

=4.54E+06𝑬𝒄𝒔
I. For Interior columns, Roof Level E-W ( long direction ) line-2,C2 &D2

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on each side of line 2. Because the two beams are similar,

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)3
 Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a effects of opening in

stiffness of the strip to the span, 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 , is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia,

Is,opening ,of a cross section including the beam stem Fig. below to the moment of inertia

, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Section for , 𝑰𝒔 - Interior beam

b ∗ h3
Is =
12
6000 ∗ 2503
Is =
12
𝐈𝐬 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝟒

ACI CODE :13.4 OPENINGS IN FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS

The code permits openings of any size in any slab system, provided that an analysis is performed
that demonstrates that both strength and serviceability requirements are satisfied (13.4.1). For slabs
without beams; the analysis of 13.4.1 is waived when the provisions of 13.4.2.1 through 13.4.2.4
are met:
7.In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted
(13.4.2.1). provided total amount of reinforcement required for the panel without the
opening is maintained.
8. In the area common to intersecting column strips, maximum permitted opening size is one-

eighth the width of the column strip in either span (13.4.2.2). in either span shall be

interrupted by Openings. An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that interrupted by an

opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.

9. In the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, maximum permitted opening

size is limited such that only a maximum of one-quarter of slab reinforcement in either

strip may be interrupted (13.4.2.3). An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that

interrupted by an opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.

 Our case met case I

In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted

(13.4.2.1).but we shall deduct moment of inertia of the opening

1500mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

1500 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

Is.opening = 1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

I s ,effective = Is − Is.opening

=Is = 7.813 ∗ 109 mm4 -1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

=5.859E+09mm4

𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, I s ,effective , of a cross section

including the beam stem above fig to the moment of inertia, Is of the slab alone.

Therefore,

Is,efft 5.859∗109
= =0.7499≈ 0.75 and 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0.75 ∗ 4.66 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
Is 7.813∗109

𝐊 𝐭,𝐢𝐧𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐄𝐜𝐬

3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60m below the slab. The distribution

of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig. below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column , the floor

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75
𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

2.81 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 2.81 ∗ 106 ⁄3.495 ∗ 10 ∗ 106
𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.56E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, K ec,int =1.56E+06Ec .

𝑲 𝟏.𝟓𝟔∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟐.𝟖𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 55.50 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective

column stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑪𝟐− 𝑫𝟐 At end C

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

60000mm

250mm

b∗h3 6000∗2503
Is = =
12 12

=7,812.5*106 𝑚𝑚4

In the area common to intersecting middle strips, openings of any size are permitted

(13.4.2.1).but we shall deduct moment of inertia of the opening

1500mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12
 1500 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

Is.opening = 1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

I s ,effective = Is − Is.opening

=Is = 7.813 ∗ 109 mm4 -1.953 ∗ 109 mm4

=5.859E+09mm4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs,efft
𝐾𝑠𝑏 =
l1

4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠,𝑒𝑓𝑓

=
𝑙1

4.07 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 5.859 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

=
7000

=3.41E+06𝑬𝒄𝒔
J. For exterior edge Strip line-1 columns Ground Floor E-W (Long Direction),A1 & F2

1) Compute C.

The cross section of the torsional member & torsional stiffness, Kt,

The torsional member at the exterior edge has the cross section

For exterior columns the long span edge beam acts as the torsional member , having a torsional

constant

Compute the torsional stiffness of the slab-beam

vii. For Case -1

Find the torsional constant C for the edge beam

 𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
Where: x and y are the shorter and longer sides of a given rectangle respectively.
X1= 300 mm
Y1= 500 mm
X2= 250 mm
Y2= 250 mm
𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503 300 3003

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 500
250 3 500 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09m m4

viii. For Case-2

X1= 300 mm

Y1= 250 mm

X2= 250 mm

Y2= 550 mm

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
 300 3003 250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 550
250 3 550 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =2.59E+09mm4

Therefore take the larger value of C

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09

2)
Compute .Kt

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚 ,𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗3.28E+09
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
6000(1−400⁄6000)3

Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a beam parallel to the span
,K t,int is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, Isb of a cross section including the beam
stem to the moment of inertia, Is of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Compute 𝑰𝒃. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Fig. The centroid of this

∑ 𝐴𝑦̆ 250∗300∗(250∗0.5+250)+500∗250(250∗0.5)
beam is located 𝑦̆ = ∑𝐴
=
500∗250+300∗250

= 218.75𝑚𝑚. from the top of the slab.

The moment of inertia of the beam is

300∗5003 250∗2503
𝐼𝑏= ( )+(300*500)*(250 − 281.75)2 +( )+ )+(250*250)*(250 ∗ 0.5 − 281.75)2
12 12

𝑰𝒃= 3.971E+09𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute Is. Is is computed for the shaded portion of the slab

𝑏ℎ3 3650∗2503
𝐼𝑠 = =
12 12

𝐼𝑠 = 4.753 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑰𝒃 𝟑.𝟗𝟕𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute 𝞪𝒇 = = =0.835
𝑰𝒔 𝟒.𝟕𝟓𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰𝒃
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 *
𝑰𝒔

= 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 0.835

= 5.06 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

4.50m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.
Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 4500𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 4500 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 4250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.06. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.63

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 4500

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.08. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐

4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
=
𝑙𝑐

4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
= =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
3600

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.010E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡)

5.01 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
1 + 5.01 ∗ 106 ⁄5.06 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟕E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟕+06𝑬𝒄

 𝐊 𝐞𝐜 ,𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝟐.𝟓𝟏𝟕∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor= = 𝟓.𝟎𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
∑ 𝐊𝐜

Note that K ec,ext is only 50 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑨𝟏− 𝑩𝟏 & 𝑬𝟏− 𝑭𝟏 .At end A & F

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

3650mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

3650 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=4.75*109 𝑚𝑚4
 The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗4.75∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =2.76 *106 𝐄𝐜𝐬
l1 𝑙1 7000
K. For Interior columns, E-W (long dirction)B1,C1,D2 &E1

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝑲𝒕,𝒊𝒏𝒕

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line -1 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on side of line -1. Because the two beams are similar,

l2 = 6000mm
C2 = 400mm
9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1 ∗ = 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)3
Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a beam parallel to the span
,𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section including the beam
stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Compute 𝑰𝒃. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Fig. The centroid of this

∑ 𝐴𝑦̆ 250∗300∗(250∗0.5+250)+500∗250(250∗0.5)
beam is located 𝑦̆ = ∑𝐴
=
500∗250+300∗250

= 218.75𝑚𝑚. from the top of the slab.

The moment of inertia of the beam is

300∗5003 250∗2503
𝐼𝑏= ( )+(300*500)*(250 − 281.75)2 +( )+ )+(250*250)*(250 ∗ 0.5 − 281.75)2
12 12

𝑰𝒃= 3.971E+09𝒎𝒎𝟒

Compute Is. Is is computed for the shaded portion of the slab

 𝑏ℎ3 3650∗2503
𝐼𝑠 = =
12 12

𝐼𝑠 = 4.753 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑰𝒃 𝟑.𝟗𝟕𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute 𝞪𝒇 = = =0.835
𝑰𝒔 𝟒.𝟕𝟓𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰𝒃
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 *
𝑰𝒔

= 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 0.835

= 1.95 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

4.50m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12
For the bottom column,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 4500𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 4500 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 4250𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.06. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.63

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 4500

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.08. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐

4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
=
𝑙𝑐
 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
=
3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.19E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.010E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

5.01 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 5.01 ∗ 106 ⁄1.95 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.41E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.41E+06𝑬𝒄

𝑲 𝟏.𝟒𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟓.𝟎𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 28 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑩𝟏− 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟏− 𝑫𝟏 , & 𝑫𝟏− 𝑬𝟏 , At end B

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

3650mm

250mm

b∗h3 3650∗2503
Is = = =4.75*106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗4.75∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =2.76 *𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑬𝒄𝒔
l1 𝑙1 7000
L. For exterior edge Strip line-1 columns Middle Story Floor A1 & F2

1) Compute C.

The cross section of the torsional member & torsional stiffness, Kt,

The torsional member at the exterior edge has the cross section

For exterior columns the long span edge beam acts as the torsional member , having a torsional

constant

Compute the torsional stiffness of the slab-beam

ix. For Case -1

Find the torsional constant C for the edge beam

 𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
Where: x and y are the shorter and longer sides of a given rectangle respectively.
X1= 300 mm
Y1= 500 mm
X2= 250 mm
Y2= 250 mm
𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503 300 3003

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 500
250 3 500 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09m m4

x. For Case-2

X1= 300 mm

Y1= 250 mm

X2= 250 mm

Y2= 550 mm

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
 300 3003 250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 550
250 3 550 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =2.59E+09mm4

Therefore take the larger value of C

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09mm4

2) Compute .Kt

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚 ,𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗3.28E+09
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
6000(1−400⁄6000)3

Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a beam parallel to the span
,K t,int is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, Isb of a cross section including the beam
stem to the moment of inertia, Is of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Compute 𝑰𝒃. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Fig. The centroid of this

∑ 𝐴𝑦̆ 250∗300∗(250∗0.5+250)+500∗250(250∗0.5)
beam is located 𝑦̆ = ∑𝐴
=
500∗250+300∗250

= 218.75𝑚𝑚. from the top of the slab.

The moment of inertia of the beam is

300∗5003 250∗2503
𝐼𝑏= ( )+(300*500)*(250 − 281.75)2 +( )+ )+(250*250)*(250 ∗ 0.5 − 281.75)2
12 12

𝑰𝒃= 3.971E+09𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute Is. Is is computed for the shaded portion of the slab

𝑏ℎ3 3650∗2503
𝐼𝑠 = =
12 12

𝐼𝑠 = 4.753 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑰𝒃 𝟑.𝟗𝟕𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute 𝞪𝒇 = = =0.835
𝑰𝒔 𝟒.𝟕𝟓𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰𝒃
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 *
𝑰𝒔

= 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 0.835

= 5.06 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

3.60m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.
Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.08. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐

4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
=
𝑙𝑐

4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
= =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
3600

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.63E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡)

5.63 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
1 + 5.63 ∗ 106 ⁄5.06 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟒E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟒+06𝑬𝒄

 𝐊 𝐞𝐜 ,𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝟐.𝟔𝟔𝟒∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor= = 𝟓.𝟔𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕
∑ 𝐊𝐜

Note that K ec,ext is only 47 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑨𝟏− 𝑩𝟏 & 𝑬𝟏− 𝑭𝟏 .At end A & F

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

3650mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

3650 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=4.75*109 𝑚𝑚4
 The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗4.75∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =2.76 *106 𝐄𝐜𝐬
l1 𝑙1 7000
M. For Interior stripe line -1 columns, at Mid- story B1,C1,D2 &E1

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line -1 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on side of line -1. Because the two beams are similar,

l2 = 6000mm
C2 = 400mm

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1 ∗ 3
= 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
⁄
6000(1 − 400 6000)

Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a beam parallel to the span
,𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section including the beam
stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Compute 𝑰𝒃. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Fig. The centroid of this

∑ 𝐴𝑦̆ 250∗300∗(250∗0.5+250)+500∗250(250∗0.5)
beam is located 𝑦̆ = ∑𝐴
=
500∗250+300∗250

= 218.75𝑚𝑚. from the top of the slab.

The moment of inertia of the beam is

300∗5003 250∗2503
𝐼𝑏= ( )+(300*500)*(250 − 281.75)2 +( )+ )+(250*250)*(250 ∗ 0.5 − 281.75)2
12 12

𝑰𝒃= 3.971E+09𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute Is. Is is computed for the shaded portion of the slab

𝑏ℎ3 3650∗2503
𝐼𝑠 = =
12 12

𝐼𝑠 = 4.753 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑰𝒃 𝟑.𝟗𝟕𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute 𝞪𝒇 = = =0.835
𝑰𝒔 𝟒.𝟕𝟓𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰𝒃
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 *
𝑰𝒔

= 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 0.835

= 1.95 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60 above the slab and 𝑙𝑐 =

4.50m below the slab. The distribution of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig.

below.
Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

For the column above the floor,

250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.08. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75
𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐

4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
=
𝑙𝑐

4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
=
3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐 + 2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

=5.63E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

5.63 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 5.63 ∗ 106 ⁄1.95 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.45E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.45E+06𝑬𝒄

 𝑲 𝟏.𝟒𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟓.𝟔𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 26 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑩𝟏− 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟏− 𝑫𝟏 , & 𝑫𝟏− 𝑬𝟏 , At end B

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

3650mm

250mm

b ∗ h3
Is =
12

3650 ∗ 2503
Is =
12

=4.75*106 𝑚𝑚4
 The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗4.75∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =2.76 *𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑬𝒄𝒔
l1 𝑙1 7000
N. For exterior edge Strip line-1 columns Roof Story Floor A1 & F2

1) Compute C.

The cross section of the torsional member & torsional stiffness, Kt,

The torsional member at the exterior edge has the cross section

For exterior columns the long span edge beam acts as the torsional member , having a torsional

constant

Compute the torsional stiffness of the slab-beam

xi. For Case -1

Find the torsional constant C for the edge beam

 𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
Where: x and y are the shorter and longer sides of a given rectangle respectively.
X1= 300 mm
Y1= 500 mm
X2= 250 mm
Y2= 250 mm
𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503 300 3003

𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 500
250 3 500 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09m m4

xii. For Case-2

X1= 300 mm

Y1= 250 mm

X2= 250 mm

Y2= 550 mm

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3
 300 3003 250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 250 + (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 550
250 3 550 3

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =2.59E+09mm4

Therefore take the larger value of C

𝐶𝑒𝑥𝑡 =3.28E+09mm4

2) Compute .Kt

𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚 ,𝐶2 = 400𝑚𝑚

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗3.28E+09
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
6000(1−400⁄6000)3

Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a beam parallel to the span
,K t,int is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, Isb of a cross section including the beam
stem to the moment of inertia, Is of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Compute 𝑰𝒃. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Fig. The centroid of this

∑ 𝐴𝑦̆ 250∗300∗(250∗0.5+250)+500∗250(250∗0.5)
beam is located 𝑦̆ = ∑𝐴
=
500∗250+300∗250

= 218.75𝑚𝑚. from the top of the slab.

The moment of inertia of the beam is

300∗5003 250∗2503
𝐼𝑏= ( )+(300*500)*(250 − 281.75)2 +( )+ )+(250*250)*(250 ∗ 0.5 − 281.75)2
12 12

𝑰𝒃= 3.971E+09𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute Is. Is is computed for the shaded portion of the slab

𝑏ℎ3 3650∗2503
𝐼𝑠 = =
12 12

𝐼𝑠 = 4.753 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑰𝒃 𝟑.𝟗𝟕𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute 𝞪𝒇 = = =0.835
𝑰𝒔 𝟒.𝟕𝟓𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰𝒃
𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 *
𝑰𝒔

= 6.05 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 0.835

= 5.06 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60m below the slab. The distribution

of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig. below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc

The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column,

 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75𝐸𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐

4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109
= =2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐
3600

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E + 06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑒𝑥𝑡)

2.81 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
1 + 2.81 ∗ 106 ⁄5.06 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏+06𝑬𝒄

𝐊 𝐞𝐜 ,𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝟏.𝟖𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor= =𝟐.𝟖𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒
∑ 𝐊𝐜

Note that K ec,ext is only 64 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column
stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.
 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑨𝟏− 𝑩𝟏 & 𝑬𝟏− 𝑭𝟏 .At end A & F

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the
top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is
3650mm

250mm

b∗h3 3650∗2503
Is = = =4.75*109 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000

Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗4.75∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =2.76 *106 𝐄𝐜𝐬
l1 𝑙1 7000
O. For Interior stripe line -1 columns, at Roof level- story B1,C1,D2 &E1

1) Compute C.

The cross-section of the torsional member is as shown below having a torsional constant

𝑥 𝑥3
𝐶 = ∑( 1 − 0.63 ∗ ) ∗ ∗ 𝑦
𝑦 3

250 2503
𝐶 = (1 − 0.63 ∗ )∗ ∗ 400
400 3

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =1.26E+09 mm4

2) Compute, 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡

9𝐸𝑐 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∑
𝑙2 (1 − 𝐶2 ⁄𝑙2 )3

where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line -1 and 𝑙2 refers to the length 𝑙2

of the beams on side of line -1. Because the two beams are similar,

l2 = 6000mm

C2 = 400mm

9𝐸𝑐 ∗ 1.26E + 09
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 1 ∗ = 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐
6000(1 − 400⁄6000)3
Because the span for which moments are being determined contains a beam parallel to the span
,𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 is multiplied by the ratio of the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠𝑏 of a cross section including the beam
stem to the moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑠 of the slab alone.

E-W (long) direction

Compute 𝑰𝒃. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Fig. The centroid of this

∑ 𝐴𝑦̆ 250∗300∗(250∗0.5+250)+500∗250(250∗0.5)
beam is located 𝑦̆ = ∑𝐴
=
500∗250+300∗250

= 218.75𝑚𝑚. from the top of the slab.

The moment of inertia of the beam is

300∗5003 250∗2503
𝐼𝑏= ( )+(300*500)*(250 − 281.75)2 +( )+ )+(250*250)*(250 ∗ 0.5 − 281.75)2
12 12

𝑰𝒃= 3.971E+09𝒎𝒎𝟒

Compute Is. Is is computed for the shaded portion of the slab

𝑏ℎ3 3650∗2503
𝐼𝑠 = = =4.753 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
 𝑰𝒃 𝟑.𝟗𝟕𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
Compute 𝞪𝒇 = = =0.835
𝑰𝒔 𝟒.𝟕𝟓𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑰
𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 * 𝑰𝒃
𝒔

= 2.33 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 0.835

= 1.95 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐

3) Compute ∑ 𝑲𝒄 for the columns.

The height center-to-center of the floor slabs is 𝑙𝑐 = 3.60m below the slab. The distribution

of stiffness's along the column is similar to that in Fig. below.

Fig. Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, for both above and below floor slab Kc
The columns are bent about their strong axis. Thus,

𝑏∗ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐 = = =2.13E+09mm4
12 12

For the bottom column

,
 250
𝑙𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚, 𝑙𝑢 = 3600 − 2 ∗ ( ) = 3350𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑐 ⁄𝑙𝑢 = 1.07. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎 = 125𝑚𝑚 & 𝑡𝑏 =
2

125𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑎 ⁄𝑡𝑏= 125⁄125=1.0 using interpolation From Table A-17. k=4.75

𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.63𝐸𝐼𝑐 4.75∗𝐸∗2.13∗109

𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = =
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 3600

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

∑ 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾𝑐,𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝐾𝑐,𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

=2.81E+06𝐸𝑐𝑐

4) Compute equivalent column stiffness, 𝑲𝒆𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 ′𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏′

1 1 1 ∑ 𝐾𝑐
= + ≫≫ 𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 + (∑ 𝐾𝑐 ⁄𝐾𝑡,𝑖𝑛𝑡)

2.81 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑒𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
1 + 2.81 ∗ 106 ⁄1.95 ∗ 106

𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.15E+06𝑬𝒄

Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, 𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄𝒔 = 𝑬𝒄

Therefore, 𝑲𝒆𝒄,𝒊𝒏𝒕 =1.15E+06𝑬𝒄

𝑲 𝟏.𝟏𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
5) Stiffness Reduction Factor=∑ 𝑲𝒆𝒄 =𝟐.𝟖𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏
𝒄

Note that K ec,int is only 41 percent of ∑ 𝐾𝑐 . This illustrates the large reduction in effective column

stiffness in a flat-slab floor system.

 a) The properties of the critical components are computed in the following.

Slab-Beam Element

Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

This moment of inertia is multiplied by

Span 𝑩𝟏− 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟏− 𝑫𝟏 , & 𝑫𝟏− 𝑬𝟏 , At end B

A cross section at mid-span is shown in Fig. The centroid of this section lies 125mm. below the

top of the slab, and its moment of inertia is

3650mm

250mm

b ∗ h3 3650 ∗ 2503
Is = =
12 12
=4.75*106 𝑚𝑚4

The columns at both ends are 400mm. square, giving 𝐶1 = 400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙1 = 7000𝑚𝑚, 𝐶2 =

400𝑚𝑚 & 𝑙2 = 6000𝑚𝑚

𝑐1 400 𝑐2 400
= = 0.057 = = 0.067
𝑙1 7000 𝑙2 6000
Because this member has uniform stiffness between the joint regions, we can use Table A-14 to

get the Stiffness: constants: k= 4.070

Note that 𝒍𝟏 is used here and not the clear span, 𝒍𝒏 .The stiffness is

kEcsIs 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 4.07∗𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗4.75∗106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑠𝑏 = = = =2.76 *𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑬𝒄𝒔
l1 𝑙1 7000