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References: TC 7 by Leithold, Calculus by Salas, Calculus by Larson
LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
2
WHAT IS THE LIMITATION?
What are your limitations in the school?
What are your restrictions in the house?
How are you limited if you form a box?
How will you celebrate your debut or
birthday party?
How will you construct a house?
How will you design a gown or a dress?
How high can you climb a stair?
How did you choose your course?
3
CONCEPT OF LIMITS
Inmathematics, the concept of a
"limit" is used to describe the value
that a function "approaches" as the
input approaches some value. Limits
are essential to calculus (and
mathematical analysis in general) and
are used to define continuity,
derivatives and integrals.
4
ILLUSTRATION
What is the limit of y as x approaches 1?
y = f(x)
f(x2)
2
f(x1)
c 5
ILLUSTRATION
What is the limit of y as x approaches 2?
L
f(x3)
f(x2)
f(x1)
y = f(x)
c 6
ILLUSTRATION
What is the limit of y as x approaches c?
f(x2) y = f(x)
f(x1)
x1 c x2
7
THE IDEA OF LIMIT
Let a function f defined at all numbers
x. If x approaches a certain number c but
not exactly c, then f(x) approaches a
certain value L. which is the limit of f(x)
as x approaches c. In other words, the
limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L, or
roughly, as x approaches c, f(x)
approaches L. In symbol,
lim f ( x ) L
x c 8
THE IDEA OF LIMIT
x2 4
Consider the limit of f ( x )
x2
as x 2
Taking the values near to x = 2.
L1
C-1 c+2
c
12
EXAMPLE 1
Show that the limit is true by finding > 0 such
that |f(x) – L| < 0.01 whenever 0 < |x – c| <
lim3 x 2 4
x2
3 x 2 4 0.01 , whenever 0 x 2
3 x 6 0.01
3( x 2 ) 0.01
3 x 2 0.01
0.01
x2 0.003
3 Thus, = 0.003
13
EXAMPLE 2
Show that the limit is true by finding > 0 such
that |f(x) – L| < 0.01 whenever 0 < |x – c| <
x
lim 4 2
x 4 2
x
4 2 0.01 , whenever 0 x 4
2
x 4x
2 0.01 0.01 21 x 4 0.01
2 2
1
2
x 4 0.01
x4
3) lim 1 x 1 Use the definition of inequalities
to solve for x
4) lim x 2 4 5
x 3
15
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE # 3
3) lim 1 x 1
x4
1 x (1) 0.01 whenever 0 x4
2 x 0.01
17
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
If lim f ( x ) L and lim g ( x ) M
xc xc
1) lim 3 x 7
x5
2)
lim z 8
z 2
3
4x 5
3) lim
x 3 5 x 1
21
EXAMPLE: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS
2
x 9 Indeterminate forms:
4) lim 0/0, 0, /,
x 3 x 3
The limit may or
1
5) lim h 1 h
may not exists.
h0
To evaluate the limit of
x12 functions involving
6) lim indeterminate forms,
x 3 x3 transform the function by
applying any mathematical
concepts.
22
EXERCISE: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS
[Use one-half crosswise long pad]
1) lim x 2 x 4
2
1
4) lim x
x 2
x 0 x
2) lim x 2
x 3 4
x 1
5) lim
2 x1 x 1
3) lim
x 1 x 1
23
EXERCISE: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS
x3
6) lim 2
x 3 x 7 x 12
1 x 0
7 ) lim f ( x ) if f ( x )
x 0 2 x 0
x2 x4
8) lim f ( x ) if f ( x )
x4
0 x0
24
EXERCISE: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS
x2 x 4
9) lim f ( x ) if f ( x )
x 0
x 2 x 0
2 x Q
10) lim f ( x ) if f ( x )
x 0 2 x Q'
25
EXERCISE:
p 51 TC7 by Leithold
#32 – 46 (even numbers)
26
Chapter 2 Section 2
LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
27
LIMITS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Two Special Trigonometric Limits
sin x 1 cos x
lim 1 lim 0
x 0 x x 0 x
28
ILLUSTRATION: SQUEEZE THEOREM
g(x)
f(x)
h(x)
29
PROOF OF SQUEEZE THEOREM
Consider a circular sector that is squeezed
between two triangles. Using a unit circle,
D(1, tan )
Area of CBD = 2 tan
1
A(cos , sin )
Area of sector CAB = 2
1
r=1 H
h
Area of CAB = 2 sin
1
x
C(0, 0) B(1, 0)
1` sin
2
1
2
12 tan
h
sin h sin
1
x
cos x cos
1
H
tan H tan
1 30
PROOF OF SQUEEZE THEOREM
.
1` sin
2
1
2
12 tan
Multiply by 2, then divide by sin
1
D(1, tan ) 1
sin cos
A(cos , sin ) Take the reciprocals
sin
cos 1
Take the limits as 0
C(0, 0) B(1, 0)
sin
lim cos lim lim 1
0 0 0
1 lim sin 1
0
By Squeeze Theorem, lim sin 1
0 31
EXAMPLES: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS
sin 21 x cos x
1) lim 5) lim
x 0 x x 21 2 x
cos x = sin(90o – x) or sin(/2 – x)
sin x
2 ) lim
x 0 5 x
cos x Exercise
3) lim p.88 # 68 – 80 (Even)
x 2 cot x
# 81 – 89 (Odd)
sin x( 1 cos x ) Calculus By Larson
4) lim
x 0 x2
32
Chapter 2 Section 3
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
xc xc
37
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ONE-SIDED LIMITS
lim f ( x ) 1
x 4
lim f ( x ) 3
x 4
lim f ( x ) dne
x4
f ( 4) 2
38
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ONE-SIDED LIMITS
lim f ( x ) 0
x 1
lim f ( x ) 0
x 1
lim f ( x ) 2
x2
lim f ( x ) 2
x2
f (1) 0
f (2) 1
For a full limit to exist, both one- lim f ( x ) 0
sided limits have to exist and x 1
lim f ( x )
x 1
lim f ( x )
x 1
lim f (x)
f (1) lim f ( x ) x 1 . 5
x 1
f (1) lim f ( x ) lim f (x)
x 1 x 1 . 5
f ( 1.5) lim f ( x )
x 1.5 40
EXAMPLE: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
x 4 x3
1) lim 5) lim
x 16 x 16 x 3 x 3
x x3
2) lim 6) lim
x 0 x x 3 x 3
x x3
3) lim 7) lim
x 0 x x 3 x 3
4) lim
x 8) lim 3 x x
x 0 x x 3
41
EXAMPLE: EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
9) lim 3 x x 13) lim ln3 x
x 3
x 3
10) lim 1
x
2 14) lim ln3 x
x1 x 3
12 ) lim 1
x
2
x1
42
EXERCISES:
pp 61 – 63 Calculus by Salas, Hille,
Etgen
p. 98 Exercise 2.4 # 1 – 6 (all)
Calculus by Larson
p. 99 Exercise 2.4 # 8 – 30 (even)
Calculus by Larson
43
Chapter 2 Section 4
CONTINUITY
44
CONTINUITY
Definition:
Let f(x) be a function defined at least
on an open interval, I. The function f is
continuous at c if the following
conditions are satisfied
(i ) f (c ) exists
(ii) lim f ( x ) exists
xc
(iii) lim f ( x ) f (c ) 45
xc
DISCONTINUITY
Definition:
Ifany of the conditions below are not
satisfied then the function is said to be
discontinuous
(i ) f (c ) exists
(ii) lim f ( x ) exists
xc
(iii) lim f ( x ) f (c )
xc
46
REMOVABLE & ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
Illustration
a c b a c b a c b
lim f ( x ) f (c )
f(c) dne lim f ( x ) dne xc
Removable xc
Removable
Discontinuity Nonremovable Discontinuity
(Missing point Discontinuity (jump discontinuity)
Discontinuity) (Essential 47
Discontinuity)
REMOVABLE & ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
Definition:
Let f(x) be a function defined at least on
an open interval, I. The function f has
removable discontinuity at c if
(i) lim f ( x ) dne , f(c) may or may not be
xc
defined or lim f ( x ) f (c )
xc
(ii) and f can be made continuous by
appropriate defining (or redefining) f(c)
48
REMOVABLE & ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
Definition:
If the discontinuity is not
removable then it is called essential
discontinuity.
LIMIT THEOREMS ABOUT CONTINUITY
If f and g are continuous at c, then
f + g is continuous at c.
f – g is continuous at c.
f g is continuous at c.
51
LIMIT THEOREMS ABOUT CONTINUITY
Continuity on an open interval: A
function is continuous on an open
interval (a, b) if it is continuous at
each point in the interval. A
function that is continuous on the
entire real line (, +) is
everywhere continuous.
52
EXAMPLE
53
EXAMPLE
Discuss the continuity of the function
(Calculus by Larson p.99 Ex 31-34)
#35] g ( x ) 49 x 2
7 ,7
#36 ] f (t ) 2 9 t 2
3 ,3
3 x x0
#37 ] f ( x ) 1 7 ,7
3 2
x x 0
1
#38 ] g ( x ) 2 1,2
x 4 54
EXERCISES
55
Chapter 2 Section 5
INFINITE LIMITS
56
INFINITE LIMITS
Definition:
Let f be a function defined at every
number in some open interval, I,
containing c, except possibly at the
number c itself. As x approaches c, f(x)
increases without bound, written as
lim f x
x a
If for every number N > 0 there exists a >
0 such that if 0 < |x – c| < then f(x) > N57
INFINITE LIMITS
Definition:
Let f be a function defined at every
number in some open interval, I,
containing c, except possibly at the
number c itself. As x approaches c, f(x)
decreases without bound, written as
lim f x
x a
If for every number N < 0 there exists a >
0 such that if 0 < |x – c| < then f(x) < N58
THEOREMS ON INFINITE LIMIT
A. If r is any positive integer, then
1 if r is odd
lim
x 0 xr if r is even
B. Let c be any real number and
lim f ( x ) 0 lim g ( x ) k where k is any
x c x c constant
(i)
If f(x) passes through positive values
and if
g(x)
k > 0, then lim
x c f (x)
g(x)
k < 0, then lim 59
x c f (x)
LIMIT THEOREMS
(ii)If f(x) passes through negative values
and if
g(x)
k > 0, then lim
x c f ( x )
g(x)
k < 0, then lim
x c f ( x )
The theorem is also valid if x c is
replaced by x c+ or x c
That is, the theorems are also valid to right-
hand and left-hand limits.
60
DEFINITIONS OF VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
The line x = c is a vertical asymptote (VA) of the
graph of function f if at least one of the following
statements is true
(i) lim f ( x )
x c
(ii) lim f ( x )
x c
(iii) lim f ( x )
x c
(iv) lim f ( x )
x c
61
DEFINITIONS OF VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
Determine the RHL and LHL as the function (shown to
the right) approaches each VA.
lim f ( x )
(i)
x 1
lim f ( x )
(ii) x 1
(iii) lim f ( x )
x 2
(iv) lim f ( x )
x 2
(v) lim f ( x )
x 4
62
EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES:
pp70 – 71 The Calculus 7 by
Leithold
# 21 – 29 (odd); # 35 – 41 (odd)
# 45 – 46
63
Chapter 3
DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTIONS
64