Cellular

Division
1
 Cell Division
✓ All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
✓ New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged
or old cells
✓ Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)

2
 Keeping Cells Identical

The instructions for

making cell parts
are encoded in the
DNA, so each new
cell must get a
complete set of
the DNA molecules

3
 DNA Replication
✓ DNA must be
copied or Original
DNA strand
replicated
before cell
division Two new,
identical
✓ Each new cell DNA strands
will then have
an identical
copy of the
DNA
4
Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identic
al
daught
er cells
Parent Cell

5
Chromosomes

6
 Prokaryotic Chromosome
✓ The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular
chromosome
attached to the
inside of the
cell membrane

7
 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
✓ All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
✓ Most eukaryotes have between 10 and
50 chromosomes in their body cells
✓ Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
or 23 identical pairs

8
 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
✓ Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
✓ Chromosomes can’t be seen when
cells aren’t dividing and are called
chromatin

9
 Compacting DNA into
Chromosomes
✓ DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones

10
 Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

✓ Duplicated
chromosomes
are called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere

Called Sister Chromatids 11

 Karyotype
✓ A picture of the
chromosomes from
a human cell
arranged in pairs
by size
✓ First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
✓ Last pair are the
sex chromosomes
✓ XX female or XY
male
12
 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
13
Cell Reproduction

14
 Types of Cell Reproduction
✓ Asexual reproduction involves a
single cell dividing to make 2 new,
identical daughter cells
✓ Mitosis & binary fission are
examples of asexual reproduction
✓ Sexual reproduction involves two
cells (egg & sperm) joining to make
a new cell (zygote) that is NOT
identical to the original cells
✓ Meiosis is an example
15
Cell Division in
Prokaryotes

16
 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
✓ Prokaryotes such as
Parent
bacteria divide into
cell
2 identical cells by
the process of
binary fission Chromosome
✓ Single chromosome relicates
makes a copy of
itself
✓ Cell wall forms Cell splits
between the
chromosomes dividing
the cell
2 identical daughter cells 17
 Prokaryotic Cell
Undergoing Binary Fission

18
Animation of Binary Fission

19
The Cell
Cycle
20
Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

✓ G1 - primary growth phase

✓ S – synthesis; DNA replicated
✓ G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
✓ M - mitosis
✓ C - cytokinesis

21
Cell Cycle

22
 Interphase - G1 Stage

✓ 1 growth stage after cell

st

division
✓ Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
✓ Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

23
 Interphase – S Stage
✓ Synthesis stage
✓ DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA
24
 Interphase – G2 Stage
✓ 2nd Growth Stage
✓ Occurs after DNA has been copied
✓ All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
✓ Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized

25
What’s Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks

like

Animal Cell

What’s
occurring
26
 Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
27
Mitosis

28
 Mitosis
✓ Division of the
nucleus
✓ Also called
karyokinesis
✓ Only occurs in
eukaryotes
✓ Has four stages
✓ Doesn’t occur in
some cells such
as brain cells
29
 Four Mitotic Stages

✓ Prophase
✓ Metaphase
✓ Anaphase
✓ Telophase

30
 Early Prophase
✓ Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
✓ Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear
Chromosomes Membrane

31
 Late Prophase
✓ Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
✓ Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
✓ Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
✓ Spindle finishes forming between
the poles of the cell
32
 Late Prophase

Chromosomes

Nucleus & Nucleolus have disintegrated

33
 Spindle Fiber attached to
Chromosome

Kinetochore Fiber

Chromosome
34
 Review of Prophase

What the cell

looks like

What’s happening 35
 Spindle Fibers
✓ The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles
in animal cells
✓ Polar fibers extend from one pole
of the cell to the opposite pole
✓ Kinetochore fibers extend from the
pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they attach
✓ Asters are short fibers radiating
from centrioles
36
Sketch The Spindle

37
 Metaphase
✓ Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the
center of the cell
✓ Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell

Pole of
the Cell

38
 Metaphase

Asters at
the poles

Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at
the Equator

39
 Metaphase

Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
40
 Review of Metaphase

What the cell

looks like

What’s
occurring
41
 Anaphase
✓ Occurs rapidly
✓ Sister
chromatids
are pulled
apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers
42
 Anaphase

Sister
Chromatids
being
separated

43
 Anaphase Review

What
the cell
looks like

What’s
occurring

44
 Telophase
✓ Sister chromatids at opposite poles
✓ Spindle disassembles
✓ Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
✓ Nucleolus reappears
✓ CYTOKINESIS occurs
✓ Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin

45
Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase

46
 Cytokinesis
✓ Means division of the cytoplasm
✓ Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
✓ In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
✓ In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell

47
 Cytokinesis
Cleavage Cell plate in
furrow in plant cell
animal cell

48
Mitotic Stages

49
 Daughter Cells of Mitosis
✓ Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
✓ Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
✓ Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)

50
Identical Daughter Cells

What
is the
2n or
diploid
number?
2

Chromosome number the same, but cells

smaller than parent cell
51
Review
of
Mitosis

52
 Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase

Name this?

Prophas
Telophas
e
e
Name this?

Metapha
Anapha se
se
53
 Eukaryotic Cell Division
✓ Used for growth and
repair
✓ Produce two new cells
identical to the original
Chromosomes during
cell
Metaphase of mitosis
✓ Cells are diploid (2n)

Anaphas Cytokinesi
Prophase Metaphas Telophas s
e e e
54
 Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?

55
Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?

56
Draw & Learn these Stages

57
Draw & Learn these Stages

58
Test Yourself
over Mitosis

59
Mitosis Quiz

60
Mitosis Quiz

61
Name the Stages of Mitosis:
Early
Early Metaphas
prophase
Anaphase e

Interphas Early
e Telophase,
Begin
cytokinesis

Late Late telophase,

Prophase Mid- Late
Advanced Prophase Anaphase
cytokinesis 62
 Identify the Stages
?
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase

? ? ?
Metaphase Anaphase
Late Prophase

? ? ?
Late Anaphase Telophase Telophase &
Cytokinesis 63
 Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants

Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase

Prophase

64
 Uncontrolled Mitosis
✓ If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
✓ Oncogenes are
special proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a
tumor cell
Cancer cells
65
 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

66
 Facts About Meiosis
✓ Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
✓ Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
✓ Called Reduction- division
✓ Original cell is diploid (2n)
✓ Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)

67
 Facts About Meiosis
✓ Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
✓ Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
✓ Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
✓ Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)

68
 More Meiosis Facts
✓ Start with 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
✓ After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
✓ After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
✓   Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes

69
 Why Do we Need Meiosis?
✓ It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
✓ Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote

70
Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

71
 Replication of Chromosomes
✓ Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
chromosome Interphase
✓ Occurs prior to
division
✓ Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
✓ Held together at
centromere
72
 A Replicated Chromosome

Gene
X
Homologs Sister
(same genes, Chromatid
different alleles) s
(same genes,
same alleles)

Homologs separate in meiosis I and

therefore different alleles separate.
73
Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes
✓ Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number
by half
✓ Fertilization then restores the 2n number

from from child

mom dad
too
much!

meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
74
 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatid
Homolog s
s separate
separate

Meiosi Meiosi
s s
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
75
 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindl
e Nuclear
fibers envelop
Early
Prophase I Late Metaphase e
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase
number I I I (diploid)
doubled)

76
 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

✓ Homologs pair. ✓ Chromosomes condense.
✓ Crossing over ✓ Spindle forms.
occurs. ✓ Nuclear envelope
fragments.
77
Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes Join to form a

(each with sister TETRAD
chromatids)

Called Synapsis
78
 Crossing-Over
✓ Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
✓ Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
✓ Produces
Genetic
recombination
in the offspring
79
Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over

80
 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types
produced by independent assortment 81
Metaphase I

Homologous
pairs of
chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

82
Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.

83
Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.

84
 Meiosis II
Only one homolog of each
Gene
X
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids
carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and
thus one copy of each gene.
85
 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome Number

Prophase Metaphase
II Telophase
II
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

86
Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

87
Metaphase II

Chromosomes
align
along equator of
cell.

88
 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister
chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.

89
Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
90
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with

one copy of each
chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations
of alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
91
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis

92
 Spermatogenesis
✓ Occurs in the
testes
✓ Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
✓ Spermatids
mature into sperm
✓ Men produce
about
250,000,000
sperm per day
93
Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid

94
Spermatogenesis

95
 Oogenesis
✓ Occurs in the ovaries
✓ Two divisions produce 3 polar
bodies that die and 1 egg
✓ Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
✓ Immature egg called oocyte
✓ Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every
28 days
96
Oogenesis in the Ovaries

97
 Oogenesis
First polar
body a
may divide X
a Polar
(haploid)
bodie
X a
s
a X
X die
Mitosi Meiosis Meiosis
s A X I (if
II
Oogoniu fertilization A
m Primary occurs) X
(diploid) oocyte
(diploid A X Ovum Matur
) (egg) e
Secondar A
y X egg
oocyte Second
(haploid) polar
body
(haploid) 98
Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

99
 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Germ cells

When Throughout life At sexual maturity

Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction

100