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Oscilloscope
OBJECTIVES
1. To become familiar with the construction, components, and fundamental operation ofan
oscilloscope.
EQUIPMENT
Theory of Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is displays the variation of a voltage with time on a screen monitor. The vertical
axis gives volts and the horizontal axis gives time. The number of vertical and horizontal divisions
on the screen is not fixed, however, the majority have eight vertical divisions and 10 horizontal
in level (attenuated) or increased in level amplified. The horizontal input permits applying another
signal of any kind to interact with the vertical input to produce a waveform that can often be quite
informative. However, if you simply want to view the signal applied to the vertical input versus time,
then the sync input option is selected. The sweep oscillator will then generate a saw tooth waveform,
such as in Fig. 21, to move the applied signal across the screen, If the frequency of the applied signal
and that of the saw tooth waveform are the same, the waveforms, are said to be "in sync" and the
desired signal will sit stable on the screen. If the two frequencies do not match, the waveform will
Fortunately, all scopes have a sweep time control to adjust the frequency of the saw tooth waveform
so a steady image can be displayed. Note in Fig. 2.1 that the voltage of a saw tooth waveform
increases linearly with time. This is to ensure that the applied signal will appear across the full width
of the screen in an undistorted manner. For the case of an applied sinusoidal voltage, the voltage
between the two input terminals will increase and decrease in an oscillatory manner. In the absence
of the saw tooth wave format the horizontal input, the waveform on the screen would simply be a
vertical line with a high intensity spot moving up and down on the screen with the same frequency
as the applied signal. Applying the saw tooth voltage to the horizontal input will move the waveform
across the screen so the full sinusoidal pattern can be displayed. Most of the controls for the proper
operation of an oscilloscope are mounted on the front panel of the instrument. Fig: 2.2 indicate the
approximate locations of the controls found on most general-purpose oscilloscopes. The locations
Control Purpose
Power For turning on power
Intensity To adjust the intensity of pattern on screen
Focus Focus electron beam to clearly define pattern
Triggering mode Determines the type of triggering for horizontal sweeping
pattern
Triggering level Determine the level at which the triggering will occur
Vertical display mode Determines number of signals displayed on screen and the
type of technique to display signals.
Y position Controls vertical pattern
X position Controls horizontal pattern
Vertical sensitivity Determines the volts/cm for the vertical axis of display
Sweep time horizontal sensitivity Determines the time/cm for the vertical axis of display
Basic measurement
a. Voltage
i. DC levels
To use the scope to measure dc levels, first place the DC/AC/GND switch in the GND position to
establish the ground (0-V) level on the screen. Then switch DC/AC/GND switch to the dc position
to measure the dc level. In the ac mode, a capacitor blocks the dc from the screen. Next, place the
scope leads across the unknown dc level and use the equation 2.1.
ii. AC levels
After reestablishing the ground level, place the DC/AC/GND switch the ac position. Next, place
the scope leads across the unknown AC voltage. Peak to peak voltage can be measured fro equation
2.2
b. Frequency
The oscilloscope can be used to set the frequency of a function generator using the horizontal
sensitivity in the following manner. Determine the period of the desired waveform and then
calculate the number of divisions required to display the waveform on the horizontal axis using
the provided us/div., ms/div., or s/div on the horizontal sensitivity control. Then adjust the
audio oscillator or function generator to provide the proper horizontal deflection for the desired
frequency of course, the reverse of the above procedure will determine the frequency of an
unknown signal.
The audio oscillators designed to provide a sinusoidal waveform in the frequency range audible by
the human. A function generator typically expands on the capabilities of the audio oscillator by
providing a square wave and triangular waveform with an increased frequency range, either
instrument is suitable for this experiment, since we will be dealing only with sinusoidal waveforms in
the audio range. Most oscillators and generators require that the magnitude of the output signal be
set by an oscilloscope or DMM. That is, the amplitude dial of the oscillator is not graduated and the
peak or peak-to-peak value is set by connecting the output of the oscillator to a scope or meter and
Procedure:
Part 1
(a) Instructor had provided information about the basic operation of the oscilloscope and
function generator.
(b) The oscilloscope was then turned on and a horizontal line centered on the face of the screen
was established. There were no connections to the vertical input sections of the scope for this
(c) The controls listed in table 2.2 were set and effects were observed
a. Set the DC/ACGND switch to the GND position and adjust the Y-position control until the
b. Once the 0-V level is established, move the DC/ACGND switch to the de position and set
the vertical sensitivity to 1 V/div and connect one channel of the scope across the 1.5-V battery
Determine the dc voltage that established the shift by multiplying by the vertical sensitivity. That is.
Dc voltage= 1.4 x 1
Change the sensitivity to 0.5 V/div. and note the effect on the vertical shift Recalculate the do
Dc voltage=2.8 x 0.5
Dc voltage = 1.4V
(e) Disconnect the 1.5-V battery and re-establish the 0-v reference line. Then connect the vertical
input section of the scope as shown in Fig. 2.4 with the vertical sensitivity set 1 V/div.
Fig. 2.4
In this part of the experiment, we will learn how to set the magnitude of a sinusoidal signal using an
Oscilloscope:
Fig. 2.5
b. Frequency of oscilloscope/generator was set to 500 Hz using the dial and appropriate multiplier.
0.5ms/div and turn on both the scope and the oscillator or generator.
Multism result
d. DC/AC/GND switch was set to the GND position to establish the 0V reference level and then
peak) swing. The resulting waveform has the following mathematical equation
f. Switch to the dc position and comment below about the any change.
There was no significant change on the scope.
g. make the necessary arrangements to display the following waveforms on the screen.
DMM was directly connected across the oscillator in the ac rms mode and the oscillator was
adjusted so that output reaches until V = 2.121 v. Then the output of the oscillator was connected
directly to the scope for noting the total peak-to-peak swing. Is the waveform the same as that
Veff= 0 365V. Set Veff with the DMM by adjusting the output of the oscillator, and place the signal
This section will demonstrate how the oscilloscope can be used to set the frequency output of an
oscillator. In other words, the scope can be used to make fine adjustments on the frequency set by
For the signal such as 2 sin 2π500t, the frequency is 500 Hz and the period is 1/500 Hz= 2ms. With
a horizontal sensitivity of 0.5 ms/div., the waveform should appear in exactly four horizontal
divisions. If it does not, fine adjust control on the frequency of the oscillator or generator can be
adjusted until it is exactly four divisions. The scope has then set output frequency of the oscillator.
Make the necessary adjustment to place the following waveforms on the scope. Sketch the
waveforms, indicating the number of vertical and horizontal deflections and the sensitivity of each.
2. V=5 sin 377t , F= 60Hz, T= 0.0167 s, Vertical deflections= 5 divisions, Vertical sensitivity=
a. Set the oscillator to an output of 1sin 500t using the vertical sensitivity of 1V/div. on the scope
b. Measure the dc voltage of one of the D cells and insert in Fig. 2.10.
E=0.509 V almost
c. Construct the series combination of supplies as shown in fig. 2.10 and connect the scope as
indicated.
Fig. 2.10
Lab result
d. The input signal has a dc level equal to the dc voltage of the D cell. Set the DC/AC/GND
switch to GND position and adjusts line to the center of the screen.
f. Now switch to the DC mode and sketch the waveform on the same scope pattern
as part 5(e) (g) what was the effect of switching from the AC to DC mode?
Upwards1. 5V
No
How does the vertical shift compare to the de level of the battery?
Upwards1. 5V
(h) Switch to the GND mode and describe what happened to the waveform. In general, what is the
effect of switching to the GND position, no matter where the leads of the scope are connected?
Goes to zero