7.

1
 Concept of Network

Interconnection of two or more computers

1.1
1.2
  Data transmission can be done in different
ways

1.3
1.4
 Transmission medium and physical layer

1.5
 Transmission Media

A Transmission Medium can be defined as

anything that can carry information from a
source to a destination.

The transmission medium is usually free

space, metallic cable, or fiber-optic cable.
The information is usually a data signal.

1.6
 Classes of transmission media

1.7
 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit

from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

1.8
 Twisted – Pair
Twisted – Pair cable accepts and transports
signals in the form of electric current. It
consists of two copper conductors, each with its
own plastic insulation, twisted together.
One of the wires is used to carry signals to the
receiver, and the other is used only as a ground
reference.
1.9
 Twisted-pair cable

1.10
 UTP and STP cables

1.11
7.13
7.14
 Figure 7.5 UTP connector

1.14
7.16
 The most common Unshielded Twisted-Pair connector is R
for registered jack.

Inside the ethernet cable, there are 8 color coded wires, w

used as conductors. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs a
a common color theme.

RJ45 uses 8P8C modular connector, which stands for 8 P

Contact. It is a keyed connector which means that the con
inserted only in a single way.
7.17
1.16
 Coaxial cable
 Coaxial cable carries signals of higher frequency ranges

 Coaxial cable is an electrical cable, encasing of tubular

layers. The whole cable is protected by a plastic cover.
This plastic cover, in turn, encloses a tubular insulating
sheath. The insulating sheath further encloses a metallic
conductor.

1.17
 Coaxial cable

1.18
 Coaxial Cable Connectors

BNC connector, Bayone-Neil-Concelman

1.19
BNC connector is used to
connect the end of the cable to a device

1.20
BNC T connector is used
in Ethernet networks to branch
out to a connection to a
computer or other device

1.21
 BNC terminator is used at the end of the
cable to prevent the reflection of the signal

1.22
 Fiber-optic cable
• A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic
and transmits signals in the form of light.
• Can transmit data over longer distances and
at higher bandwidths
• Fibers are used instead of metal wires
because signals travel along them with less
loss and are also immune to electromagnetic
interference.
1.23
 Fiber construction

1.24
7.26
 Fiber-optic cable Connectors
Subscriber Channel Connector, SC
connector, is used for cable TV. It uses a push
/pull locking system.

1.26
 The Straight – Tip Connector is used for
connecting cable to networking devices. It uses a
bayonet locking system and is more reliable.
1.27
1.28
7.30
 7-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves

without using a physical conductor. This type of
communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.

Topics discussed in this section:

Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared

1.30
 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

1.31
 Propagation

the amount of time it takes for the head of

the signal to travel from the sender to the
receiver

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_delay

1.32
 Propagation methods

1.33
 Wireless transmission waves

1.34
 Note

Radio waves frequencies are between

3 KHz and 1 GHz

1.35
 Omnidirectional antenna

1.36
 Note

Radio waves are used for multicast

communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.

1.37
 Note

Advantage: low and medium frequencies

can penetrate walls inside a building

Disadvantage: cannot isolate a

communication to just inside or outside
a building

1.38
 Note

Microwaves are unidirectional.

They use directional antennas – point to
point line of antennas

1.39
 Unidirectional antennas

1.40
 Note

Microwaves are used for unicast

communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.

1.41
 Note

Advantage: pair of antenna can be

aligned without interfering with another
pair

Disadvantage: expensive towers and

repeaters

1.42
 Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-

range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.

1.43
 Note

Transceivers must be within line of

sight of each other – direct or via
reflection. Infrared does not penetrate
walls.

1.44
 Note

Advantage: use for short range of

communication

Disadvantage: cannot be used outside

because sun’s rays contain infrared
waves

1.45
7.47
 Exercise Chapter

7.48
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 1-what is the position of the
transmission media in the OSI
model?
 The transmission media is located
beneath the physical layer and
controlled by the physical layer.

7.49
 2-Name the two major
categories of transmission
media?
 Guided (wired) media, and unguided
(wireless) media.

7.50
 3-How do guided media differ
from unguided media?
 Guided media have physical boundaries,
while unguided media are unbounded

7.51
 4-what is the significance of the
twisting in twisted pair cable?
 Twisting ensures that both wires are
equally, but inversely, affected by
external influences such as noise.

7.52
 5-what is the purpose of
cladding In an optical fiber?
 The inner core of an optical fiber is
surrounded by cladding. The core is
denser than the cladding, so a light beam
traveling through the core is reflected at
the boundary between the core and the
cladding if the incident angle is more than
the critical angle.

7.53